Geschlechtergerechte Erziehung in der Grundschule (German Edition)

How the image of math and science affects the development of academic interests. Studies on the educational quality of schools. What goes well with physics? Measuring and altering the image of science. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74 4 , Fitting into the stereotype: How gender-stereotyped perceptions of prototypic peers relate to liking for school subjects.

European Journal of Psychology of Education, 20 3 , Zeitweilige Geschlechtertrennung im Unterricht — warum? Schule im Gender Mainstream. Self-to-prototype matching as a strategy for making academic choices. Why German high school students do not like math and science. Learning and Instruction, 14 1 , Geschlechtertrennung im naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht? Grenzdiskussionen in und zwischen den Wissenschaften. Monoedukativer Anfangsunterricht in Physik in der Gesamtschule. Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, 49 1 Auswirkungen getrenntgeschlechtlicher Unterrichtung im Physikanfangsunterricht.

Probleme und Perspektiven S. Vortrag auf der Poster auf der Vortrag auf der 2. In der Schule alles geben.

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Eine deutsche Adaption der Worker Scale. Gender-specific vocabulary in elementary school depending on migration background. Not stupid, but lazy? How disruptive classroom behavior evokes self-serving attributions for failure. Does science suit me? Beitrag auf der 3. Vortrag auf der 3. Symposium auf der 3. Eingeladener Vortrag auf der 2. Kann das Eccles et al. Vortrag auf dem Why girls stay away from STEM: What schools, families and workplaces can do?

Arbeitsgruppe auf dem Eingeladener Vortrag auf der 1.

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Arbeitsgruppe auf der Applying the Eccles expectancy-value model of achievement to the underachievement of boys. Symposium auf der 1. Werden Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund anders beurteilt als Kinder ohne Migrationshintergrund? Eine experimentelle Studie zu Shifting Standards im schulischen Kontext. Vortrag auf der 1. Muss Frau ihren Mann stehen? Warum sind Jungen die neuen Bildungsverlierer? Bedingungen schulischen Erfolgs und Misserfolgs von Jungen.

Vortrag auf der 4. Do burping boys copy homework? Een Veilig Nest is op zoek naar een aanstaande of jonge ouder met een neus voor groen nieuws WECF presenteert voorlichtingsfilmpje over bescherming van kinderen tegen hormoonverstorende stoffen Zwangere vrouwen weten dat het belangrijk is om alcohol, nicotine en bepaald eten te vermijden.

Maar wat minder algemeen bekend is, is dat veel alledaagse artikelen stoffen kunnen bevatten die ook schadelijk kunnen zijn voor de baby. WECF presenteert animatiefilm voor zwangere vrouwen over hormoonverstorende stoffen Niet roken en niet drinken is logisch tijdens een zwangerschap. Maar minder bekend is dat veel alledaagse artikelen stoffen bevatten die ook schadelijk kunnen zijn voor de baby.

Application open until May 15 Onkruidverdelger Roundup gelinkt aan non-hodgkin lyfoom WECF waarschuwt voor risico's kinderen bij gebruik onkruidverdelger en vraagt om onmiddellijke stop verkoop Netherlands identifies hazardous substances in textiles Netherlands, Textiles IARC classifies glyphosate as "probably carcinogen to humans " The news came out just in time for the 10th year of the Pesticide Action Week: IARC - adopted a new classification for 5 insecticides and herbicides, among which glyphosate, malathion, diazinon, tetrachlorvinphos and parthion World Water Day Regulations on small-scale water supplies need to be improved and implemented.

Joint efforts are needed towards increased safe water supply Combining ecological sanitation and the production of Terra Preta soil in Kyrgyzstan Ecosan toilets or Urine Diverting Dry Toilets UDDT are an adequate and sustainable sanitation solution in areas where there is no piped water and sewerage. Zet de zon aan - leef met comfort! WECF leert lokale bevolking in Georgie hoe zonnepanelen te maken And it is now possible. Please sign the petition online in Dutch. Gender Equality and Earth's Future Event and workshop for health and patient groups on EDCs and health in Munich Zonder hormoonverstorende en andere schadelijke stoffen.

Dat wil natuurlijk ieder ouder. En daarom is het nu ook mogelijk om online de petitie te tekenen Jeder Tag ist Weltfrauentag Am 8. App "Giftfrei einkaufen" jetzt auch mit Tipps zu Textilien OHCHR publishes alarming report on increased violence against women in Ukraine Women in Ukraine are confronted with heightened sexual and domestic violence The Dangers of Cashier Receipts Women working at cashiers are exposed to high levels of BPA used on thermal receipts, resulting in harmful health effects and adverse effects during pregnancy Gender and Food Security A guidance document for practitioners Stopping breast cancer before it starts A new campaign is launched to getting environmental and occupational risk factors taken seriously in the breast cancer debate.

Communiceren over Zeer zorgwekkende stoffen Art.



Laatste kans om NEE te zeggen tegen hormoonverstorende stoffen! Laat de Europese Commissie weten dat hormoonverstorende stoffen bedreiging vormen voor volksgezondheid This is shown in the ChemSec report Cry wolf. Europe-wide cancer group calls for action on hormone disruptors Written by Christel Schaldemose on 9 January in Opinion, Parliament Magazine. Christel Schaldemose is calling on the EU to take urgent action in the fight against cancer by identifying and eliminating endocrine disrupting chemicals EDCs Last Chance to tell European Commission: Say No to Hormone Disrupting Chemicals!

EDC vrij coalitie biedt grote publiek via publieke consultatie je stem te laten horen in Brussel Grijp je kans: Ministers of the environment of the 28 gathered yesterday in Brussels for a last meeting during the Italian presidency. Willst Du hormonell wirksame Chemikalien? Ein Beitrag auf Utopia. Women pushing it so hard in Lima! An article about the Women and Gender Constituency in Lima Organic farming can feed the world if done right, scientists claim Tom Bawden, Independent, Wednesday 10 December Ein Bericht auf utopia.

November in Bonn statt Engaging youth as multiplication agents in climate change and energy awarenes raising in rural communities Mid-term review of WHO Environment and Health process, April In April , representatives of health and environment ministries from 53 countries will come together to assess progress in reaching ambitious targets to protect children from environmental threats. Open letter to EC President Juncker: Protecting public health from hormone disrupting chemicals 19 organisations working in the EDC Free Europe campaign wrote to the president of the European Commission to urge him to take action against EDCs Kosten van chemische stoffen op de reproductieve gezondheid van mannen in the EU worden geschat op gemiddeld miljoen per jaar Rapport Noord Europese Landen: WECF co-signed letter to European Commission Letter addresses the principles for transparency, excellence and independence in scientific advice Bigger cucumbers in Kyrgyzstan thanks to ecosan toilets World Toilet Day remembers us that proper sanitation is not common all over the world Women's Major Group wants to achieve gender equitable in Post agreement WECF contributes by increasing outreach activities on the need for strong gender instruments to implement the Post agenda Verschuiving Nederlandse positie ten aanzien van hormoonverstoorders zichtbaar AO leefmilieu 6 november: WECF informeert daarom het publiek over internationale discussies inzake blootstelling van met name kinderen en vrouwen aan hormoonverstorende stoffen Pesticideresiduen en hormoonverstorende stoffen in voeding - wie garandeert de veiligheid?

In vele groenten en fruit aangeboden in de supermarkt worden te veel pesticidenresiduen en vooral te veel pesticiden met hormoonverstorende werking gevonden. WECF pleit bij land- en tuinbouw en politiek om zwangere vrouwen en kinderen hier niet langer aan bloot te stellen EESC conference on 5 November: Tajik women are forced to be dependent on men due to lack of land access A study on women and farming in Tajikistan ZijActief Organisation of female volunteers who live and work in the countryside, to support and meet each other Women's Environmental Network A unique, vital and innovative campaigning organisation in the United Kingdom Social Ecological Institute Social Union Agerkech Prix Marjolaine pour les femmes - Votez maintenant!

Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action challenges affecting its implementation and the achievement of gender equality and the empowerment of women Parastor NGO Facilitating women and children development Rural Renaissance Strengthening and development of sustainable local communities How to integrate gender into sustainable development?

It is about sanitation, it is about hygiene, it is about health, it is about livelihood, it is about development. Vrouwen van Nu Exchange of information for women on different subjects Gezinsbond Belgie Defending families and children at each policy level Leefmilieu - Human Environment Strive for a green and healthy environmen in which people can safely live and work Eden Center Environmental center for development, education and networking Knowledge of Preventive Measures: Conference on women and EDC's and breast cancer SIN List update by ChemSec includes new tool for sustainable substitution The SIN list, highlighting chemicals of high concern since , includes additional 28 chemicals for priority action and launches online tool for sustainable substitution for businesses WECF organized international conference on breast cancer "What is primary prevention of breast cancer all about in ?

Organisations worried about future environmental health protection under new Commission Requests for changes in structure new Commission Il est temps d'en faire une grande loi du quinquennat! In Honor of Prof. Tested small-scale water supplies are not safe Schools and WECF tested small-scale water supplies in the Arachinova and Vratnica community on nitrate and bacterial contamination. Georgian small-scale water supplies polluted with coliform bacteria Testing bacterial contamination of water with a portable laboratory is now possible in Georgian rural areas Exposure visit of Khorga and Chaladidi Community Representatives to Khamiskuri Water and Sanitation Center Introducing sustainable wastewater and nutrient management in rural Georgian communities Study questions EU pesticide approval process PAN Europe investigated the revised risk assessment reports for seven pesticides How to integrate gender aspects into sustainable development trainings?

Division of Educational Research, with Particular Consideration of Heterogeneity and Education

How to integrate gender aspects into trainings? Weltweiter Klima-Aktionstag am Case stories from SuSanA partners Mama86 and Ormax featured for their good examples for ecological sanitation and water safety plans Pour une alimentation, saine, locale et durable Vendredi 10 Octobre, Annecy, France Thesis or Internship in the Caucasus on the subject of Sustainable Sanitation Developing and piloting a simple on-site filter system for greywater treatment for households and farms up to 50 PE What happened in in our Food Gardens?

Stories from South Africa The Kyrgyz apricot festival Promoting sustainable development through local folklore and eco-tourism Civil society organizations cooperate with government and other stakeholders on a gender-sensitive NAMA for sustainable energy in rural areas Preparations for a National Appropriate Mitigation Action Nama in Georgia Final proposal for "Sustainable Development Goals": Weniger hormonwirksame Chemikalien EDCs: Organic Solutions and Gender Mainstreaming: Report on Training of Trainers and Findings in two Districts in Eastern Uganda In this report method and content of the training are presented, and the findings on gender inequalities between men and women in Kween and Kapchorwa District Report on Baseline Training Needs Assessment - Agriculture, Uganda In this report the training and the finding of a needs assessment in the field of agriculture, carried out in Eastern Uganda, are presented BVKJ annual meeting of paediatricians and youth doctors in Berlin participants were informed about how to protect children against EDCs Kyrgyz conference highlights need for a stronger joint voice from Central Asian civil society Conference on gender equality and sustainable development in Bishkek Baby und Familie Nachgefragt: Gift im Spielzeug Global Synergy Foundation Gaia Youth Ecological Society Friends of the Earth Ukraine Pan Pesticide Action Network Europe Women of the Third Millennium Women for a Clean Environment Rural Women National Association Ormax Cultural Youth Association Vitality Ecological and Social Union Mutual Aid Association Mehrshavkat Public Fund Habitat for Humanity Solidarity among Women Milieukontakt Albania Milieukontakt Civil Society Perspectives on the Post Agenda Busy day for EDCs: Waarom je geen doemdenker bent als je gevaren in tandpasta en make-up ziet Er is steeds meer wetenschappelijk bewijs dat hormoonverstorende stoffen in alledaagse producten als tandpasta, cosmetica en voedselverpakkingen tot ernstige gezondheidsschade kunnen leiden.

Maar terwijl de zorg bij wetenschappers groeit, draait de lobby van de chemische industrie op volle toeren en blijft de Europese Commissie maar broeden op een aanpak. Genre et Cancers professionnels: Kick-off meeting in Khamiskuri, Georgia: EDCs and related public health concerns: As many as Solar collectors are producing hot water in rural villages of Georgia Switch to sun provides rural Georgians with a much more comfortable life Conference on Proffesional Exposure and Cancer Gender, land and sustainable development Why do we need a Menstrual Hygiene Day?

Talk about menstruation, not only on May 28, Menstruation Hygiene Day Seminar on local and sustainable foods and agriculture Research finds link between chemicals and breast cancer Chemicals in our daily environment pose threat to women's health Reduce exposure to EDCs and advocating for better legislation Protect children and pregnant women against exposure to EDCs by engaging the health sector and informing policy makers and activate German civil society to enhance EDC policy WECF and partners propose chemicals targets for Sustainable Development Goals UNEP global chemicals report estimates close to 1 million deaths from harmful chemicals and pesticides each year Actors of change in sustainable agriculture WECF supports Armenian women to stand up for chemical-free rural development Maak kans op een gratis seminar in Frankrijk!

Between , interested in sustainable food and agriculture? Conference on Gender and Development Work experience in renewable energy French students receive work experience in Georgia and Kyrgyzstan European Commission publishes response to Right2Water campaign Promises revived commitment to water as a public good Gender mainstreaming is beneficial for the environment Involving women in local projects triggers innovative solutions Environmental Working Group posts guides to making healthier choices Practical tips help inform people about the products they use WHO Europe underlines importance of global EDC resolution Environmental origins of increase in endocrine diseases demand more attention Training for teachers and local authorities on Water and Sanitation Safety Plans in Macedonia - Arachinovo and Vratnica municipalities Training for teachers and local authorities on Water and Sanitation Safety Plans in Macedonia - Arachinovo and Vratnica municipalities World Water Day in Macedonia: Switch to the Sun - Live in Comfort!

Read about the improvement of many women every day life in the ECC countries due to the solar collectors Construction of solar collectors for warm water. Practical guide Updated version of the solar collector manual is now available in English and Russian Focus on low income small-holder farms Women for a healthy rural development Armenian Women actors of change for chemical free rural development Dangers of prenatal exposure to harmful chemicals outlined in Dutch Health Council report WECF applauds findings but is left with important questions Dagelijkse blootstelling aan schadelijke stoffen tijdens zwangerschap groot risico voor kind, stelt Gezondheidsraad Landmark textbook published on children's environmental health First comprehensive overview of environmental determinants shaping our children's lives PAN Europe publishes report revealing industry lobbying attempts to undermine EDC policy-making Delays in EU policies attributed to the strategic placement of industry-linked experts in advisory organisations Water Safety Plans for better health".

EU toys rules too weak Thesis or internship in Central Asia For students interested in sustainable sanitation Actie ondernemen tegen hormoonverstoorders Druk op de Europese Commissie neemt toe om actie te ondernemen tegen hormoonverstoorders Global Health and Environment in the Post Agenda: Lessons from the Fukushima nuclear accident Zum Weltfrauentag am 8.

Gezondheid van Kinderen hoort eerste prioriteit te zijn Publieke hoorzitting in Brussel "veilig water en sanitatie zijn een mensenrecht" groot succes! Maandag 17 februari vond in het Europees Parlement de publieke hoorzitting voor het Europese Burgerinitiatief European Citizens Initiative - ECI "Veilig water en sanitaire voorzieningen zijn een mensenrecht! ChildProof standpunt over hormoonverstoorders Interdisciplinair forum ChildProof roept nationale en Europese politiek op tot actie met position paper WECF conferentie in Brussel: ChildProtect - Time to act!

De komende drie jaar zal WECF samen met haar partners beleidsmakers, bedrijven, en consumenten bewust maken van de problematiek van hormoonverstorende stoffen voor kinderen in onze leefomgeving. Sur la route de Sotchi: Workshop on Green Technologies: Gezinsbond waarschuwt voor hormoonverstoorders Artikel in De Morgen aan vooravond van het beleidscongres van de Gezinsbond over hormoonverstoorders EU Climate Action lost at sea!

Actions jouets Bescherm kinderen; vermijd hormoonverstorende stoffen! Appel aan Nederlandse overheid: WECF vraagt al jarenlang aandacht voor een thema dat in heel Europa serieus genomen lijkt te worden, behalve in Nederland: We celebrate and remember the struggle of many for human rights and dignity Vier ministeries en meer dan vijftig organisaties in actie voor vrouwen in conflictgebieden Vrijdag 13 december interactief event onder leiding van Kirsten van den Hul Joke Smit prijs International Women's Empowerment The coming 2 years are crucial for future development cooperation.

Driving Home the Link Between Gender and Climate Change "Despite the name, WECF's reach goes way beyond Europe, connecting more than organisations and communities all over the world with the aim of influencing gender-sensitive environmental policies at the international level" Wereld Toilet Dag Poep en pies terug in de kringloop: WECF organised conference in Paris on importance of eco-design of games and toys The need to reduce the environmental footprint of products is increasingly felt in a world of limited resources.

Therefore eco- design seems to be the key element for a successful transition towards a circular economy Parties have several chances to identify priorities and needs and strengthen gender equality in climate policy and implementation. Capacity building and strategy event on Sustainable Development Goals and the Post development agenda Stop the chemical overdose! Chemical contents of children's wear, textiles regulation, labels and more Towards more coherent and transparent rules for textiles in EU and beyond for better protection of workers, consumers and the environment Providing clean water in Georgia Friends of the Earth Europe, visited the village of Sepieti, on the Black Sea coast of Georgia and reported on their work with WECF and local partners to improve the village's water and sanitation WECF participera au salon Marjolaine!

Femmes du milieu rural: Door sanitair te verbeteren versterkt WECF de positie van vrouwen en draagt hiermee bij aan Millenniumdoel 3; mannen en vrouwen gelijkwaardig What is needed to improve living conditions through sustainable innovations? Alarmerende concentraties kwik in lichamen vrouwen en kinderen door ambachtelijke goudwinning WECF co-organiseert side event over "Vrouwen en kwikvervuiling in de ambachtelijke goudwinningsgebieden" " op de Minamata Conventie Dipcom in Japan, donderdag 10 oktober Relooking pour le site Nesting!

Frauen und Kinder zuerst!? Publication Women's Major Group: WECF Netherlands letter to government on unacceptable risks and costs of shale gas fracking Winning van schaliegas in Nederland; een slecht idee voor mens en milieu! As of yesterday the national branches of the right2water. Peter Morgan has been named the Stockholm Water Prize Laureate for his work to protect the health and lives of millions of people through improved sanitation and water technologies New Publication on NCDs: Environmental factors one of the main causes of preventable deaths Civil Society Groups release, in cooperation with UNEP, first publication about non-communicable diseases and environmental determinants Milieufactoren een van de belangrijkste oorzaken van te voorkomen sterfgevallen Niet-overdraagbare ziekten NCD zijn nu de belangrijkste oorzaak van te voorkomen ziektes en arbeidsongeschiktheid, en daardoor van significante invloed op het welzijn en dagelijks leven van vele individuen en werknemers.

Terra Preta - The Future of Sanitation? Qu'est-ce qui vous perturbe? Faites savoir au gouvernement que vous voulez un avenir sans perturbateurs endocriniens! Zonnedrogers van blik en karton Leerzame en praktische workshops door Fedde Speelgoed blijft Spelbreker EU beschermt kinderen onvoldoende tegen schadelijke stoffen Collegium Ramazzini ask for new ways to test EDC's chemicals and to revise current approaches to risk management The Collegium Ramazzini, an international academy of scientists from 25 countries, experts in environmental and occupational health, has released a statement calling for new ways to test chemicals and to revise current approaches to risk management Exposure to Bisphenol-A in developing prostate increases risk of later cancer Early exposure to Bisphenol-A or BPA, an additive commonly found in plastic bottles and containers, food can lining and thermal paper receipts; is linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer Are we on track to the Future we want?

Why aren't we up in arms? At international meeting on sustainable future, women are referred to in unacceptable terms The Women's Major Group, composed of organizations from 80 countries, participated in the 4th Open Working Group Session on Sustainable Development from 17 to 19 June Perturbateurs endocriniens dans les produits de consommation courante: Weed killer found in human urine across Europe People in 18 countries across Europe have been found to have traces of the weed killer glyphosate in their urine, show the results of tests commissioned by Friends of the Earth Europe and released today Wat gebeurt er op Aarde?

