Zeitlicher Hintergrund und geistige Vorläufer Descartes (German Edition)

Er wollte unbedingt eine Trennung von Kirche und Staat und deshalb wandte er sich gleichzeitig gegen den weltlichen Herrschaftsanspruch des Papstes. Dante musste sofort fliehen und wurde in mehreren Prozessen in Abwesenheit zum Tode verurteilt.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

September in Ravenna im Alter von 56 Jahren [5]. Jahrhundert , dem sog. Erste angebliche Hexen wurden durch weltliche Gerichtstribunale zum Tod auf dem Scheiterhaufen verurteilt und das Buch " Hexenhammer " erschien. Heinrich der Seefahrer initiierte ab die Erkundung neuer See - bzw. Handelsrouten und Christoph Kolumbus endeckte die Neue Welt. Hierbei hatte er die Vision eines Dialogs der Religionen in seiner Schrift: In den Jahren ab wurde Kues in seinem bisherigen Ansichten iZm.

August mit 63 Jahren [7]. Bundesrat, Besetzungen anteilig nach Nationen, Wappen und Erbschaftsregelungen. Auf dem Reichstag zu Prag wurde der Entwurf des Reichsreformprojekts von Podiebrad trotzdem vorgestellt. In einer am Februar von Podiebrad besiegt und zum Waffenstillstand gezwungen. Die katholische Kirche war absolutistisch und hatte eine materialistische Macht- und Geldgier mit Vetternwirtschaft , Korruption , Inquisition und Ablasshandel z.

In England kam es zu einer weiteren Kirchenspaltung durch den Anglikanismus ; zeitgleich verbreiteten sich die neuen Lehren von Johannes Calvin und Ulrich Zwingli sowie andere Glaubensgemeinschaften bspw. Von — konnte die erste Weltumseglung als Expedition unter Ferdinand Magellan bewerkstelligt werden. Der Augsburger Religionsfrieden von legte eine konfessionelle Spaltung des Reiches fest, wobei das Prinzip des Cuius regio, eius religio galt: Seinerzeit galt der Spruch: Erasmus starb im Alter von 71 Jahren. Mai wurde er im Alter von 57 Jahren ermordet.

Jahrhundert wurden am Anfang der Neuzeit in Europa ca. Durch den Glauben an eine bevorstehende Apokalypse gab es Todesfurcht und Hexenwahn. Gegen Ende des Jahrhunderts setzte sich ein radikal neues Weltbild druch: Nicht nur den Frieden in Europa hatte er in seinem Buch: In seinem Projekt hatte er zwei Motive: Als Utopist sprach er vom Reisepass: Er schrieb juristische, sowie geschichtliche Werke und sein Buch Darin beschrieb er einen Ausgleich zwischen den Denominationen und befasste sich mit der Frage eines gerechten Krieges. Derzeit schrieb er auch seine bekannte Abhandlung: Von bis musste sich Locke in Holland verbergen u.

Wenn er gelobt wurde, reagierte Locke nicht darauf. Staates erfolgen und mit einer zweidrittel Mehrheit sollte bzw. Er war mit seinen Ansichten seiner Zeit weit voraus und deshalb ein gern gesehener Gast in Europa. William Penn starb im Jahre mit 74 Jahren und wurde erst am In einem System von ca. Dynastien wurden gefestigt und die Politik wurde von 15 verwandten Adelsfamilien bestimmt. Jahrhundert mit internationalen Organisationen umgesetzt werden.

Mit diesem Wissen schrieb er: Schiller und Andreas Riem beschrieben ca.

Rousseau schuf viele politische Theorien des Deswegen forderte er eine Disziplin , um die Freiheit unter den Gesetzen aufrecht zu halten. Kant betrieb eine methodische Grundlagenfoschung und wollte sich auf keine Utopie einlassen. Er hatte in seinem Werk eine Gliederung vorgenommen und in 2 Abschnitte sowie 9 Artikel aufgeteilt inkl. Dazu hatte er drei Definitivartikel beinhaltet: Immanuel Kant starb im Alter von 80 Jahren [20].

Es gab in dem Jahrhundert insgesamt 27 Kriege , inklusive der 12 Revolutionskriege , sowie Koalitions - und Befreiungskriege. Der Deutsche Zollverein verbesserte die Wirtschaftskraft und trieb die Industrialisierung voran. Arbeiterbewegungen , Gewerkschaften und der Sozialismus entstanden. Die meisten Regierungssysteme waren konservativ und Soziale Reformen fehlten. Gegen Ende des Als Professor konnte er, auf den Gebieten, der Rechts - und Staatswissenschaft , der Naturwissenschaft , der Medizin, der Kunsttheorie sowie der Theologie erfolgreich wirken. Somit wirkte Saint-Simon stark auf die sozialpolitischen Vorstellungen vieler Autoren der Romantik und vor allem der vielen politischer Akteure des Jahrhunderts.

Dadurch war er im Widerspruch von Karl Marx. Er starb mit 65, im Jahr in Paris und gilt heute als ein Wegbereiter der wissenschaftlichen Soziologie und zugleich des politischen Sozialismus [23]. Er starb mit 68 Jahren am 9. He points out that in material culture the relationship between a signifier and the signified is much less arbitrary than in language HODDER At least an indexical relation is not as arbitrary as it is the case with purely conventional symbolic signs and thus leaves some chance to archaeologists to infer on the proper relation between the signifier and the signified.

However, an indexical association is a very basic constant at its best as it cannot be determined a priori, because mostly there are a number of possibilities of association. It would be highly tentative to sketch a structured outline of such ongoing trends as they continue to develop and change at this very moment.

However — at least in our perception — they have recently gained new quality and impetus. What we can do here is to highlight a selection of these trends, which are addressed by the papers of this volume and which seem especially interesting to us from a theoretical and conceptional point of view. Certainly this collection is very far from conclusive as e.

In accord with the theoretical focus of this paper we also do not go into details about any reconstruction of a specific religious system. Finally we resist commenting in length on the archaeology of religion and landscape cf. In this volume two papers refer to landscape and especially the concept of liminality: In her case study Katja Hrobat Virloget demonstrates how the space of a local community is structured and places are filled with meaning via oral traditions and rituals. The aspects we address on the following pages are arranged in chapters merely for the convenience of presentation since the aspects interact and mingle frequently.

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For this reason many definitions are regarded to be inappropriate as they block a more holistic perspective. While this criticism is a general and sometimes worthwhile trend in humanities, for the purpose of this paper we focus on discussions with special relevance to studies and archaeologies of religions. Among these empiricism and the duality of the Descartian subject — object-concept seem to be most crucial ones cf.

He states that an object is not empirically given, but is the product of perception. Accordingly, the duality of subject and object is not a useful concept as both sides of this dichotomy are interdependent in constituting each other — which might apply to the constitution of the individual, so central to modern Western thinking, as well THOMAS These ideas again tackle the subject — object-dichotomy since objects do not have an inert materiality and gain meaning only relational to humans. Similar to the object — subject-division both sides of the body — mind-dichotomy interdepend on each other again in perception and objectification THOMAS Cognition and emotion including religion on the other hand were deemed to be unaccessible to science completely, since they are to be epiphenomenal DESCARTES ; ; ; cf.

