O Bit (Portuguese Edition)

Modern Brazilian Portuguese has been highly influenced by other languages introduced by immigrants through the past century, specifically by German, Italian and Japanese immigrants. This is also one of the main reasons why Brazilian Portuguese sounds so different from other Portuguese varieties [ citation needed ].

The written Brazilian standard differs from the European one to about the same extent that written American English differs from written British English. The differences extend to spelling, lexicon, and grammar. However, with the entry into force of the Orthographic Agreement of in Portugal and in Brazil since , these differences were drastically reduced. Several Brazilian writers have been awarded with the highest prize of the Portuguese language. The Brazilian spellings of certain words differ from those used in Portugal and the other Portuguese-speaking countries.

Some of these differences are merely orthographic, but others reflect true differences in pronunciation. In many cases, the letters c or p in syllable-final position have become silent in all varieties of Portuguese, a common phonetic change in Romance languages cf. Spanish objeto , French objet. Accordingly, they stopped being written in BP compare Italian spelling standards , but continued to be written in other Portuguese-speaking countries. Only in a small number of words is the consonant silent in Brazil and pronounced elsewhere or vice versa, as in the case of BP fato , but EP facto.

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However, the new Portuguese language orthographic reform led to the elimination of the writing of the silent consonants also in the EP, making now the writing system virtually identical in all of the Portuguese-speaking countries,. However, BP has retained those silent consonants in a few cases, such as detectar "to detect". These spelling differences are due to genuinely different pronunciations. The variant spellings are necessary in those cases because the general Portuguese spelling rules mandate a stress diacritic in those words, and the Portuguese diacritics also encode vowel quality.

By Portuguese spelling rules, that sound can be written either as j favored in BP for certain words or g favored in EP. The linguistic situation of the BP informal speech in relation to the standard language is controversial. Accordingly, the formal register of Brazilian Portuguese has a written and spoken form. The written formal register FW is used in almost all printed media and written communication, is uniform throughout the country and is the "Portuguese" officially taught at school. The spoken formal register FS is essentially a phonetic rendering of the written form.

FS is used in very formal situations, such as speeches or ceremonies or when reading directly out of a text. While FS is necessarily uniform in lexicon and grammar, it shows noticeable regional variations in pronunciation. The main and most general i. To be noted that these characteristics are also present in other varieties of Portuguese:. Modern linguistic studies have shown that Brazilian Portuguese is a topic -prominent or topic- and subject-prominent language.

In fact, in the Portuguese language, the anticipation of the verb or object at the beginning of the sentence, repeating it or using the respective pronoun referring to it, is also quite common, e.

This kind of construction, however, is often used in European Portuguese. Brazilian grammars traditionally treat this structure similarly, rarely mentioning such a thing as topic. Nevertheless, the so-called anacoluthon has taken on a new dimension in Brazilian Portuguese. In colloquial language, this kind of anacoluto may even be used when the subject itself is the topic, only to add more emphasis to this fact, e.

This structure highlights the topic, and could be more accurately translated as "As for this girl, she usually takes care of abandoned dogs". The use of this construction is particularly common with compound subjects , as in, e. This happens because the traditional syntax Eu e ela fomos passear places a plural-conjugated verb immediately following an argument in the singular, which may sound unnatural to Brazilian ears. The redundant pronoun thus clarifies the verbal inflection in such cases.

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The same restriction applies to several other uses of the gerund: BP uses ficamos conversando "we kept on talking" and ele trabalha cantando "he sings while he works" , but rarely ficamos a conversar and ele trabalha a cantar as is the case in most varieties of EP.

In general, the dialects that gave birth to Portuguese had a quite flexible use of the object pronouns in the proclitic or enclitic positions. In Classical Portuguese, the use of proclisis was very extensive, while, on the contrary, in modern European Portuguese the use of enclisis has become indisputably majoritary.

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Brazilians normally place the object pronoun before the verb proclitic position , as in ele me viu "he saw me". In many such cases, the proclisis would be considered awkward or even grammatically incorrect in EP, in which the pronoun is generally placed after the verb enclitic position , namely ele viu-me. However, in verb expressions accompanied by an object pronoun, Brazilians normally place it amid the auxiliary verb and the main one ela vem me pagando but not ela me vem pagando or ela vem pagando-me.

In some cases, in order to adapt this use to the standard grammar, some Brazilian scholars recommend that ela vem me pagando should be written like ela vem-me pagando as in EP , in which case the enclisis could be totally acceptable if there would not be a factor of proclisis. Therefore, this phenomenon may or not be considered improper according to the prescribed grammar, since, according to the case, there could be a factor of proclisis that would not permit the placement of the pronoun between the verbs e.

The mesoclitic placement of pronouns between the verb stem and its inflection suffix is viewed as archaic in BP, and therefore is restricted to very formal situations or stylistic texts. There are many differences between formal written BP and EP that are simply a matter of different preferences between two alternative words or constructions that are both officially valid and acceptable.

