Lies

Minimization is the opposite of exaggeration.

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It is a type of deception [14] involving denial coupled with rationalization in situations where complete denial is implausible. A noble lie , which also could be called a strategic untruth, is one that would normally cause discord if uncovered, but offers some benefit to the liar and assists in an orderly society, therefore, potentially beneficial to others. It is often told to maintain law, order and safety. In psychiatry , pathological lying also called compulsive lying, pseudologia fantastica and mythomania is a behavior of habitual or compulsive lying.

Perjury is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law , or in any of various sworn statements in writing. Perjury is a crime , because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for the credibility of the court to remain intact, witness testimony must be relied on as truthful.

A polite lie is a lie that a politeness standard requires, and which is usually known to be untrue by both parties. Whether such lies are acceptable is heavily dependent on culture. A common polite lie in international etiquette is to decline invitations because of "scheduling difficulties". Similarly, the butler lie is a small lie which is usually sent electronically, and is used to terminate conversations or to save face. Puffery is an exaggerated claim typically found in advertising and publicity announcements, such as "the highest quality at the lowest price", or "always votes in the best interest of all the people".

The phrase " speaking with a forked tongue " means to deliberately say one thing and mean another or, to be hypocritical, or act in a duplicitous manner. In the tradition of many Native American tribes, "speaking with a forked tongue" has meant lying, and a person was no longer considered worthy of trust, once he had been shown to "speak with a forked tongue.

A more formal term is equivocation. A white lie is a minor lie which could be considered harmless, or even beneficial, in the long term. It is often used to shield someone from a hurtful or emotionally damaging truth, especially when not knowing the truth is completely harmless. A black lie is what is known as a lie. It is an anti-social behavior where the liar benefits from deceiving and the listener or some other group is hurt. A blue lie is between a white lie and a black lie; as such, it is simultaneously an example of pro-social and anti-social behavior.

A blue lie is intended to help one's group, thus pro-social; but it does so by damaging others through deceit, thus anti-social. Once a lie has been told, there can be two alternative consequences: Under some circumstances, discovery of a lie may discredit other statements by the same speaker and can lead to social or legal sanctions against the speaker, such as ostracizing or conviction for perjury. Hannah Arendt spoke about extraordinary cases in which an entire society is being lied to consistently.

Lie - Wikipedia

She said that the consequences of such lying are "not that you believe the lies, but rather that nobody believes anything any longer. This is because lies, by their very nature, have to be changed, and a lying government has constantly to rewrite its own history. On the receiving end you get not only one lie—a lie which you could go on for the rest of your days—but you get a great number of lies, depending on how the political wind blows.

The question of whether lies can reliably be detected through nonverbal means is a subject of some controversy. Spikes in stress are purported to indicate lying. The accuracy of this method is widely disputed, and in several well-known cases it was proven to have been deceived. Nonetheless, it remains in use in many areas, primarily as a method for eliciting confessions or employment screening.

Polygraph results are not admissible as court evidence and are generally perceived to be pseudoscience. A recent study found that lying takes longer than telling the truth, and thus the time to answer a question may be used as a method of lie detection. The only compromise is to try to surprise the victim and find a midway answer, not too quick, nor too long.

Aristotle believed no general rule on lying was possible, because anybody who advocated lying could never be believed, he said. Augustine , as well as St. Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant , condemned all lying.

According to all three, there are no circumstances in which one may ethically lie. Even if the only way to protect oneself is to lie, it is never ethically permissible to lie even in the face of murder, torture, or any other hardship. Each of these philosophers gave several arguments against lying, all compatible with each other. Among the more important arguments are:.

L.I.E.S.’s tracks

In Lying , neuroscientist Sam Harris argues that lying is negative for the liar and the person who's being lied to. To say lies is to deny others access to reality, and often we cannot anticipate how harmful lies can be. The ones we lie to may fail to solve problems they could have solved only on a basis of good information.

To lie also harms oneself, makes the liar to distrust the person who's being lied to.