However — apart from the fact that the semblance of being scientific is created more by the form than by the substance of an argument WHITLEY While the model indeed softenes the boundaries between body, mind and the external world by extending or outsourcing epistemic or memory functions of the mind into the extra-bodily social or technical world, this hypothesis — and the discussion on it — is still built on the dichotomies of body — mind and subject — object. Later on Pierre Bourdieu BOURDIEU — also asking for the modes of objectification in social life — has elaborated the concept of habitus to overcome the principal duality of structure and practice in sociology.

This habitus is embodied, i. Consequently, to Merleau-Ponty, Mauss and Bourdieu the body as a methodological means to overcome such dualities must not be dualistic in itself, i. Even more so if we regard the mind as an integral part of the body, which, however, needs reflection to be constituted itself CSORDAS While matters of subject vs. Timothy Insoll points out that the great dichotomic narratives of modernity have conceptually abstracted religion from daily life INSOLL In consequence, this requires a conceptual or theoretical shift in the archaeology of religion: This is not meant to say that any archaeological artefact has to be interpreted in terms of religion, but that any artefact may simultaneously have had religious and other functions.

Although the post-processual approach was developed in order to prevent an over-emphasis of functional aspects and it claimed to have a more realistic perspective i. Bintliff claims to regard religion as permanently interacting with most other fields of social life and not to analyse religion as pure and isolated — with early systemic models e. Another field that should overcome boundaries is the relation of religion and power. The topic itself is not a very new one, as the supporting and conserving function religion has for earthly powers and established social structures is one of the traditional points of criticism on religion.

While this criticism may be interpreted as a call for a strict separation of the two fields in accord with the ideal of a secular society, such a separation is counterproductive if religion is perceived as a field embedded in society and analysed in relation to all other aspects of life. Among others her paper contributes to recent debates on religion and identity EDWARDS , which, especially for the Roman times, start to break up the perception of the Empire as a monolithic block by referring to religion in particular as a means of formation of identity e.

Erica Hill HILL this volume especially criticises the perception of animals and their remains in zoo archaeology which have been dominated by functionalist thinking calories, working capacity up until now, i. Ethnography, however, shows that other cultures may treat animals as individuals with intentions and agency of their own HILL this volume: They can be forms of gods and humans as well as they can mutate into humans cf. This was a necessary presupposition in order to to make religion accessible to sociology, since the sacred pertains to the collective while the individual sphere is profane and thus this dichotomy provides a tool to distinguish between the two FARACE Durkheim was quick to be received by others like e.

Simultaneously, the sacred vs. Though little received at first, van Genneps concept became highly influential in ethnology later on. It was Mircea Eliade in particular who made these categories common knowledge far beyond ethnology, sociology and studies of religions cf. Concerning archaeology, — as in most other disciplines — the concept of sacred vs. More often than not the sacred — profane-dichotomy goes hand in hand with the full Eliadean religious package of decadence and the sacred domination in past societies, while today the profane has come to the fore cf.

The process of secularisation is one of the grand narratives of modernity. While Eliade and many others in his wake judged this alleged disenchantment of the world as decadence, others appraised it as one of the greatest successes of Enlightenment. Consistently, the anti-Christian doctrine of Enlightenment and science as its new tool claimed to free humankind from the shackles of religious thought and authority WHITLEY The hypothesis of secularisation, however, is criticised widely today for a number of reasons e.

Additionally, this may explain the deep tradition of the sacred — profane-dichotomy, as this divide reflects fundamental self-conceptions of science. In studies of religions the emergence of a modern academic, explicitly non -theological discipline, the dismissal of phenomenology and emic perspectives constitutes a fundamentally profane self-conception of the discipline, which is crucial to its own separation from theology and religion both defined as dealing with the sacred.

Questioning the sacred — profane-dichotomy would question this separation and thus may be feared as a danger to the existence of the discipline thus — probably unconsciously — helping to preserve the sacred as a necessary other. Ever since William Robertson Smith invented this concept, plenty of ethnographic studies have shown that the sacred and the profane are closely interrelated and can hardly be separated in many societies cf. Very different conclusions are drawn from these observations. In this social-constructivist perspective the sacred and the profane constitute each other in interaction.

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Robert Segal sets out to systematise these relations between religion and other fields like sociology or psychology. He discerns three ways: In archaeology consequences are usually less theoretically systematised, but take more or less the same directions: Similarly Colin Renfrew, while demanding a distinction between the sacred and the profane cf. For prehistoric Europe as for other traditional societies they assume that the sacred and the profane cannot be separated, since both categories were probably not fundamentally apart in the emic viewpoint of the people — a widely held presupposition today e.

Dissolving the dichotomy of sacred vs. Her paper warns us not to accept or dissolve a sacred-profane-dichotomy too easily, as even within one cultural context both perspectives could co-exist side by side. While it is rightfully blamed of blocking out other perspectives and thus sometimes being part of the problem instead of helping to find solutions, it is also worth considering that this mode of perceiving the world has proved to be a very successful way of being-in-the-world in many cases. Its success is less a matter of political dominance — though post-colonial critique has concentrated on this very much — but its capacity of solving problems: Moreover, the reductionist approach of categorising phenomena according to a few properties while neglecting many others is a necessary measure to reduce complexity and thus is a necessary prerequisite to name and handle phenomena.

It is worthwhile calling for a holistic approach, i. The result may easily be wreckage in the jungle of overabundant complexity. Definitions and thus artificial boundaries in one or the other way remain a prerequisite of handling complexity and being-in-the-world. Similarly, as religion is included in daily life, Timothy Insoll reasons to give up the sacred vs. Instead, we learn to think along these multiple slashes. Moving beyond static notions of belief we can develop dynamic and fluid understandings of the routes of understanding, imagination, memory, desire, fear, conscious and unconscious, that circulate among people and between humans and their special beings [ Although almost nobody will actually deny that the sacred and the profane may and can hardly be separated in the real world, e.

Within archaeology Colin Renfrew and Alexander Gramsch both stress that it is necessary to assume some kind of defined religious sub-system: The problem with any kind of definition is that it blocks other perspectives or solutions countering imposed categories or including further points of view BELL Certainly, during the last centuries we have neglected this duty, allowing a Cartesian world, empiricism and a sacred- profane-divide to acquire the halo of universal truth.

This discussion takes us to another point as the demand for an analytical tool is a demand for a nominal definition on the meta-level cf. But there is no reason for such a claim cf.

I. Publikationen von Humboldt-Stipendiaten aus dem Ausland

Even when shifting the sacred-profane-dichotomy to the meta-level it is nevertheless necessary to constantly question its definitional boundaries and ask for its appropriateness. This appropriateness cannot be measured against the object-level, but is relational to a question. Such theoretical eclecticism is compatible with our claim for relational, heuristically informed 77 Hubert Seiwert concedes that the distinction between religious and non-religious is a definition on the meta-level. In his case this approach works as he aims at the process of secularisation in the Western world, which is a context with a clear sacred-profane-dichotomy.

On the object-level, however, this dichotomy is rather rare if we transgress a post-medieval Western European context. Casually and probably unintentionally Dominic Farace shows another consequence of dissolving the sacred-profane-dichotomy: The phenomenological approach of Rudolf Otto, however, is self-content with the sacred as a category of its own. Though Farace does not go into depth with this point, his observation is especially illuminating: Archaeological imaginations of religion definitions on the meta-level; i.

Sometimes it might be appropriate to dissolve a definitional separation in order to open up new ways of thinking and perceiving, while sometimes established definitions and boundaries will continue to serve intellectual demands. From an epistemological point of view, however, there will be no way to dismiss all definitions and boundaries as the loss of words will end all academic reasoning It was only some years ago — and with considerable delay compared to anthropology cf.

This shift towards practice has considerably changed paradigms in studies of religions: Especially in the Protestant conception religion more and more lost its meaning as a publicly shared practice of rites and became an individual, private and above all internalised belief — contrasting Catholicism with an enduring major emphasis on cult. The dominant position of belief over practice is still frequently en vogue e. Instead, many studies today place ritual in the centre of research, since it is the most obvious expression of praxis e.

As early as Jan Vansina realised that Tio-religion was constituted by communal participation in rituals: While his conviction with ritual gains ground today, his definition has been widely re-considered for a history of theories on ritual cf. Consequently, rituals are no mimesis of something else, they do not point to or sympathetically influence reality, they do not symbolise some hidden meaning, and they are no mere expressions of pre-existing structures STAAL The practical turn in ritual studies for a comprehensive survey cf. Applying theory of practice rituals are performed by actors according to a structure guiding and enabling the ritual and which in itself is reaffirmed or changed by the practical re-enactment of the ritual — thus pointing to potential dynamics of rituals despite their usually supposed permanence ALEXANDER From the late s onwards ritual was also detached from the context of religion e.

This shift led the way to understanding actions and practices as a means for social groups to generate and re-generate and to present and negotiate differences e. Rituals can be characterised as sequences of intentional actions, requiring actors and an audience for a differentiation of primary and secondary addressees cf. Being repetitive public actions, rituals not only reproduce practice and structure, but their actual performance through social actors eventually leads to structural changes and social dynamics: Catherine Bell, taking the idea of practice a step further, emphasises that rituals are not out there at least not as universals , but are culturally specific strategies of distinction BELL The re-interpretation of ritual under the auspices of agency and practice also has far-reaching consequences for the archaeological study of ritual for a survey from a mainly American perspective cf.

Georg Kossack, prominent in archaeology of religions during the s to s, regarded rite to be the re-enacted myth cf. Today, the dissolution of ritual from a necessarily religious context in favour of its social functions is widely acknowledged e. But even for authors transgressing the religious focus of ritual cf. Archaeological imaginations of religion overcoming the problem that at least for prehistory the search for past meaning is an act of more or mostly less educated guesswork and imagination on material remains. On the other hand Elisabeth Culley warns that due to its obsession with rituals and formal behaviour archaeology might fail to reconstruct the belief systems of many prehistoric societies after all as this focus masks informal, but important aspects of religion CULLEY From anthropology we know that the degree of formalisation and centralisation of a specific religion varies with the complexity of its social context.

Formal ritual behaviour seems to exist in almost any religion, but informal behaviour seems to be most common in small-scale societies, which accordingly might escape archaeological notice. Emphasising that ritual is usually — among other characteristics — structured, repetitive and imitable, i. With such a simplified definition, however, archaeologists may be able to discern past structured practices through systematic evaluation of material remains ZIPF This may possibly open the door for a broad discussion on religion and materiality e. In this chapter we focus on approaches taking objects as witnesses of patterned action — be it the repeated involvement of same objects in repetitive patterns of action e.

While proof of repeated patterned action may allow to infer on ritual and to raise awareness for its materially experienced in contrast to verbal aspects BOIVIN , it may be difficult, however, to reach conclusions on its religious dimension. We especially have to keep in mind that frequently the ritual use of an artefact is only a short sequence in its biography for the concept of object biography cf. We should be aware that a ritual can transform the meaning and further use of things, persons and places cf.

Despite the growing awareness for the fact that religion and ritual are closely interconnected with any field of daily life GRANT With regards to ritual, architecture guides and frames the performance of ritual practices. But beyond such a general statement it is often very hard to connect particular architectural features with specific steps of a ritual GARWOOD Even on a general level the opinion on what seems to be an appropriate frame for a ritual, which spatial syntax or symbolic scheme fits a ritual on liminality: Thus, looking for spaces of ritual practices archaeologically is often an ambiguous endeavour as they may be hard to identify.

Although most societies did not have such a monumental concept of sanctuaries, they are a dominant model of investigating other cultures after all: By these criteria Renfrew designs a sanctuary which very much resembles a cosy orthodox village chapel cf. Marc Verhoeven to a certain degree is also biased by his field of focus on Near Eastern cultures with distinct sanctuaries. This background makes him start with places to recognise ritual: Taking ritual as non-ordinary action — though not necessarily resurrecting a dichotomy of sacred vs.

But as Richard Bradley and Manfred K. Bradley emphasises that the overlap of e. This concept of ritualisation solves the problem of dichotomy as it takes the sacred and the profane as poles of a continuous scale on which things, actions and places can take any grade BRADLEY For archaeology, the practices are of special interest as they produce the materiality by which archaeologists are able to discern a cult place, but none of the components may be analysed separately as they are essentially interdependent: More than a generation ago — to take an arbitrary example — R.

An archaeology of burial rituals, however, needs to do more than excavating graves, but first of all has to be especially aware of the fact that archaeological finds are not merely objects but remains of past practices. We have to consider that these new identities that are created through rituals of passage during the funeral may have been prototypes only, unfinished identities, which the newly emerged person had to fill GARWOOD But the focus of mortuary rituals is probably the community participating in the burial and reassuring its identity as well KIENLIN This becomes especially clear through the memorial effect of a burial which concentrates on the dead, but is prospective and open to future uses WILLIAMS For little more than a decade87 the burial ritual is frequently acknowledged on a fairly abstract level as the contextual practice which produced the material record documented in the grave, but has little further influence on the analysis e.

Only recently the problem of how to relate funerary record and ancient rituals of burial to each other is addressed more thoroughly,: But even more importantly, a change of focus on the skeletal remains proves to be highly productive cf. Nevertheless, it paved the way to introduce agency-based models of interpretation.

Moreover, burials show the full ambiguity of rituals with a. The high potential of a ritual-approach to burials is best shown by some case studies: Dealing with Mesolithic inhumations at Skateholm, Liv Nilsson Stutz argues that statistically, these burials were with a very high probability the results of ritual actions. Indeed she is able to show that there was an almost non-negotiable core of practices, which centred around the integrity of the body and a denial of the decompositional process — with individualising variations in this core NILSSON STUTZ this volume: In the Leubingen-example she focuses on innovation and change within the framework of these categories, resulting in new arrangements and new statements; inspiring as her thoughts are they can easily be connected to and enriched by a perspective on action and the change of its patterns KIENLIN While micro-taphonomic and in-depth observations of objects are most helpful in inhumations things seem to be much more difficult with cremations.