Also, spoken BP usually uses the verb ter "own", "have", sense of possession and rarely haver "have", sense of existence, or "there to be" , especially as an auxiliary as it can be seen above and as a verb of existence. In many ways, Brazilian Portuguese BP is conservative in its phonology. Brazilian Portuguese has eight oral vowels, five nasal vowels, and several diphthongs and triphthongs , some oral and some nasal.

The reduction of vowels is one of the main phonetic characteristics of Portuguese generally, but in Brazilian Portuguese the intensity and frequency of that phenomenon varies significantly. Vowels in Brazilian Portuguese generally are pronounced more openly than in European Portuguese, even when reduced. Some dialects of BP follow this pattern for vowels before the stressed syllable as well. The main difference among the dialects of Brazilian Portuguese is the frequent presence or absence of open vowels in unstressed syllables. Open-mid vowels can occur only in the stressed syllable.

Vowel nasalization in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese is very different from that of French, for example. In French, the nasalization extends uniformly through the entire vowel, whereas in the Southern-Southeastern dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, the nasalization begins almost imperceptibly and then becomes stronger toward the end of the vowel.

In this respect it is more similar to the nasalization of Hindi-Urdu see Anusvara. It has always been standard in Brazil's Japanese community since it is also a feature of Japanese. The regions that still preserve the unpalatalized [ti] and [di] are mostly in the Northeast and South of Brazil by the stronger influence from European Portuguese Northeast , and from Italian and Argentine Spanish South [ citation needed ]. The phenomenon happens mostly in the pretonic position and with the consonant clusters ks , ps , bj , dj , dv , kt , bt , ft , mn , tm and dm: This—along with other adaptations—sometimes results in rather striking transformations of common loanwords.

Meanwhile, within a phrase where the following word begins with a vowel, it is pronounced as an apical flap: The same suppression also happens occasionally in EP, but much less often than in BP. That sometimes affects the spelling of words. It also can affect verbal paradigms: Related is the difference in pronunciation of the consonant represented by nh in most BP dialects.

Several sound changes that affected Portuguese words were not shared by BP. Whether such a change happens in BP is highly variable according to dialect. In the Northeast, it is more likely to happen before a consonant than word-finally, and it varies from region to region. There are many dialect-specific phonetic aspects in BP that can be essential characteristics of a dialect or another in Brazil. Thus, there are two slightly distinct pronunciations of the word menina , "girl: There are various differences between European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese, such as the dropping of the second-person conjugations and, in some dialects, of the second-person pronoun itself in everyday usage and the use of subject pronouns ele, ela, eles, elas as direct objects.

Spoken Brazilian Portuguese usage differs from Standard Portuguese usage. I've uploaded three customer images they are the only ones so far to illustrate my points. Diacritic signs are missing in many instances. Sometimes, parts of the same word get separated by spaces for some reason e. These problems are annoying but still don't misguide the reader, unlike the ones described in -- Complaint 3. Probably the processing software uses some kind of autocorrect in ENGLISH which makes some Portuguese words identical to their English counterparts or something similar: The Kindle edition is worth no more than 3 stars but I give it 4 for the following reason: Very helpful book, but man it needs proofreading!

So many errors where words aren't spelled the same in other entries as in their main entry. Admittedly, I haven't read the book word for word, but it seems to be a generally well put together publication. The print is clear and the pages are a decent grade of paper. One point that is worth pointing out is that the sources for the content are split evenly between Brazil and Portugal. So, half of the example sentences are from Brazilian Portuguese and half are from Portugal Portuguese. Furthermore, the Portugal spelling is used for entries regardless of the example sentence source.

Brazilian Portuguese - Wikipedia

Personally, I view this as a bit of a con given that Brazilian Portuguese is more widely used than Portugal Portuguese, but some may view this as a plus. However, to the producer's credit, they're upfront about this aspect and provide a pretty detailed summary of their methods and the preparation process for the content. Impressed my Brazilian friends.

One person found this helpful. Very interesting book, but hardly time to study! Very nice and helpful. See all 7 reviews. Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers. Learn more about Amazon Giveaway. Set up a giveaway. Customers who viewed this item also viewed. The most used English idioms with phrase examples. A bootee or a bit of embroidery or anything at all?

I'll be there in a bit ; I need to take care of something first. He was here just a bit ago, but it looks like he's stepped out.

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Not long ago, it was difficult to produce photographs of tiny creatures with every part in focus. Developed as a tool to electronically combine the sharpest bits of multiple digital images, focus stacking is a boon to biologists seeking full focus on a micron scale. I'd like a big bit of cake, please. Colony of Detention at Anamosa: Had it not been for the influence of Mrs. Booth and Hope Hall I should still be grafting or doing a bit in some stir.

Warden, Sing Sing Prison, N. Before doing that I am going to tell you what was the result of my own incarceration, because I presume it may not be a secret to you, that I have done a " bit " myself, not the " bit " which the prosecuting attorney was so anxious to have me do.

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Chino didn't make me think of Dachau or that notorious joint in Angola, Louisiana, where a brother who had done a bit there told me how they used to cut the grass on the front lawn with their fingernails. Not counting the days—that's okay for a county-time slap, but it'll make you crazy if you've got years to go on a felony bit.

His bit about video games was not nearly as entertaining as the other segments of his show. The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions.