Just Fruit Photos! Big Book of Photographs & Pictures of Fruits, Vol. 1

The fruit of the orange tree can be eaten fresh, or processed for its juice or fragrant peel. All citrus trees belong to the single genus Citrus and remain almost entirely interfertile.

This includes grapefruits , lemons , limes , oranges, and various other types and hybrids. As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hybrids and cultivars , and bud mutations have also been selected, citrus taxonomy is fairly controversial, confusing or inconsistent. Different names have been given to the many varieties of the genus.

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Orange applies primarily to the sweet orange — Citrus sinensis L. Inside and attached to the rind is a porous white tissue, the white, bitter mesocarp or albedo pith.

Orange (fruit)

The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non- climacteric. The Citrus sinensis group is subdivided into four classes with distinct characteristics: An enormous number of cultivars have, like the sweet orange, a mix of pomelo and mandarin ancestry.

Some cultivars are mandarin-pomelo hybrids, bred from the same parents as the sweet orange e. Other cultivars are sweet orange x mandarin hybrids e. Mandarin traits generally include being smaller and oblate, easier to peel, and less acidic. Orange trees generally are grafted. The bottom of the tree, including the roots and trunk, is called rootstock, while the fruit-bearing top has two different names: The word entered Late Middle English in the fourteenth century via Old French orenge in the phrase pomme d'orenge.

This linguistic change is called juncture loss. The color was named after the fruit, [29] and the first recorded use of orange as a color name in English was in As Portuguese merchants were presumably the first to introduce the sweet orange to some regions of Europe, in several modern Indo-European languages the fruit has been named after them. Neapolitan , an orange is portogallo or purtuallo , literally " the Portuguese one ", in contrast to the Italian arancia.

In other Indo-European languages, the words for orange allude to the eastern origin of the fruit and can be translated literally as "apple from China". The sweet orange is not a wild fruit, [15] having arisen in domestication from a cross between a non-pure mandarin orange and a hybrid pomelo that had a substantial mandarin component. Since its chloroplast DNA is that of pomelo, it was likely the hybrid pomelo, perhaps a BC1 pomelo backcross , that was the maternal parent of the first orange.

In Europe, the Moors introduced the orange to Spain which was known as Al-Andalus , modern Andalusia , with large scale cultivation starting in the 10th century as evidenced by complex irrigation techniques specifically adapted to support orange orchards. It also was considered a luxury item and wealthy people grew oranges in private conservatories, called orangeries. By , the sweet orange was well known throughout Europe. When Louis condemned his finance minister, Nicolas Fouquet , in , part of the treasures which he confiscated were over 1, orange trees from Fouquet's estate at Vaux-le-Vicomte.

Spanish travelers introduced the sweet orange into the American continent. On his second voyage in , Christopher Columbus may have planted the fruit in Hispaniola. Spanish missionaries brought orange trees to Arizona between and , while the Franciscans did the same in San Diego, California, in In Louisiana, oranges were probably introduced by French explorers. Archibald Menzies , the botanist and naturalist on the Vancouver Expedition , collected orange seeds in South Africa, raised the seedlings onboard and gave them to several Hawaiian chiefs in Eventually, the sweet orange was grown in wide areas of the Hawaiian Islands, but its cultivation stopped after the arrival of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the early s.

As oranges are rich in vitamin C and do not spoil easily, during the Age of Discovery , Portuguese , Spanish , and Dutch sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy. Florida farmers obtained seeds from New Orleans around , after which orange groves were established by grafting the sweet orange on to sour orange rootstocks. Common oranges also called "white", "round", or "blond" oranges constitute about two-thirds of all the orange production. The majority of this crop is used mostly for juice extraction. The Valencia orange is a late-season fruit, and therefore a popular variety when navel oranges are out of season.

The mascot was named Naranjito "little orange" and wore the colors of the Spanish national football team. Thomas Rivers , an English nurseryman, imported this variety from the Azores Islands and catalogued it in under the name Excelsior. Around , he provided trees to S. Parsons, a Long Island nurseryman, who in turn sold them to E. Hart of Federal Point, Florida. This cultivar was discovered by A. Hamlin near Glenwood, Florida, in The fruit is small, smooth, not highly colored, and juicy, with a pale yellow colored juice, especially in fruits that come from lemon rootstock.