They demonstrate that the cremated bones were relocated in the urn in their anatomically correct positions, while the urn — typologised according to age — might have been vested before burial GRAMSCH Altogether, the cremation of the dead seems to have been a complete transformation of identity ending up in a new body with a new integrity. Compared to Gramsch her results are fairly general, partly because she does not have the possibility to draw on thoroughly excavated and analysed urns on a micro-level similar to the Cottbus Alvensleben-Kaserne, partly because she derives her re-construction from a bulk of material that covers a temporally and spatially wide range.

With the emergence of roughly contemporary written sources, it seems that there are blueprints available for the ritual interpretation of the archaeological record cf. Compared to the ample information drawn from prehistoric cremations by Gramsch, Hofmann and others, it is surprising that early medieval inhumations — with much better chances of preservation of ritual traces — should not provide an even broader understanding of the erstwhile ritual processes for a rather descriptive account BRATHER What is more, we may assume that a long practised feeling of inferiority keeps early medieval archaeologists from taking their sources seriously instead of subordinating them selves to the dominance of texts.

Thus we cannot take corresponding correlations between material sources and texts for granted and it may be a worthwhile endeavour for archaeologists to evaluate the materiality of early medieval burials with the same independent scrutiny which already brought ample information on prehistoric burials to light. Usually, interpretations switch between religious offerings and sacrifices or hoards deposited for safekeeping, sometimes in times of crisis or riot. Especially for single objects it is a basic concern whether they were deliberately deposited at all or merely lost by chance or accident VON BRUNN Arguing on questions of loss or intentional deposition with sacred or profane motifs needs indicators based on broad comparison.

While the exceptionality of hoards in the archaeological record fosters an individual consideration of the circumstances of their deposition and meaning, more comprehensive approaches drew attention to cross-temporal and -spatial patterns as a necessary background of interpretation e. Under the influence of structuralism such patterning became an especially important indicator e.

If for example a single find can be integrated into a frequent pattern in its time and region, it is assumed that the deposition was intentional since losses should result in random distributions e. Within the group of intentional depositions three patterns have gained special importance in the discussion of sacred or profane motifs cf.

The possibility to reclaim objects seems to indicate a temporal hiding and is frequently used as an argument for profane safekeeping, but the objects for one reason or another remained in the ground. Irretrievable deposition on the other hand is generally assumed to indicate an offering, as goods devoted to the gods were not allowed to be reclaimed e. Dickens suggests that the repeated recovery of objects may have been necessary for the ritual while in intermediary times the objects were protected effectively from recovery by social sanctions DICKENS Such behaviour looks especially irrational to us and such dysfunctionality points to religious motivation e.

In an explicitly economic approach Christoph Huth argues that many highly fragmented Bronze Age hoards with their tremendous wealth of metal objects were deposited for storage, but with the change of technology there was no longer a use for older metal alloys with inferior properties HUTH Confusion, however, springs from the still widely held conflation of ritual with the religious cf.

If we accept ritual to be a practice not necessarily governed by religious meaning, patterning in fact points to a ritual of deposition, but not necessarily to offerings, sacrifices or any other religiously meaningful activity cf. Though not all authors agree on which indicator opts for a profane or sacred interpretation, the majority infers on profane depositions from retrievable, well preserved objects.

Also, a religious interpretation of depositions for Christian times is never considered, as from a theological stance ritual offerings should be restricted to the church and conducted in a symbolic manner; consequently, material depositions from the middle ages are usually interpreted as hidden possessions e. British archaeology has rather late started to follow with the works of 90 For an instructive comparison of interpretations of Late Bronze age and Viking age depositions and the important influence of written sources HUTH If a religious intention of a deposition is inferred from the indicators discussed above, sacrifices to numinous powers or gifts or offerings to the personalised gods e.

This interpretation was especially received in the discourse on Bronze Age hoards from the s onwards until today a. Moreover, mono-causality does not encompass the various social dimensions of the depositional practice itself HANSEN Instead, archaeology has the potential to look at the broad variety of depositional practices instead of covering the phenomenon with an overall explanation BRADLEY Recent research distinguishes interpretations corresponding to different patterns of hoarding in their contemporary cultural contexts graves, settlements e.

The ambivalence of hoards in terms of patterning is especially made clear from the example of the Tiryns-treasure: Excavated in , a detailed account by Apostolos Arvanitopoulos, the only archaeologist present on the occasion, allows for a reconstruction of the original order of the objects within and outside a huge cauldron deposited in the Lower Town of Tiryns MARAN a: Basically, scrap and raw metal of bronze a.

While the objects outside the vessel seem to have been appreciated for their value in metal only, those inside appeared to be keimelia, objects of prestige in post-palatial Tiryns MARAN a: In his paper Joseph Maran focusses on the cultural continuity and memorial aspects expressed in the long-term composition of the treasure; he leaves open whether it was hidden on a special occasion or deposited as a dedication MARAN a: Indeed, the collection of undestroyed keimelia in a big cauldron, covered by another vessel and buried inside a settlement looks like a typical structure of hiding objects in moments of immediate danger.

Such interpretations, however, still aim at explaining the thoughts of the actors but neglect their actions and subsequent effects. Frequently, they follow our Western logic of functionality and purposeful rationality e.

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But with the practical turn depositions can be considered primarily the result of actions While arbitrary actions may be hard to interpret with sound methodology, structured depositions are of special interest as, like burials, they can be conceptualised as the results of repetitive practices, following a certain sequence or form cf. He pays special reference to the selective character of many depositions in terms of the objects included in the hoard.

As with grave goods, objects in hoards have a distinct biography and the deposition is only one part of their life histories, which is rooted in a specific situational meaning DICKENS Archaeological imaginations of religion 23ff.

This perspective allows us to enquire under which circumstances objects were selected for hoarding, whether they were manufactured for such purposes or especially altered when they left everyday circulation cf. For the longest time, structuredness was an indicator of religiously motivated depositions alluding to ritual as the core of cult. But with dissolving the obligatory connection of ritual and religion cf. Thorough structural analysis cf. This does not imply a set of deliberate instructions the actors were fully aware of, but the recurring sequence of ritual actions as well as their alterations can be interpreted in terms of habitus as a framing structure enabling and being enabled by the individual ritual act.

Again theory of practice allows us to escape the temptation of reconstructing the thinking of some long dead people in a distant past WALKER In our eyes, restrictions to such reconstructions are primarily caused by avoidable weaknesses of the archaeological data: Since from the Bronze Age onwards many hoards comprise metal objects, there would be the chance of organic materials e. This also applies to other traces indicating the original position of the objects within the hoard. Therefore, most of the archaeological information is lost and usually we are left alone with all?

These unfavourable circumstances usually inhibit a taphonomic approach of reconstructing the practices of depositing in detail cf. Rare exceptions, however, demonstrate the potential of such reconstructions: Hoard F from the Bullenheimer Berg in northern Bavaria was found by a treasure hunter, but the bronze vessel was delivered to the museum uncleaned and still fully packed with objects.

