Le nuove paure: Che cosa temiamo oggi? (Italian Edition)

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The definite article is used with nouns when a general or abstract meaning is intended.

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He is drinking some coffee. Exceptions to the Rule for Using the Partitive When the sentence is negative In negative sentences that contain the partitive, the definite article is omitted. For more details on forming negatives, see Chapter 7. After expressions of quantity with di The partitive is formed with di after expressions of quantity such as the following: I want some milk. We buy some meat.

Here are some eggs! Voglio un bicchiere di latte. I want a glass of milk. Compriamo un chilo di carne. We buy a kilo of meat. Ecco una dozzina di uova! Here are a dozen eggs! La telecronista parla bene. I colleghi degli ingegneri sono intelligenti.

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Le amiche di Gina sono giovani. I motori sono rumorosi. A volte i dialoghi sono molto lunghi. I lavori degli astrologi sono affascinanti. I cataloghi sono questi! I medici di questi paesi sono vecchi. I dizionari sono grossi. Gli studi dei professori sono pieni di libri. Gli usci sono quasi sempre aperti. I templi greci sono maestosi. I signori sono in ritardo, le signore no. Supply both plurals A: Each adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies.

Adjectives that end in -O have four forms: Below is a list of some commonly used adjectives. Such adjectives have only two forms, singular and plural. The singular ending -e becomes -i in the plural. Below is a list of commonly used adjectives that end in -e. These adjectives function as any regular adjective ending in -o and have four forms: They always follow the nouns they modify. Here are additional nationalities showing the names of each country with its appropriate adjective: Many other adjectives of nationality end in -e.

These adjectives have only two forms: Complete the following with the appropriate form of the indicated adjective:. Sono della Francia i vini? Sono del Portogallo le signore? Sono della Spagna le chitarre? Masculine adjectives ending in -co and -go usually form their plural in -chi and -ghi. However, almost all adjectives with more than two syllables and ending in -co commonly -ico with their stress on a syllable other than the next to the last penultimate form their plural in -ci.

The adjectives belonging to this category are very few, such as: They are arancione orange , blu blue , marrone brown , rosa pink , and viola purple , and are referred to as invariable adjectives. Bello Study the following forms of the adjective bello when it precedes a noun. Note the similarity between the endings of the adjective and the forms of the definite article. Conforming to the rule for definite articles, bello is used before masculine nouns beginning with z, s plus a consonant, and ps. It is shortened to bel before all regular masculine nouns.

Bella is used with all feminine nouns beginning with a consonant. Begli is used before all masculine plural nouns beginning with z, s plus a consonant, ps, or a vowel. Bei is used with all other plural masculine nouns. For nouns beginning with e in the plural, there are optional forms: Grande The adjective grande may be shortened to gran before masculine and feminine nouns that begin with a consonant other than z, s plus a consonant, and ps. With all nouns beginning with z, s plus a consonant, ps, or a vowel, grande is used. The plural form of grande is grandi for all nouns.

Complete the following with the correct form of the adjective grande:. Santo Santo1 is shortened to San before masculine nouns, including proper names, beginning with any consonant other than z or s plus a consonant. Santa is used for all other singular feminine names. This is particularly so in Venice. Study the following and note the similarities: Note that buono and nessuno are shortened to buon and nessun before all masculine nouns except those beginning with z, s plus a consonant, or ps. Nessuno has no plural forms. The plural of buono, buona is always buoni, buone.

Complete the following with the correct form of the indicated adjective:. I giovani viaggiano dappertutto. Young people travel all over. I vecchi hanno molto da raccontare. Old people have a lot to tell. I cattivi non piacciono a nessuno. Nobody likes bad people. Change the following adjectives into nouns according to the model:.