Help Jan Juffermans en zorg ervoor dat ook politici gaan nadenken over hun voetafdruk Fat under the skin points to chemical exposure Study of POPs in obese patients Nieuwe maatregelen in Zweden voor regulering hormoonverstorende stoffen en Bisfenol A moeten voorbeeld zijn voor andere Europese lidstaten Blootstelling tot giftige hormoonverstorende stoffen EDCs zoals Bisfenol A kan voortkomen uit verschillende bronnen.

Dit is een van de redenen waarom het nodig is om een omvangrijke strategie voor de regulatie van deze stoffen te ontwikkelen. Deze dag is door de VN ingesteld om jaarlijks stil te staan bij ons milieu. Lutte contre les cancers: Second Gender Picnic organised during Climate Negotiations Germany fighting for safer toys in front of the European Court Germany granted extended enforcement of stringent limit values on heavy metals in toys France finalizing plans for a national EDC strategy A draft strategy is expected to be presented, although many NGOs fear it to bee not ambitious enough and under-financed Sweden has taken first steps towards this goal.

Combination of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in cosmetics increases health risk For the first time, in a study presented by the Danish Consumer Council, the combined amount of EDC-exposure from different products has been determined Food Garden Project in Blikkiesdorp and Lavender Hill Food Garden to battle poverty, malnutrition, and providing opportunities participating in the community Batterien sind zu oft giftige und ineffiziente Energieversorger Das Umweltbundesamt hat eine Studie vorgelegt die aufzeigt wie unzureichend giftige Schwermetalle in Batterien gekennzeichnet sind A glossary on sustainable development The Interdisciplinary Centre for Gender Studies ICFG published a glossary on sustainable development from a gender perspective Glufosinat endlich vom Markt nehmen!

Wie erneuerbare Energien auch in der Ukraine funktionieren! Project Nesting available in three languages on Facebook! Come have a look at www. Toxic flame retardant to be phased out globally despite EU protest Alexandra Caterbow: Rotterdam Convention in crisis, say civil society groups Handful of countries highjack international agreement, intended to protect human health and environment Nieuwe resultaten Doetinchem Cohort Studie Jongere generaties hebben een hogere risicofactor Demonstration of asbestos victims groups Wir geben den Leuten nicht nur einen Teller voll Essen, viel wichtiger: Worldwide more people have a mobile phone than access to a toilet Out of 7 Billion people, 6 Billion have a mobile phone, but only 4.

Launching reporting cycle for the Aarhus Convention - WECF highlights importance of input from civil society The process of preparing the reports, which involves a dialogue with the public at the national level, is an extremely important aspect of the reporting mechanism. Bet on countries missing the 2 degrees goal fuels Carbon bubble Disproportionate investment into still buried fossil fuels creates risky, enormous market bubble April , New York New Californian regulation will halt the reason for possibly the largest flow of toxic flame retardant chemicals worldwide WECF supported the important work of civil society organisations to stop a Californian furniture flammability rule, which was one of the major reasons for the presence of brominated flame retardants in furniture foam worldwide Recentelijk heeft de Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie WHO een rapport gepubliceerd over deze stoffen Verzamelpunt voor initiatieven betreffende de VN Millenniumdoelen In Utrecht zijn er inmiddels een flink aantal organisaties actief die zich bezighouden met de VN Millenniumdoelen.

Een van die organisaties is WECF Time for Plan B: Toys Safety in the Balkans Safe consumer products are a demand for countries to be able to join the European Union. French fries high in acrylamide A study points out that efforts should be continued to reduce intake of acrylamide in adolescents.

Worried parents demand clean air for their children European Year of Air Quality We are not only giving people a plate of food, but more valuable than this; we are empowering people to help themselves. Fat from under the skin points to chemical exposure Study of POPs in obese patients Women Major Group members present in Bonn and Bali WECF and other major group and civil society organisation representatives met for 3 days in Bonn at the CSO post conference and from there many went on to Bali, for the high level panel post members meeting Internationaler Tag des Wassers, The Working Group will also be discussing items in preparation for the fifth ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties Europees Burgerinitiatief - Water is een Mensenrecht 1,2 miljoen handtekeningen, maar we zijn er nog niet!