It was accompanied by some more objects allegedly found close to the vessel HAGL These rather favourable circumstances allowed for a detailed examination: Between the objects at least fragments of capsules of opium poppy papaver somniferum were detected in the sediment HAGL Although Monika Hagl restricts herself to superficial hints at the ritual act of deposition, this magnificent source demonstrates that in the process of deposition objects were combined to groups mainly corresponding to archaeological types , which were deliberately and carefully piled upon each other and enclosed in the vessel, whose upper part was only mounted after the objects were placed within HAGL 95 Some further botanical remains a.

Archaeological imaginations of religion Without going into further detail, the example of hoard F from the Bullenheimer Berg neatly shows how depositional practices can be reconstructed from the archaeological remains and it is a well founded hope that more such reconstructions will allow to reconstruct not only the structures of deposits, but the plots of ritual practices.

Some further indications on the rituals themselves can be derived from the micro-topography of the find spots, especially on the presumable degree of community involvement cf. Depositional acts from ships probably e. HAUPT ; provide a high visibility and performativity, which is reduced on banks of rivers e. GROTE and lakes e. The search for structures and interpretations on the grounds of of patterns has recently been blamed of gross generalisations loosing the singularity of a specific hoard — asking for individual interpretations anew e.

Considering the archaeological study of ritual activity, such a detailed individualistic approach might make sense, as is shown by the example from the Bullenheimer Berg. But we may ask whether it makes sense to end up with a myriad of individual reconstructions and interpretations. A single hoard — as any other find — only develops its full specificity if compared to average patterns. And it is these patterns which allow for a wider historical narrative beyond the local one. Again, taking practice into account may wipe out fantasies on past meanings as there probably never were any.

When conceptualising this paper — as far as it was conceptualised at all when we began writing five years ago — we have deliberately chosen not to follow two distinct strands of Anglophone versus German research except for chapters like 2. We have not done so to avoid an automatism of writing a national- dichotomic story into the archaeologies of religion. Instead, we decided to follow ideas and concepts and how they were intertwined irrespective of the languages in which they were published.

The uranium concentration in small-scale water supplies was found to be slightly higher than that in central water works in Schleswig-Holstein. The results indicate that the uranium burden in drinking water from small wells is mainly determined by geological factors. An additional anthropogenic effect of soil management cannot be excluded. Overall uranium concentrations were low and not causing health concerns. However, in specific cases higher concentrations may occur. Seasonal variation in the occurrence of planktic bivalve larvae in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea.

In the late s, recruitment failures of the mussel Mytilus edulis led to economic problems in the mussel fishing and cultivation industries of northwestern Europe. As part of a collaborative study to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms affecting recruitment processes of mussels, plankton samples were collected regularly over a four-year period from three stations in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea.

Abundances of mussel larvae peaked 2 to 4 weeks after spawning maxima in the adult populations. Although variations in timing and amplitude of the total larval densities occurred, annual abundances of M. A close relationship was found between peaks in larval abundance and phytoplankton blooms.

Differences in larval concentrations in the ebb and the flow currents were insignificant. Most larvae were found to originate from local stocks, although imports from outside the area do occur. Although the impact of this screening on the stage-specific incidence of melanoma is of great importance for screening evaluation, it remains unknown.

In theory, an effective skin cancer screening program should result in a medium-term incidence decrease of melanomas with a prognostically unfavorable stage. This is studied on a population-based level by using cancer registry data. Based on data from the Cancer Registry of Schleswig-Holstein for , stage-specific T-category of the TNM-classification system age-standardized incidence rates were calculated. After implementation of the SCREEN project, the incidence of prognostically favorable melanomas in situ and T1 was higher than before, while the incidence of advanced melanomas T2, T3, and for women also T4 decreased considerably.

The classification of tumor stages changed during the project period, which may have contributed to an artificial decrease of the stages with a poor prognosis. Nevertheless, the results are in agreement with the observed decrease of melanoma mortality in the screening region. Quality and risk management in hospitals are not only required by law but also for an optimal patient-centered and process-optimized patient care. To evaluate the maturity levels of quality and risk management at the University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein UKSH , a structured analytical tool was developed for easy and efficient application.

Four criteria concerning quality management - quality assurance QS , critical incident reporting system CIRS , complaint management BM and process management PM - were evaluated with a structured questionnaire. Every quality item was graded into four categories from "A" fully implemented to "D" not implemented at all.

First of all, an external assessment was initiated by the head of the department of quality and risk management. Thereafter, a self-assessment was performed by 46 clinical units of the UKSH. Discrepancies were resolved in a collegial dialogue. Based on these data, overall maturity levels were obtained for every clinical unit. The overall maturity level "A" was reached by three out of 46 6. No unit was graded with maturity level "D". The distribution of the four different quality criteria revealed a good implementation of complaint management maturity levels "A" and "B" in As a consequence, extensive procedures were implemented to raise the standard of quality and risk management.

In future, maturity levels will be reevaluated every two. A precondition for the evaluation of outcomes in cohort studies and screening programmes is the availability of follow-up data. In Germany, established cancer registries provide such data for incident primary cancer diseases and mortality.

To utilise these cancer registry data a person's identifying code has to be correctly linked to study or programme records, a procedure which, up to date, has been only rarely used in Germany. Name, date of birth and address of the QuaMaDi cohort members were coded in the confidential administration center of the registry. Datasets were synchronised for each match, so that QuaMaDi participants could be identified in the registry file. In a next step epidemiological registry records were linked to the QuaMaDi study records. The accuracy of classifying outcome was assessed by agreement measures, i.

In cases of disagreement, a questionnaire has been sent to QuaMaDi patients' gynaecologists to validate the final diagnosis. Absolute agreement between files according to diagnosed or suspected breast cancer was After correction of the final diagnosis according to the physician's responses, agreement measures slightly improved in both groups of ascertained diagnosis including and excluding the suspected cases. Within QuaMaDi the diagnosed breast cancer cases were predominantly. In rural areas of Schleswig-Holstein , Germany, drinking water for about 37 people is provided by approximately 10 small-scale water supplies.

For those wells data on pesticides in the drinking water are rare. In this study small-scale water supplies, mainly situated in areas with intensive agriculture, fruit-growing or tree-nursery, were selected and the drinking water was analysed for pesticides. In 68 samples at least one agent or metabolite was detectable, 38 samples showed multiple contaminations. Bentazone was the most frequently detected biocidal agent.

These data show that pesticides in drinking water from small-scale supplies are a notable issue in preventive public health. In a region of Schleswig-Holstein , a regional budget was used to investigate which structural changes would be brought about by a financial plan which enables clinical treatment that defies rigid financial limits and makes flexible treatment in various settings possible.

In 5 years, the number of inpatient treatment places in the care region was reduced considerably. Day care and outpatient treatment offers were expanded substantially and new treatment concepts were established. The quality of treatment remained safeguarded. A regional budget is suitable for bringing about fundamental changes in terms of content and structure in psychiatric care. The result is clearly improved flexibility as compared to previous care structures; incentives for disorders are reduced. The principle "outpatient before inpatient" is strengthened. The financial plan can be transposed onto other regions, whereby modifications according to the structure of the care region seem necessary.