All possessive adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify with the exception of loro their and Loro your, formal plural. The possessive adjectives are preceded by the appropriate definite article. Complete the following sentences by supplying the appropriate possessive pronouns according to the italicized subject pronouns:. Lei you formal s. Loro you formal pl. With Nouns Denoting Family Members or Relatives Possessive adjectives followed by singular nouns denoting family members or relatives do not use the definite article with the exception of loro e.

Complete the following sentences by supplying the appropriate possessive adjectives according to the indicated subject pronouns:. Note that the formal possessive adjectives Suo your and Loro your begin with capital letters. This practice, however, is frequently not observed. Study the following sentences: Madame, your hat is very elegant. Dottor Martini, i Suoi pazienti sono qui. Martini, your patients are here. Signor Valetti e Signorina Torre, i Loro libri sono arrivati.

Valetti and Miss Torre, your books have arrived. Signori, le Loro prenotazioni sono confermate. Gentlemen, your reservations are confirmed. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate possessive adjectives. In some sentences, a subject pronoun indicates the possessive adjective to be used. Rewrite the following sentences substituting the words in italics with the appropriate possessive adjectives. Make all necessary changes, and include the definite article when needed. Gli amici di Paolo telefonano spesso. La sorella di Luisa e di Carlo studia molto.

Le amiche di Olga sono greche. The use of the latter is optional. The definite article is not used with demonstrative adjectives. The forms of the demonstrative adjective quello that are very similar to the forms of the definite article. Review the articulated prepositions, Chapter 2, page Also, quello takes the same forms as bello handsome, beautiful , see page Quegli studenti sono studiosi.

Queste cravatte sono blu. Quelle spiagge sono bellissime. Quei signori sono americani. Questi amici sono generosi. Quelle amiche sono italiane. Questi zii sono vecchi. Quegli alberi sono alti. Queste macchine sono veloci. Quei libri sono vecchi. Questi giornali sono interessanti. Quegli zaini sono pieni.

Queste estati sono meravigliose.

Quegli psicologi sono giovani. The exclamation What a! What a beautiful day! What a beautiful landscape! It literally means So much! Many adjectives ending in -e simply add -mente without any change. Adjectives ending in -le and -re drop the final -e before -mente is added. Supply the appropriate forms of the following adjectives in parentheses in the spaces provided. Good morning, Inspector Brunetti! Professor Rossi lives abita in Rome. What a beautiful view veduta!

Those students are from foreign countries paesi stranieri. That beach is long and wide. That horse is a champion. Luisa, where are your books? Peruzzi, when are you buying your new suits? Compro una giacca blu e una camicia grigia. The comparison of equality means two items being compared have equal characteristics as … as. Robert is as tall as Louise. Louise is as tall as Robert. Questi libri sono tanto interessanti quanto gli altri. These books are as interesting as the others. Note that the disjunctive personal pronouns are used following a term of comparison.

The disjunctive personal pronouns appear on page Theresa is as intelligent as I. Note that comparisons concerning verbs use tanto quanto. Mario works as much as Louis. Gianna skies as well as E. Louise sings as well as Mario. Complete the following with the appropriate words to express the comparative of equality. Comparative of Equality with Nouns The comparative of equality can also be expressed with nouns as many…as; as much … as.

In Italian the words tanto … quanto are used with nouns. Note that tanto must agree with the noun it modifies and cannot be placed in parentheses. We have as many euros as you voi do. Mary has as much energy as her sister. This museum has as many statues as the other one. Quel manoscritto ha tanto valore quanto que. That manuscript has as much value as this one. When both tanto and quanto are followed by nouns, the former must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Nel cassetto ci sono tanti coltelli qua.

In the drawer there are as many knives as forks. On the table there is as much flour as sugar. Complete the following with the appropriate words to express the comparison of equality:. Tu ti vesti come me. You dress as I do. Anthony works as much as he does. Complete the following with the appropriate words:.

Stephen has more books than Louis. The girl has more friends than the boy. Peter has fewer cousins than his friend. This city is more dirty than it is beautiful. A Roma ci sono meno chie. In Rome there are fewer churches than there are fountains. It is easier to play than to study. Robert is less rich than he is handsome.