The fruit may be seedless, or may contain a number of small seeds. The tree is high-yielding and cold-tolerant and it produces good quality fruit, which is harvested from October to December. It thrives in humid subtropical climates. In cooler, more arid areas, the trees produce edible fruit, but too small for commercial use.

Trees from groves in hammocks or areas covered with pine forest are budded on sour orange trees, a method that gives a high solids content. On sand, they are grafted on rough lemon rootstock. This cultivar is now [ needs update ] the leading early orange in Florida and, possibly, in the rest of the world. Navel oranges are characterized by the growth of a second fruit at the apex , which protrudes slightly and resembles a human navel. They are primarily grown for human consumption for various reasons: In , twelve cuttings of the original tree were transplanted to Riverside, California, where the fruit became known as "Washington".

Today, navel oranges continue to be propagated through cutting and grafting. This does not allow for the usual selective breeding methodologies, and so all navel oranges can be considered fruits from that single, nearly two-hundred-year-old tree: This case is similar to that of the common yellow seedless banana, the Cavendish , or that of the Granny Smith apple. On rare occasions, however, further mutations can lead to new varieties.

Cara cara oranges also called "red navel" are a type of navel orange grown mainly in Venezuela , South Africa and in California's San Joaquin Valley. They are sweet and comparatively low in acid, [55] with a bright orange rind similar to that of other navels, but their flesh is distinctively pinkish red. It is believed that they have originated as a cross between the Washington navel and the Brazilian Bahia navel, [56] and they were discovered at the Hacienda Cara Cara in Valencia , Venezuela, in South African cara caras are ready for market in early August, while Venezuelan fruits arrive in October and Californian fruits in late November.

Blood oranges [8] are a natural mutation of C. High concentrations of anthocyanin give the rind, flesh, and juice of the fruit their characteristic dark red color. Blood oranges were first discovered and cultivated in Sicily in the fifteenth century. Since then they have spread worldwide, but are grown especially in Spain and Italy under the names of sanguina and sanguinella , respectively.

The blood orange, with its distinct color and flavor, is generally considered favorably as a juice, and has found a niche as an ingredient variation in traditional Seville marmalade. Acidless oranges are an early-season fruit with very low levels of acid. They also are called "sweet" oranges in the United States, with similar names in other countries: The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as juice, so they are primarily eaten.

They remain profitable in areas of local consumption, but rapid spoilage renders them unsuitable for export to major population centres of Europe, Asia, or the United States. The raspberry , whose pistils are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. In some bramble fruits such as blackberry the receptacle is elongated and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit.

A multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers called an inflorescence. Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass. In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry Morinda citrifolia can be observed on a single branch.

First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. After fertilization , each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they become connate merge into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarp. Berries are another type of fleshy fruit; they are simple fruit created from a single ovary. Types include examples follow in the table below:. Some or all of the edible part of accessory fruit is not generated by the ovary. Accessory fruit can be simple, aggregate, or multiple, i. Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce.

Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are examples of seedless fruits. Some cultivars of citrus fruits especially grapefruit , mandarin oranges , navel oranges , satsumas , table grapes , and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness. In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy , where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination, but most seedless citrus fruits require a stimulus from pollination to produce fruit.

Seedless bananas and grapes are triploids , and seedlessness results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy , which requires normal pollination and fertilization. Variations in fruit structures largely depend on their seeds' mode of dispersal. This dispersal can be achieved by animals, explosive dehiscence , water, or wind. Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals , or to stick to the feathers, hairs, or legs of animals, using them as dispersal agents.

Examples include cocklebur and unicorn plant. The sweet flesh of many fruits is "deliberately" appealing to animals, so that the seeds held within are eaten and "unwittingly" carried away and deposited i. Likewise, the nutritious, oily kernels of nuts are appealing to rodents such as squirrels , which hoard them in the soil to avoid starving during the winter, thus giving those seeds that remain uneaten the chance to germinate and grow into a new plant away from their parent.

Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally, and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades, e. This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent, via wind. Other wind-dispersed fruit have tiny " parachutes ", e. Coconut fruits can float thousands of miles in the ocean to spread seeds. Some other fruits that can disperse via water are nipa palm and screw pine.