Epidemiology of cutaneous melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer in Schleswig-Holstein , Germany: Population-based figures on skin cancer are essential for a realistic assessment of the personal disease burden, prevention modes and the need for caring. The Robert Koch Institute in Germany estimates the incidence of melanoma skin cancer as seven cases in persons age-standardized by the European standard rate.

Population-based studies presumably show higher incidence rates of cases in persons. Few data exist for non-melanoma skin cancer NMSC as this is not systematically registered in Germany. To present the first population-based results from the Schleswig-Holstein Germany Cancer Registry on incidence, stage distribution, clinical types and localization of skin cancer and to compare the results with other studies.

The Cancer Registry of the Bundesland Schleswig-Holstein with registering institutions, of which are dermatological institutions, investigates all notifiable incident cancer cases according to international standards. From the recorded data all melanoma and NMSC cases were identified and evaluated.

Between and , malignant melanoma MM and 12 NMSC cases underwent diagnostic and analytical evaluation. For MM, age-standardized incidence rates were However, markedly higher incidences. This leads to the location and year-specific optimised control of the pathogen and of the associated yield performance. After several years of development in Bavaria from on and Schleswig-Holstein , the model was tested as part of a project involving the Universities of Bonn and Kiel and the plant protection services of the German states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein in a three-year study in interregional locations usually nine per state with the winter wheat variety Ritmo interregional indicator variety and a further variety of regional importance in different variations untreated control, three to four times growth stage-oriented variants for the determination of the absolute damage potential, IPM-variant.

In exact records approx. With the genetically uniform indicator variety Ritmo, the results documented substantially differing year- and location-specific disease and yield patterns. Interregionally, a broad wheat pathogen spectrum Puccinia striiformis, P. Septoria nodorum, Blumeria syn. Erysiphe graminis, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Drechslera tritici-repentis in differing composition, disease severity and damage effect was demonstrated. The heterogeneity of the infection and damage patterns was increased in the case of the second variety, in.

We present microbiologic findings in harbor seal phoca; Phoca vitulina carcasses collected from the North Sea of Schleswig-Holstein , Germany, , and interpret results in relation to potential variations caused by phocine distemper virus and influenza A virus mass mortalities. We conducted microbiologic investigations on 2, tissue samples from lung, liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes from dead harbor seals of the German North Sea.

A large variety of bacteria, including potentially pathogenic species such as Bordetella bronchiseptica , Brucella spp. These bacteria were associated with bronchopneumonia, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, polyarthritis, nephritis, myositis, myocarditis, and septicemia. Bordetella bronchiseptica and Streptococcus equi subsp. Many bacteria were detected in tissues of dead harbor seals, of which E.

Zoonotic bacteria such as Brucella spp. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae showed an almost regular 4-yr oscillating trend. Because zoonotic bacteria are regularly found, handling of dead and live harbor seal specimens should be conducted carefully to prevent transmission to humans. Further investigations are needed to understand microbiota changes in relation to increasing seal populations, reintroduction of rehabilitated seals to the wild, and increasing pressure from anthropogenic activities. Effects of rewetting on greenhouse gas emissions in different microtopes in a cut-over drained bog in Schleswig-Holstein , Germany.

In peatlands, all biogeochemical processes and the amount of exported carbon and nitrogen compounds are strongly influenced by changes in the water table. Peatland drainage leads to increased peat oxidization and changes peatlands from carbon sinks to net carbon sources. Especially, the emissions of the important greenhouse gases GHG carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are increased due to drainage.

Six subsites with differing water level and land use were identified: We determined that in the course of years the measured N2O and CO2 fluxes varied between -0,1 and 1,9 mg m-2 h-1 and between -0,12 and 1,09 g m-2 h-1, respectively, and the highest nitrous oxide as well as carbon dioxide fluxes are typical for the dry peat dam study site. The measured CH4 fluxes were between -1,8 and 22,7 mg m-2 h-1, where the highest rates were found on the area rewetted 30 years ago and on the peat cutting ditches with Eriophorum angustifolium.

Accounting for the different global warming potentials GWP of the measured greenhouse gases, the annual GHG balance was calculated. Emissions from all study sites ranged between 5,2 and 36 t CO2-eq ha-1 year-1 and were dominated by high emissions of CO2 2,5 up to 25,5 t CO2-eq ha-1 year Highest emission rates were found at the dry peat dam site and at the area rewetted 30 years ago. The peat dams and. The increase in incidence of malignant melanoma, early diagnosis activities increasingly reaching ever larger population groups and mortality remaining at a constant level in trend comprise the background of the study.

We aimed at answering the question whether the early diagnosis can have an influence on the increase in incidence and how one can one judge the effect on the reduction of the mortality. Parallel to the increasing incidence, there is also an increase in the number of melanomas detected at early stages. Hence, it is obvious to assume that this increase in incidence is due to a large extent to screening programmes.

In a non-determinable number of cases, overdiagnostics could have contributed to the increase in incidence. In the period of observation mortality remained constant in the regions described in this study. It can be assumed the mortality risk is influenced by tumours with a high degree of malignancy whose share in the number of melanomas remains roughly constant. The early diagnosis of cancer, the inclusion of increasingly larger groups of the populations in the regions described, and constant mortality rates for men and women during the period of observation all relate the use of early diagnosis.

A preventive check-up is indicated for risk groups, e. Sternbilder und ihre Mythen. Die Sternbilder und die damit verbundenen Mythen helfen, sich am Sternenhimmel zurechtzufinden und vermitteln die Vielfalt der Bilder der Mythologie und der Sternsagen. Mikrodaten und statistische Auswertungsmethoden. Dies gilt sowohl aus methodischer als auch aus empirischer, anwendungsorientierter Sicht. Zahlreiche Publikationen von Mitgliedern der DStatG haben entscheidend zum kritischen Diskurs und zum wissenschaftlichen Fortschritt in diesem Bereich beigetragen.

Die Sternbilder, die seit alters her die Menschen in ihren Bann gezogen haben, und die damit verbundenen Mythen werden in zweifacher Weise vorgestellt. Erstens ist es die Absicht, dem Leser zu helfen, sich am Sternenhimmel zurechtzufinden, und zweitens will es ihm die Vielfalt der Bilder vermitteln, die damit verbunden sind. Milch, Milchprodukte, Analoge und Speiseeis. Statistik in Naturwissenschaft und Technik. Mit dem Aufschwung von Naturwissenschaft und Technik zu Beginn des Im Gegensatz zu den Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, in denen Daten vorwiegend aus Beobachtungsstudien gewonnen werden, stehen in den Naturwissenschaften Experimente im Vordergrund.

Aufbau und Belastung tribologischer Systeme. Korrespondenzfragen zwischen Energiesystem und Telekommunikation. Das folgende Kapitel analysiert diese Eigenschaften und gibt Antworten auf die Frage, wie die wechselseitige Verkopplung beider, jeweils systemabdeckender Infrastrukturen zu einem Treiber der Energiewende in entwickelten Volkswirtschaften werden kann. Neue Laser und Strahlquellen - alte und neue Risiken?