We have more than ten euros. Il libro costa meno di sette do. The book costs less than seven dollars. Do you like wine? Non mi sento bene; ho mangia. My dog is bigger than yours tu. That suit is more elegant than this one. You voi are more cautious than us. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words for the comparative. Those home appliances are less modern than these. Today the children felt well and ate more. With that headache I slept less. In Rome there are more cars than buses.

The professor has more books than us. In Venice there are more bridges than canals. She has more than one hundred euros! I have fewer than ten euros. Theresa is the smartest girl in the class. Robert is the least athletic boy of the group. New York is the largest city in the United States.

Stephen and Anthony are the tallest in the family. Mary and Rose are the smartest in the neighborhood. Complete the following with the appropriate words for the relative superlative:.

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It gives the meaning of most, very, and extremely. Note that the absolute superlative behaves like a regular or positive adjective and must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies. In order to preserve the hard sound of the positive adjective, an h must be added to the adjective ending in -co, -go, -ca, and -ga before -issimo. The absolute superlative may also be formed by placing the adverbs assai very, much and molto very before the adjective or the adverb.

He is a very poor young man. Teresa sta molto bene. Gli stadi sono molto grandi. She is a very rich lady. The comparative forms are expressed without an article. The appropriate definite article is used with the relative superlative. This student is better worse than the other. This student is the best the worst of all. When they refer to people, the words maggio. Louis is the younger brother. Robert is older than his brother. Louise is younger than her sister. Olga is the oldest in the family. In order to convey the meaning of size, grande and pi.

This package is bigger than that one. Charles is the smallest one in the group. Complete the following with the appropriate form of the comparative or relative superlative according to the indicated expressions:. Who is the youngest girl here? I am older than you te , but Anthony Anto. They are good, but we are better.

This book is better than that one que. Teresa Theresa is my younger sister. Joseph Giuseppe is her older brother. All of these adverbs have regular absolute superlative forms: Study the following examples: If Charles studies, he does better in school. The more we study, the more we learn. The less we eat, the more weight we lose. Lo vedo il meno possi.

I see him as little as possible. I study as much as possible. Compare the following sentences in the comparative or superlative using the indicated expressions as a guide:. In this classroom there are more boys than girls. They have as many friends as we do. He is older than forty. Theresa studies as much as Marco. Olga and Theresa are the smartest in the class. Robert is the least studious in the class. I have fewer friends than you tu.

We sing as she does. Charles is as short as his cousin. This bread is better than the other. Those shoes are worse than these. Carmelina is the younger sister. Peter is the smallest in the class. This cheese formaggio is very bad. Who is the oldest boy? Her coat is very heavy pesante. In Venice there are more churches chie. Paul has more shoes than ties. Louise sends more e-mails than me. You voi write better than them.

Ezio is less tall than you tu. These dogs bark abbaiano as much as those. Marisa speaks Spanish as well as he does. He has more euros than us. We have more euros than dollars. She is not hungry; she eats less. His sisters are older than mine. Olga and Mary are the most athletic of the group gruppo. Those ladies are very rich; in fact, they are the richest. I feel mi sento very badly! That statue is very beautiful; it is the most beautiful in the museum. In the spaces provided, supply A: After venti, trenta, quaranta, etc.

Note that the final vowel of venti, trenta, quaranta, etc. Also, when the number tre is added to venti, etc. The final vowel of ventuno, trentuno, etc. Observe the following numbers: The word cento is invariable. Note that the word one, which in English appears before hundred one hundred , is not included in Italian. The compounds of cento are attached: The word mille one thousand does not use the word one in Italian. However, un one is always used with milione million and miliardo billion. Mille, milione, and miliardo have plurals. Note that the English eleven hundred, twelve hundred, etc.