Many hundreds of fruits, including fleshy fruits like apple , kiwifruit , mango , peach , pear , and watermelon are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and as jams, marmalade and other preserves. Fruits are also used in manufactured foods e. Many "vegetables" in culinary parlance are botanical fruits, including bell pepper , cucumber , eggplant , green bean , okra , pumpkin , squash , tomato , and zucchini. Spices like allspice , black pepper , paprika , and vanilla are derived from berries. Fresh fruits are generally high in fiber , vitamin C , and water.

Regular consumption of fruit is generally associated with reduced risks of several diseases and functional declines associated with aging. Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, various cultures have developed many different uses for fruits they do not depend on for food. For food safety , the CDC recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the risk of food contamination and foodborne illness. Fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully selected; at the store, they should not be damaged or bruised; and precut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice.

All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating. This recommendation also applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten. It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage.

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Fruits and vegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, and seafood, as well as from utensils that have come in contact with raw foods. Fruits and vegetables that are not going to be cooked should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat, poultry, seafood, or eggs. All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours. After a certain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness. Fruit allergies make up about 10 percent of all food related allergies.

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All fruits benefit from proper post harvest care, and in many fruits, the plant hormone ethylene causes ripening. Therefore, maintaining most fruits in an efficient cold chain is optimal for post harvest storage, with the aim of extending and ensuring shelf life.

The jackfruit has played a significant role in Indian agriculture for centuries. Archeological findings in India have revealed that jackfruit was cultivated in India to years ago.

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The ornate wooden plank called avani palaka , made of the wood of the jackfruit tree, is used as the priest's seat during Hindu ceremonies in Kerala. In Vietnam, jackfruit wood is prized for the making of Buddhist statues in temples [33] The heartwood is used by Buddhist forest monastics in Southeast Asia as a dye, giving the robes of the monks in those traditions their distinctive light-brown color. Jackfruit is the national fruit of Bangladesh, [27] and the state fruit of the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

In terms of taking care of the plant, minimal pruning is required; cutting off dead branches from the interior of the tree is only sometimes needed. Some trees carry too many mediocre fruits and these are usually removed to allow the others to develop better to maturity. Stingless bees such as Tetragonula iridipennis are jackfruit pollinators, so play an important role in jackfruit cultivation.

In , India produced 1.

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The marketing of jackfruit involves three groups: Large farms sell immature fruit to wholesalers, which helps cash flow and reduces risk, whereas medium-sized farms sell the fruit directly to local markets or retailers. Outside of its countries of origin, fresh jackfruit can be found at food markets throughout Southeast Asia. It is available canned in sugary syrup, or frozen, already prepared and cut. Jackfruit industries are established in Sri Lanka and Vietnam, where the fruit is processed into products such as flour, noodles, papad , and ice cream.

Outside of countries where it is grown, jackfruit can be obtained year-round, both canned or dried. Dried jackfruit chips are produced by various manufacturers. The Tijuca is mostly an artificial secondary forest , whose planting began during the midth century; jackfruit trees have been a part of the park's flora since it was founded. Recently, the species has expanded excessively, and its fruits, which naturally fall to the ground and open, are eagerly eaten by small mammals, such as the common marmoset and coati.

The seeds are dispersed by these animals; this allows the jackfruit to compete for space with native tree species. Additionally the supply of jackfruit as a ready source of food has allowed the marmoset and coati populations to expand. Since both prey opportunistically on birds' eggs and nestlings, increases in marmoset or coati population are detrimental for local bird populations. Es teler , an Indonesian dessert made from shaved ice, condensed milk, coconut, avocado, and jackfruit. Halo-halo , an ice dessert from the Philippines, with different fruits and toppings.

Gudeg left , the unripe jackfruit curry in a reddish color acquired from the teak leaf.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jackfruit Scientific classification Kingdom: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. May Learn how and when to remove this template message. Selling jackfruit in Bangkok. Extracting the jackfruit arils and separating the seeds from the flesh. Kripik nangka , Indonesian jackfruit chips. Lamarck said of the fruit that it was coarse and difficult to digest.

The Plant List ; Version 1. Archived from the original on Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Retrieved 19 April California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. Management of Horticultural Crops. The English name jackfruit is derived from Portuguese jaca , which is derived from Malayalam chakka. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

Explicit use of et al. Retrieved 20 December Now a miracle food! Morpho-Molecular Characterization of Jackfruit. A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan. Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention 1st ed. Institute of Asian Studies. International Journal of ChemTech Research. Retrieved 23 May Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops. Archived from the original PDF on The Guardian, London, UK.

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