Wurden bisher zum Beispiel mit fraktionalen Lasern Falten behandelt, sind eben diese Systeme heute in Kombination mit Medikamenten wichtige Werkzeuge bei der Behandlung von Narben, bei Feldkanzerisierung und epithelialen Tumoren. Kern, Koma und Schweife. Apocalypse - not now! Meteoriten - Boten aus der Urzeit des Sonnensystems.

Stenting und technische Stentumgebung. Die KHK war im Jahre mit Wirkstoffe, Medikamente und Mathematische Bildverarbeitung. Die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente ist langwierig und teuer. Chancen und Visionen Der Modernen Mechanik. Die Gesellschaft des Pyropheophorbide und a as a catabolite of ethylene-induced chlorophyll und a degradation.

An enzyme extract prepared from ethylene-induced degreening Citrus fruits contains chlorophyll Chl degrading enzymes. Bildanalyse in Medizin und Biologie. Heutzutage sind bildgebende Verfahren aus medizinischen Untersuchungen nicht mehr wegzudenken. Durch die Flut der erzeugten Bilddaten kommt der Bildverarbeitung im Allgemeinen und der Bildanalyse im Besonderen eine immer wichtigere Rolle zu. Beschallungstechnik, Beschallungsplanung und Simulation.

The Warsaw Pact offensive Grundlagen und Grundbegriffe der Messtechnik. Allerdings ist der Anteil vegetarischer und veganer Kinder dabei unbekannt. Die Vorteile und Risiken einer vegetarischen bzw. Dynamische Motorvermessung mit verschiedenen Methoden und Modellen.

Dadurch steigt die Zahl der Stellglieder Aktoren stark an. Mittelwert- und Arbeitstaktsynchrone Simulation von Dieselmotoren. As part of setting up the test field Zeitz Saxony-Anhalt, Germany as a reference site for the implementation of Natural Attenuation as a remediation option, we have investigated groundwater for its ability to cause a dioxin-like response.

The dioxin-like response is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated induction of the protein complex cytochrome CYP1A, which was measured as 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase EROD enzyme activity in a fish liver cell line. Out of 32 sampling locations, seven showed significant EROD induction, which could be explained, to a minor extent, by the presence of polycyclic aromatic. Quantitative Analyse und Visualisierung der Herzfunktionen. Hierbei werden alle relevanten herzphysiologsichen Parameter berechnet und mithilfe von Diagrammen und Graphen visualisiert. Diese Berechnungen werden evaluiert, indem die ermittelten Werte mit manuell vermessenen verglichen werden.

Symmetriebrechung und Emergenz in der Kosmologie. Diese Annahme liegt selbst noch den Standardmodellen der relativistischen Kosmologie zugrunde. Ein Blick ins Licht. This book is a German translation, by A. Ehlers, of the American original "Seeing the light. Optics in nature, photography, color, vision, and holography", published in Die Haupteigenschaften des Lichts.

Grundlagen der geometrischen Optik. Wie das Bild erzeugt wird. Ein Blick in die moderne Physik. Natiirliche und gesteuerte bewegung. Describes the Federalism and Tribal consultation efforts related to the Uniform National Discharge Standards UNDS and links to copies of each presentation, both to state and local representatives, as well as federally-recognized tribes. Aus Wirtschaft und Betrieb. Gewinnung und Verarbeitung mit Profilschal-maschinen. Keine der zusammen mit den Kiefern vorkommenden Laubholzarten wurde bisher in nennenswertem Umfan verwertet. Kontinuierliche Wanddickenbestimmung und Visualisierung des linken Herzventrikels.

Kommunale Energieversorger als wesentliche Akteure der Digitalisierung - Strategien und Handlungsoptionen. Vielerorts gestalten kommunale Unternehmen den digitalen Wandel bereits aktiv mit. Ferner profitieren kommunale Unternehmen von einigen Wettbewerbsvorteilen, etwa hohen Vertrauenswerten ihrer Kunden und umfangreiches Know-how im Datenmanagement.

Implantate und Verfahren in der Augenheilkunde. Es gibt unterschiedliche Formen wie angeborene congenita oder erworbene, traumatische, krankheitsoder altersbedingte Formen [45]. Haptische Modellierung und Deformation einer Kugelzelle. Haptische Simulationsmodelle dienen in der Medizin in erster Linie dem Training operativer Eingriffe. Die menschliche Wahrnehmung kann allerdings auch eine ungenaue haptische Modellierung psychooptisch ausgleichen.

However, the Mos- cow and Warsaw treaties, signed by West Germany in , for- mally confirmed the Oder. Arms Control and European Security. There is an instructive contrast between the adaptation of the CFE Treaty with the complex and long-running 19th century Schleswig - Holstein Question Holstein business—the Prince Consort, who is dead—a German professor, who has gone mad—and 2 I, who have forgotten all about it. Das Gesetz zur Digitalisierung der Energiewende ist verabschiedet.

Die Mechanismen werden derzeit weiter bis hin zur molekularbiologischen und epigenetischen Ebene erforscht. Momentan existiert jedoch noch ein erheblicher Mangel an Translation zwischen diesen Forschungserkenntnissen und deren Anwendung in der klinischen Versorgung. Herstellung von Chitosan und einige Anwendungen. Wichtig ist jedoch die Quelle des Ausgangsmaterials: Chitosan, das aus Insekten Calliphora erythrocephala , unter milden Bedingungen Temperatur: Chitosan wurde durch den Schimmelpilz Aspergillus fumigatus zu Chitooligomeren fermentiert.

Durch kontrollierte Fermentation, die Chitooligomere in definierter Zusammensetzung d. Die aggressiveren Varianten sollten in erster Linie mit Kombinationen aus Rituximab und Polychemotherapieschemata wie z. Strahlen- und kinetische Waffen: Erregerspektrum und Epidemiologie im zeitlichen Wandel.

Das Erregerprofil zeigt unterschiedliche geographische Verteilungsmuster und variiert im Laufe der Zeit. Dermatophyten wie Trichophyton soudanense und Trichophyton violaceum, Trichophyton anamorph von Arthroderma benhamiae sowie Trichophyton schoenleinii und Microsporum audouinii konnten erstmalig bzw. Wenngleich Microsporum-canis-Infektionen noch dominieren, sind zunehmend anthropophile Erreger nachzuweisen. Angesichts des unerwartet hohen Anteils von Erwachsenen sollte eine Tinea capitis in allen Altersgruppen differenzialdiagnostisch in Betracht gezogen werden.

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Wenn man Evolution und Kultur aus explizit darwinischer Perspektive zusammen bringt, bedeutet das noch lange nicht unbedingt Soziobiologie. Und es bedeutet sicherlich nicht Sozialdarwinismus. Mein Beitrag ist nicht wissenschaftsgeschichtlich angelegt, sondern systematisch ausgerichtet und hat zwei Schwerpunkte Antweiler ; Antweiler b. Dadurch wird die Frage aufgeworfen, ob die Evolution von Organismen einerseits und die Transformation von Gesellschaften bzw.

Kapitel 8 wirft einen Blick hinter die Kulissen statistischer Arbeit und ihrer Methoden, insbesondere auch hinter die der amtlichen Statistik: Mitglieder der Deutschen Statistischen Gesellschaft waren daran kooperativ beteiligt. Physik gestern und heute Von der Metallstange zum Hochenergielaser.