Note that un milione, due milioni, un miliardo, due miliardi, etc. Note that in Italian, a period is used when English uses a comma, and a comma is used when English uses a decimal point. When referring to centuries, the ordinal numbers are used: However, it is very common to use the cardinal numbers within the context of art, history, or literature.

Note that Duecento, Trecento, etc. They are also preceded by the appropriate masculine singular definite article. Using cardinal numbers, give the Italian equivalents of the following centuries. Use the definite article. Ordinal Numbers The Italian ordinal numbers function as adjectives and must therefore agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. They are 1st primo, prima, primi, prime 2nd secondo -a, -i, -e 3rd terzo -a, -i, -e 4th quarto -a, -i, -e 5th quinto -a, -i, -e 6th sesto -a, -i, -e 7th settimo -a, -i, -e 8th ottavo -a, -i, -e 9th nono -a, -i, -e 10th decimo -a, -i, -e 11th undicesimo -a, -i, -e also: Ordinal numbers with titles With the numerical sucession of kings, emperors, and popes, the ordinal numbers are used, and they are capitalized.

Complete the following sentences with the appropriate ordinal numbers according to the cues in English. Note that when the ordinal and cardinal numbers are used together, the ordinals precede the cardinals. Questi sono i primi cinque ragazzi. These are the first five boys. Sono passati i primi due giorni. The first two days are over. Fractions Usually, fractions consist of both cardinal and ordinal numerals. Some special forms are: Ne ho comprato la meta I bought half of it.

Abbiamo consumato una mezza-bottiglia di vino. We drank a half bottle of wine. Non ricorda nemmeno un decimo della lezione. Write the following fractions in Italian:. Dove sono i cugini di Mario? Dove sono i giocatori? Days of the Week All the days of the week are masculine except domenica Sunday. RIO, un altro dio romano. Months of the Year All the months of the year are masculine. Seasons of the Year In Italian, spring and summer are feminine; fall and winter are masculine. Today is Monday, September 6, Note that the year is masculine; when appropriate, the masculine definite article or the articulated preposition nel is used: Dante nacque nel mille duecento sessantacinque.

Note that in a date the English on is translated with il the masculine singular definite article. All the numbers used in a date are cardinal numbers except for the first day of each month. Quando ci vedremo di nuovo? When shall we see each other again?

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Ci vedremo il dieci ottobre. Ci vedremo il primo dicembre. Note that all the seasons take the preposition in, as follows: Che tempo fa in primavera? Note that when there is a specific reference to a season in a specific year, the articulated preposition in plus the appropriate definite article is used. Siamo andati in Italia nella primavera del millenovecentonovantanove. We went to Italy in the spring of I visited my grandparents in the summer of In the winter of last year there were many traffic accidents.

Note that a definite article before a day of the week suggests a recurrent event. Domenica andiamo allo zoo. Sunday this coming Sunday we go to the zoo. La domenica andiamo allo zoo. On Sundays every Sunday we go to the zoo. Il sabato usciamo con gli amici. On Saturdays we go out with our friends. Answer the following questions with complete sentences using the indicated words, where given, as guides:.

Che tempo fa in inverno? Quanti mesi ha un anno? Quanti ne abbiamo oggi? Vai al cinema la domenica? Quali sono i primi tre giorni della settimana? Fa caldo in estate? Cosa fai il sabato? Quale mese viene dopo giugno? Fra gli antichi romani, quale giorno era dedicato a Venere? Da quale parola latina deriva domenica? Tomorrow is Sunday, December 19, March is crazy pazzo. On Wednesday we eat pizza. Tomorrow is the eighth. There are seven days in a week. Yesterday was era October first. I was born Sono nato[-a] in E Sono le due. What time is it? Note that minutes are added to the hour after the conjunction e and up to half past the hour.