President Trump’s house of lies

Harris defends that honesty allows you to have deeper relationships, and to bring all dysfunction in one's life to the surface. In Human, All Too Human , philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that those who refrain from lying may do so only because of the difficulty involved in maintaining the lie. This is consistent with his general philosophy that divides or ranks people according to strength and ability; thus, some people tell the truth only out of weakness.

The capacity to lie has also been claimed to be possessed by non-humans in language studies with great apes. In one instance, gorilla Koko , when asked who tore a sink from the wall, pointed to one of her handlers and then laughed. Sun Tzu declared that "All warfare is based on deception. The capacity to lie is a talent human beings possess universally.

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The evolutionary theory proposed by Darwin states that only the fittest will survive and by lying, we aim to improve other's perception of our social image and status, capability, and desirability in general. Although men and women lie at equal frequencies, men are more likely to lie in order to please themselves while women are more likely to lie to please others.

Those with Parkinson's disease show difficulties in deceiving others, difficulties that link to prefrontal hypometabolism. This suggests a link between the capacity for dishonesty and integrity of prefrontal functioning. Mythomania is the condition where there is an excessive or abnormal propensity for lying and exaggerating.

Some people believe that they are convincing liars, however in many cases, they are not. Various passages of the Bible feature exchanges that assert lying is immoral and wrong Prov. Other passages feature descriptive not prescriptive exchanges where lying was committed in extreme circumstances involving life and death.

However, most Christian philosophers would argue that lying is never acceptable, but that even those who are righteous in God's eyes sin sometimes. Old Testament accounts of lying include: In the Day of Judgement, unrepentant liars will be punished in the lake of fire. Augustine of Hippo wrote two books about lying: The first work, On Lying , begins: From his text, it can be derived that St. Augustine divided lies into eight categories, listed in order of descending severity:. Many countries and states have enacted consumer protection laws intended to combat such fraud.

A memory hole is a mechanism for the alteration or disappearance of inconvenient or embarrassing documents, photographs, transcripts, or other records, such as from a website or other archive, particularly as part of an attempt to give the impression that something never happened. Minimization is the opposite of exaggeration. It is a type of deception [14] involving denial coupled with rationalization in situations where complete denial is implausible. A noble lie , which also could be called a strategic untruth, is one that would normally cause discord if uncovered, but offers some benefit to the liar and assists in an orderly society, therefore, potentially beneficial to others.

It is often told to maintain law, order and safety. In psychiatry , pathological lying also called compulsive lying, pseudologia fantastica and mythomania is a behavior of habitual or compulsive lying. Perjury is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law , or in any of various sworn statements in writing.

Perjury is a crime , because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for the credibility of the court to remain intact, witness testimony must be relied on as truthful. A polite lie is a lie that a politeness standard requires, and which is usually known to be untrue by both parties. Whether such lies are acceptable is heavily dependent on culture. A common polite lie in international etiquette is to decline invitations because of "scheduling difficulties". Similarly, the butler lie is a small lie which is usually sent electronically, and is used to terminate conversations or to save face.

Puffery is an exaggerated claim typically found in advertising and publicity announcements, such as "the highest quality at the lowest price", or "always votes in the best interest of all the people". The phrase " speaking with a forked tongue " means to deliberately say one thing and mean another or, to be hypocritical, or act in a duplicitous manner. In the tradition of many Native American tribes, "speaking with a forked tongue" has meant lying, and a person was no longer considered worthy of trust, once he had been shown to "speak with a forked tongue.

A more formal term is equivocation. A white lie is a minor lie which could be considered harmless, or even beneficial, in the long term. It is often used to shield someone from a hurtful or emotionally damaging truth, especially when not knowing the truth is completely harmless. A black lie is what is known as a lie.

It is an anti-social behavior where the liar benefits from deceiving and the listener or some other group is hurt. A blue lie is between a white lie and a black lie; as such, it is simultaneously an example of pro-social and anti-social behavior. A blue lie is intended to help one's group, thus pro-social; but it does so by damaging others through deceit, thus anti-social.

Once a lie has been told, there can be two alternative consequences: Under some circumstances, discovery of a lie may discredit other statements by the same speaker and can lead to social or legal sanctions against the speaker, such as ostracizing or conviction for perjury. Hannah Arendt spoke about extraordinary cases in which an entire society is being lied to consistently.