Diese aus heutiger Sicht scheinbar triviale Vorrichtung wurde aber keineswegs unmittelbar akzeptiert. Das Vertrauen in die Wissenschaft spielt hierbei eine besondere Rolle: Aufnahme, Analyse und Visualisierung von Bewegungen nativer Herzklappen in-vitro. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, bei dem Bewegungen nativer Herzklappen in-vitro aufgenommen, analysiert und kompakt visualisiert werden. Mission und wissenschaftliche Zielsetzung. Messen, Kalibrieren, Eichen in der Radiologie: Principles and PracticeThe different measuring conditions in radiotherapy and in radiation protection are discussed in the introduction.

Then, the metrological problems are discussed exemplarily with the dose equivalent as a category of quantity. Effective dose equivalent and ambient dose equivalent are introduced as special quantities. It is demonstrated, how correct measurements can be secured by a consistent system of instrument pattern requirements, by calibration and verification. The importance of uncertainties of measurements and of error limits is illustrated and their influence on the interpretation of the results of measurements is treated. Einfluss des Internets auf das Informations-, Einkaufs- und Verkehrsverhalten.

Heutige Organisationen produzieren und speichern mehr Informationen als je zuvor. Es wird ein Satz von Kriterien vorgestellt, der aus Literaturrecherche und Fallstudien abgeleitet wurde. Die Reifegradindikatoren werden validiert und in einem mehrstufigen Reifegradmodell durch eine Delphi-Studie gruppiert. New chronological data for the timing of the Saalian- and Elsterian glacial cycle in Europe - studies on a key site within the type area. In conclusion, the sequence of Uichteritz has the potential to provide important new chronological data for the timing of the Elsterian and Saalian glacial cycles as well as the presence of humans in Central Europe.

The earliest settlement of Germany: Is there anything out there? Quaternary International , Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart Quaternary Science Journal 55, Quaternary Science Reviews 25, Chronology and climate forcing of the last four interglacials. The Climate of Past Interglacials. Developments in Quaternary Science 7, Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. Mehr als Exoplaneten haben Astronomen seit dem Jahr nachgewiesen. Hinderniserkennung und -verfolgung mit einer PMD-kamera im automobil. Nach einem initialen Filterprozess werden im Tiefenbild mit Hilfe eines Bereichswachstumsverfahrens Hindernisse gesucht.

Nukleare und Radiologische Waffen. Selbst der Bau einer primitiven Atombombe erfordert einen hohen technischen Aufwand und Spezialisten. Wahrscheinlicher ist deshalb der Diebstahl einer kleinen taktischen Kernwaffe. Transplantate und Implantate im Mittelohrbereich - Teil 1 Stand Diese kann angeboren oder im Laufe des Lebens erworben sein.

Es fing schon gut an: Damit schlug dieser zwei Fliegen mit einer Klappe: Sein Sohn lernte etwas Gescheites, und er war zugleich in sicherer Obhut. Tokamak und Stellarator - zwei Wege zur Fusionsenergie: Parallel soll die in Greifswald entstehende Forschungsanlage Wendelstein 7-X die Kraftwerkstauglichkeit des alternativen Bauprinzips der Stellaratoren zeigen.

Die Vagheit der Sprache " und so". This article presents a description of some pragmatic expressions "oder so," " und so," "oder wie" rarely found in textbooks, but common in everyday conversation.

Though often treated as vague or superfluous, these expressions perform important functions in interpersonal communication. Focusing on these easily identifiable phrases can help…. Von Start-ups lernen - Methoden und Entwicklungsprozesse, die Jungunternehmen erfolgreich machen. Disruptoren hervor, die jede Branche betreffen und so gut wie keinen Lebensbereich auslassen. Zunehmend adaptieren etablierte Unternehmen innovative Entwicklungsprozesse und Methoden.

Digitalisierung und Energie 4. In vitro hergestellte Gewebe werden abgesehen von Einzelanwendungen zur Zeit noch nicht am Patienten eingesetzt. Dabei handelt es sich um Berechnungswerkzeuge und Expertenwissen z. Die thermischen Wirkungsgrade von Kraftwerken zur Stromerzeugung sind relativ gering. Bildbasierte Navigation eines mobilen Roboters mittels omnidirektionaler und schwenkbarer Kamera.

Die Entkopplung der Kamerablickrichtung von der eigentlichen Roboterbewegung wird durch die Projektion der Merkmale auf eine virtuelle Bildebene realisiert. Die Behandlungsgruppe zeigte bei beiden Werten eine Verbesserung von klinischer Relevanz. In diesem Beitrag wird das Modul vorgestellt, dass die Prozessabbilder erstellt.

Neben der Visualisierung von Anlagen werden auch laufende Prozesse und bearbeitete Produkte dargestellt. Die Brennstoffzelle hat aus technischer Sicht einen hohen Stand erreicht. The Initial Period of War: Later the old battleship Schlesien also arrived here. Und so wird ersichtlich, dass nichts abstrakter ist als das Unendliche: Zu einer inhaltsorientierten Theorie des Lernens und Lehrens der biologischen Evolution.

Die Ergebnisse sind in einer inhaltsorientierten Theorie zusammengefasst, welche aus drei verschiedenen Aspekten besteht: Diese Theorie kann in neuen Experimenten getestet und weiter entwickelt werden. Vorbereiter und Wegbereiter der NS-Lebensraumpolitik? Albrecht Penck was one of the eminent representatives of Quaternary research in the first half of the twentieth century. But apart from this, there was a political-geographical side to Penck, which, since , has long been ignored or downplayed by geographers.

Thus, critics say, he paved the way for Nazi Lebensraum policies and became an accomplice in the resulting crimes. The present contribution examines Penck's political-geographical worldview and reaches an ambivalent conclusion regarding the accusations. Was leistet ein Sportler? Kraft, Leistung und Energie im Muskel. Der Leistungsbegriff ist im Sport weiter gefasst als in der Physik. Die Energiewirtschaft nutzt seit je her digitale Strukturen zur Umsetzung ihrer Prozesse.

Dabei ist die digitale R Evolution keine rein technische Umsetzung, sondern insbesondere auch eine unternehmensinterne, strategische und intern-kulturelle Herausforderung. Von Donuts und Zucker: Was ist das Leben? Die Antwort auf diese Frage finden wir nicht in der Bibliothek und nicht im Labor, zumindest nicht an diesen erkenntnisproduzierenden Stellen allein. Lange Zeit war er gemeinsam mit Bertrand Russell als Autor der Principia Mathematica unter Mathematikern und mathematischen Logikern deutlich besser bekannt als unter Philosophen.

Modernes Energiemanagement setzt auf ein intelligent gesteuertes Energieinformationsnetz, das Smart Grid. Der Beitrag stellt zentrale datenschutzrechtliche Leitlinien und Probleme vor und behandelt auch offene Fragestellungen. Durch die Evolutionstheorie werde es "zu einer bemerkenswerten Revolution in der Naturwissenschaft kommen […]. Zusammengefasst werden die Beziehungen 5.

Military Adaptation in War. This conflict certainly looked much more like the European conception of war