The quarter hour and the half hour may be expressed in two ways. Sono le due e quindici. Sono le due e un quarto. Sono le undici e mezzo mezza. Sono le nove e mezza mezzo. Usually, after the half hour, the minutes are subtracted from the next hour by using the word meno minus. Sono le otto meno un quarto. Although it is not incorrect, one rarely hears the minutes added after the half hour. Here are some examples: Sono le dodici e quaranta. Sono le sette e quarantacinque. Sono le sette e tre quarti. Often, the verb mancare lit. Sono le nove meno quindici.

Mancano quindici minuti alle nove. The question At what time? The answer utilizes the preposition a at before mezzogiorno noon and mezzanotte midnight , and the articulated preposition a plus an appropriate definite article before the specified time. A Che ora parte il treno? Il treno parte a mezzogiorno. Il treno parte a mezzanotte. Il treno parte alle due. At what time does the train leave? The train leaves at noon. The train leaves at midnight. The train leaves at 1: The train leaves at 2: In Italian, the expressions A.

The expression sharp is in punto. Sono le sette di mattina. Sono le sette di sera. E Mi alzo alle otto in punto di mattina. Official Time For schedules pertaining to trains, airplanes, office hours, radio, TV, movies, and theatrical performances, the so-called official time is widely used. The Italian hour system simply mentions the numbers from 1 to 24 without indicating the hundreds or the hours.

With this system, the use of A. Minutes are always added; they are never subtracted. Observe the following comparisons between colloquial time and official time: Note that official time is very popular with the Italians, who use it at all times and for a variety of reasons in addition to the original ones noted above. In the United States, this is the time always used by the military. Answer the following questions with complete sentences. Follow the indications given in parentheses. Always use colloquial time unless otherwise instructed. A che ora ti alzi? A che ora parte il treno? A che ora arriva Luisa?

Quanto manca alle dieci? Complete the following sentences in Italian. All numbers must be written out in Italian, not in Arabic numerals. Do not use official time. Antonio arriva at 8: Nessuno si alza at 5: Fanno la prima colazione at 7: La festa comincia at 6: Non so, saranno 5: Rewrite the sentences of exercise 13 above using official time. All numbers must be written out in Italian. Answer the following questions with complete sentences; use the indicated guides when appropriate:.

A che ora ti alzi do you get up la mattina? Complete the following sentences by supplying the Italian equivalents of the time in parentheses use colloquial time only:. Sono le tre del pomeriggio.

Le nuove paure: Che cosa temiamo oggi?

Sono le nove di sera. Sono le sei di mattina. Sono le dieci meno cinque di sera. Verbs A verb is a word that indicates an action or a state of being. Italian verbs function in quite a different way from English verbs. In English, a subject pronoun such as I, you, he, or she is used. In Italian, the subject pronouns see pages to are usually omitted since the ending of the verb changes in order to indicate the doer of the action.

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However, subject pronouns must be used for emphasis. Oggi io compro il gelato Today I [meaning: They must also be used for contrast, when two or more subjects perform various actions in the same sentence. Io leggo, Maria scrive, e loro parlano I am reading, Maria is writing, and they are speaking. In order to form tenses, English uses auxiliary verbs such as have and had, and words such as will, would, may, or might before verbs.

In Italian, a suffix or ending is usually added to the verb in order to indicate the appropriate tense it is never done with compound tenses. As in English, in Italian verbs are also either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs take a direct object answering a hypothetical question of Whom? The sentence, Mario vede i nonni Mario sees his grandparents may be the answer to the hypothetical question, Whom is Mario seeing? The sentence Silvana compra una maglia Silvana is buying a sweater may be the answer to the hypothetical question, What is Silvana buying? I nonni in sentence A, and la maglia in sentence B, are both direct objects.

Whom and What, used in the hypotheticals, are direct object pronouns they substitute the nouns. By using Whom and What, one can test a verb to see whether or not it is transitive or intransitive. Conversely, intransitive verbs do not take direct objects. Therefore the verb abita is intransitive. Each verb, however, does not function as an entity unto itself. Many verbs that are formed in the same way can be grouped together into classes or conjugations.

