Mankinds Final Revolution

Harari organises humankind around four different milestones.

• The 4 industrial revolutions!
• Industrial revolutions: the 4 main revolutions in the industrial world!
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About 70, years ago, the cognitive revolution kickstarted our history, and about 12, years ago the agricultural revolution speeded it up. Then came a long process of unifying mankind and colonising the Earth until, finally, the scientific revolution began about years ago.

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It is still in progress and may yet finish us all off. The first of these — the cognitive revolution — was the real game-changer; a genetic mutation that altered the inner wiring of Homo sapiens , enabling them to think in unprecedented ways and to communicate in an altogether new type of language which could not only convey information but also create imagined worlds. Harari is a brilliant populariser: What is more, current developments in biology may soon lead to the replacement of H sapiens by completely different beings, enjoying godlike qualities and abilities.

It takes broad brushstrokes to cover a vast canvas and, inevitably, some of the paintwork is a little rough.

Occasionally Harari makes it all too simple and sounds like a primary school teacher being cute. He defers too much to current orthodoxies — the discussion of patriarchy resists the logic of its own arguments for fear of affronting feminists — and reflects current academic fashion by, for example, hugely overstating the role of science in European colonialism. Furthermore, the steel industry began to develop and grow alongside the exponential demands for steel.

Timeline of human evolution

Chemical synthesis also developed to bring us synthetic fabric, dyes and fertilizer. Methods of communication were also revolutionized with the invention of the telegraph and the telephone and so were transportation methods with the emergence of the automobile and the plane at the beginning of the 20th century. Nearly a century later, in the second half of the 20th century, a third industrial revolution appeared with the emergence of a new type of energy whose potential surpassed its predecessors: This revolution witnessed the rise of electronics —with the transistor and microprocessor—but also the rise of telecommunications and computers.

This new technology led to the production of miniaturized material which would open doors, most notably to space research and biotechnology. For industry, this revolution gave rise to the era of high-level automation in production thanks to two major inventions: The first industrial revolution used water and steam to mechanize production, the second used electric energy to create mass production and the third used electronics and information technology to automate production.

Today a fourth industrial revolution is underway which builds upon the third revolution and the digital revolution that has been taking place since the middle of the last century.

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This fourth revolution with exponential expansion is characterized by merging technology that blurs the lines between the physical, digital and biological spheres to completely uproot industries all over the world. The extent and depth of these changes are a sign of transformations to entire production, management and governance systems.

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Here we are…the fourth revolution is unfolding before our eyes. Its genesis is situated at the dawn of the third millennium with the emergence of the Internet.

This is the first industrial revolution rooted in a new technological phenomenon—digitalization—rather than in the emergence of a new type of energy. This digitalization enables us to build a new virtual world from which we can steer the physical world. The industry of today and tomorrow aim to connect all production means to enable their interaction in real time.

Is Industry 4.0 the last revolution for the mankind?

The applications for the industrial sector are already enormous: Day after day, all these improvements are gradually optimizing production tools and revealing endless possibilities for the future of industry 4. However, this fourth industrial revolution could be the first to deviate from the energy-greed trend—in terms of nonrenewable resources—because we have been integrating more and more possibilities to power our production processes with alternative resources.

Within this context of profound technological and societal changes—because the two always go hand in hand during industrial revolutions—which is taking us towards global digitalization, industrial cybersecurity will become a leading sector.