She said that the consequences of such lying are "not that you believe the lies, but rather that nobody believes anything any longer. This is because lies, by their very nature, have to be changed, and a lying government has constantly to rewrite its own history.

On the receiving end you get not only one lie—a lie which you could go on for the rest of your days—but you get a great number of lies, depending on how the political wind blows. The question of whether lies can reliably be detected through nonverbal means is a subject of some controversy.

Spikes in stress are purported to indicate lying. The accuracy of this method is widely disputed, and in several well-known cases it was proven to have been deceived. Nonetheless, it remains in use in many areas, primarily as a method for eliciting confessions or employment screening. Polygraph results are not admissible as court evidence and are generally perceived to be pseudoscience. A recent study found that lying takes longer than telling the truth, and thus the time to answer a question may be used as a method of lie detection. The only compromise is to try to surprise the victim and find a midway answer, not too quick, nor too long.

Aristotle believed no general rule on lying was possible, because anybody who advocated lying could never be believed, he said. Augustine , as well as St. Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant , condemned all lying. According to all three, there are no circumstances in which one may ethically lie. Even if the only way to protect oneself is to lie, it is never ethically permissible to lie even in the face of murder, torture, or any other hardship. Each of these philosophers gave several arguments against lying, all compatible with each other. Among the more important arguments are:. On Lying , neuroscientist Sam Harris argues that lying is negative for the liar and the person who's being lied to.

To say lies is to deny others access to reality. And that often we cannot anticipate how harmful lies can be. The one's we lie to may fail to solve problems they could have solved only on basis of good information. To lie also harms oneself, makes the liar to distrust the person who's be lied to. Harris defends that honesty allows you to have deeper relationships, and to bring all dysfunction in one's life to the surface.

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In Human, All Too Human , philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that those who refrain from lying may do so only because of the difficulty involved in maintaining the lie. This is consistent with his general philosophy that divides or ranks people according to strength and ability; thus, some people tell the truth only out of weakness. The capacity to lie has also been claimed to be possessed by non-humans in language studies with great apes. In one instance, gorilla Koko , when asked who tore a sink from the wall, pointed to one of her handlers and then laughed.

Sun Tzu declared that "All warfare is based on deception. The capacity to lie is a talent human beings possess universally. The evolutionary theory proposed by Darwin states that only the fittest will survive and by lying, we aim to improve other's perception of our social image and status, capability, and desirability in general. Although men and women lie at equal frequencies, men are more likely to lie in order to please themselves while women are more likely to lie to please others. Those with Parkinson's disease show difficulties in deceiving others, difficulties that link to prefrontal hypometabolism.

This suggests a link between the capacity for dishonesty and integrity of prefrontal functioning. Mythomania is the condition where there is an excessive or abnormal propensity for lying and exaggerating. Some people believe that they are convincing liars, however in many cases, they are not. Various passages of the Bible feature exchanges that assert lying is immoral and wrong Prov. Other passages feature descriptive not prescriptive exchanges where lying was committed in extreme circumstances involving life and death.

However, most Christian philosophers would argue that lying is never acceptable, but that even those who are righteous in God's eyes sin sometimes. Old Testament accounts of lying include: In the Day of Judgement, unrepentant liars will be punished in the lake of fire. Augustine of Hippo wrote two books about lying: The first work, On Lying , begins: To the best of my knowledge, no person that I deal with does.

Nearly two years later, we know that 16 Trump campaign officials and adviser s had contacts with Russian officials and another 12 knew about them. Then his dad, the president, put out a press statement doubling down on the lie. Jeff Sessions forgot to tell the Senate, in both written and oral testimony, about his meetings with former Russian ambassador to the United States Sergey Kisylak. Jared Kushner repeatedly omitted contacts with Russian officials on his application for a security clearance. Michael Flynn lied about his conversations with Kisylak during the transition.

Roger Stone lied about his discussions with Russian hackers and WikiLeaks and may be facing indictment. And this was not garden-variety deceit. These lies have led to felony indictments and prison time for multiple individuals.