In Italian there are three regular conjugations of verbs. The infinitives of first-conjugation verbs end in -are, second-conjugation verbs in -ere, and third-conjugation verbs in -ire. When the endings are dropped, the remaining roots or stems are added to the appropriate endings of the different conjugations. As you will observe in subsequent parts of this chapter, even many so-called irregular verbs have characteristics in common and can be grouped together to facilitate learning.

The indicative expresses an action in the making or a state of being. It is used for general sayings and proverbs: Chi dorme non piglia pesci: Dormiamo, mangiamo, beviamo, e ci riposiamo: We sleep, eat, drink, and relax. The subjunctive expresses an action that may happen, and always depends on another verb or expression that indicates volition, emotion, doubt, wish, etc.: I miei amici vogliono che io sia sempre pronto a giocare: My friends want me to be always ready to play. The conditional expresses a conditioned response: Saremmo infelici se non avessimo amici!: The imperative expresses volition, orders, wish, prayer, etc.: Ragazzi, non gridate tanto!: Per piacere, siate buoni!: The infinitive expresses an indeterminate action or state of being: To work is tiresome!

The participle assumes the qualities of the verb and the adjective: Ecco i giovani credenti: Here are the young men who believe. The gerund, like the infinitive, is invariable without number and gender: One learns by studying. In compound tenses, parlare and credere take the auxiliary avere, and partire a verb of motion takes the auxiliary essere. For complete conjugations and details, study the full chapter. Simple Tenses Tempi se. When addressing a friend, some relatives, a child or a close associate, the pronoun tu you is used most of the time.

Tu is called the familiar singular form.

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The plural of tu is voi. Voi is used when addressing two or more friends, relatives, children, or close associates, and often even strangers. Voi, however, can also be used when addressing only one person, such as an older friend, relative, or associate. This is particularly true in some parts of Tuscany and central Italy, and generally in southern Italy. Voi, always with a capital V-, is also widely used in business correspondence when addressing a single person or persons. When addressing a stranger, an acquaintance you do not know very well, or an older person, the pronoun Lei you formal s.

Lei is called the formal singular and is often capitalized. The plural of Lei is Loro you formal pl. Note that many Italians prefer not to capitalize Lei and Loro. Capitalization of Lei and Loro prevents ambiguity, thus avoiding confusing them with the third person singular form lei she , and the third person plural form loro they. Subject Pronouns I pronomi soggetto Singular Singolare. Signori, dove abitano Loro? Signorine, cosa prendono Loro? Note that, although all subject pronouns show number, only lui he and lei she show gender.

Note also how capitalization of Lei and Loro distinguishes them from lei and loro. Many of the most frequently used verbs in Italian belong to this conjugation, and a short list of some of them appears below. The present indicative tense of -are verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending -are and adding to the resulting root the personal endings -o, -i, -a, -iamo, -ate, -ano. Lui chiama i ragazzi. Loro mandano i pacchi. Io parlo agli amici. Noi firmiamo il documento. Tu nuoti molto bene. Voi cantate ad alta voce. He calls the boys. They send the packages. I speak to my friends.

We sign the document. You swim very well. You [voi] sing aloud. Do you telephone a lot? Do you work a lot? Since each verb form changes to indicate the person referred to, the subject pronouns are usually omitted. The subject pronouns must be included for emphasis or contrast, however: I buy the tickets. Tu compri i biglietti e io compro i panini. You buy the tickets and I buy the bread rolls. Verbs in -ciare, -giare, -chiare, and -ghiare Like all regular -are verbs, the verbs ending in -Ciare, -giare, -chiare, and -ghiare drop the -are ending before they are conjugated.

However, they also drop the -i- in the tu and noi forms before the regular endings -i and -iamo are added. Root for the tu and noi forms: Below are some verbs ending in -ciare, -giare, -chiare, and -ghiare.