Internationale Vrouwendag Met het oog op de internationale vrouwendag vrijdag 8 maart wil WECF vooral aandacht vragen voor de negatieve impact van milieuvervuiling op de gezondheid van vrouwen en hoe dit zelfs kan leiden tot geweld richting vrouwen en meisjes The statutes of the Vienna University WU comprise an Affirmative Action Plan AAP which stipulates that gender equality measures and affirmative actions have to be included as relevant aspects in the budgetary planning and distribution.

The AAP further stipulates the obligation to collect sex-disaggregated data. Thus the share of women receiving funds and endowments as well as the share of the distributed money gained by women should be made public, and wages should be declared overall and separated according to the units, hierarchy and tariff classification.

Geschlechtssensibler Unterricht

Women have to be considered as to their share of all undergraduate students and among the alumni, when e. The University of Gdansk is at the edge of introducing them in order to improve its effectiveness. This special situation theoreti- cally allows good starting points for Gender Budgeting as reorganisation of structures for the distribution and allocation of budgets is one important aspect of the intended changes in the organisational set-up.

We also wanted to find out if there are basic mindsets towards gender equality and Gender Budgeting as an instrument to achieve gender equality. Furthermore, we wanted to find out how the budgeting process works with respect to criteria such as democratic structures or trans- parency concerning decision making and power relations. Apart from the budgeting process itself we looked at the process of negotiating gender equality measures and its influences on budgeting.

Generally we could show that the budgeting decision making is still male dominated in all three universities. Women are only marginally included, often as either the ones who prepare the documents and data for decision making but who are not the ones who may decide. Or women are the minority within the group of decision makers. In addition, we could observe that financial matters are more and more labelled as purely technical procedures which only financial experts can understand.

Political dimensions tend to be excluded from budgeting planning in this way. These new hierarchic structures may be an advantage for the integration of gender equality measures top down, but if there are no clear and mea- surable regulations for the decision making process and the objectives which are to be achieved, it also implies the danger that an issue like Gender Budgeting can be dropped much easier than before.

Furthermore, the concentration of power within the universities proved as a disadvantage for the implementation of Gender Budgeting because with the reduction of democratic participation the possibilities of gender experts to participate in budgeting matters decline as well. However, this board is losing power at each of the respective universities.

The most hierarchical structures could be found at the Polish and the Austrian university even though the Polish university is yet at the very beginning of restructuring while the Austrian university is the most advanced in this matter. This university is the only one of the three universities which has a quite demo- cratic formal schedule for the decision making process for budgeting.

However, also at that university the democratic aspects have been slightly reduced after the university reform in When looking at the three cooperating universities we observed that it was easiest to get access to the budgeting process at the university with many and strong representa- tives for gender equality which was the University of Augsburg. At the University of Gdansk it was nearly impossible to get any information on the budgeting process itself, most of the interviews were not even allowed to be taped and some names of the inter- viewees had to be kept secret. The allocation of budgets for teaching seems to be strictly bound to a logarithm.

As far as research funding is concerned and as far as the informa- tion was given, the decision making process lies more or less exclusively with the rector and a very small team surrounding him. Women are included in the budgeting process but only as far as they prepare the data for the male decision makers. In Austria the uni- versities have a global budget and can decide independently about its allocation.

How- ever, the process itself, e. Interview partners confirmed that informal structures are of major importance for the budgeting decision-making process at the WU. In addition, the increase in hierarchical decision making structures entails a decrease of the democratic participa- tion of different universitarian groups. As a consequence informal networks gain power and play a crucial role at universities, especially in budgeting planning on all levels.

Furthermore, informal power structures can not be controlled which means that they are always arbitrary to a cer- tain extent. As the implementation of gender equality for women and men in scientific organisations is not yet common sense to everybody and on all levels, a sustainable procedure can not be built on informal agreements and networks. In order to improve the budgeting planning process for gender equality, process indicators are needed which allow measuring the consideration of gender equality in the budgeting planning process.

These can be used by scientific organisations which are quite advanced in their gender equality policies as well as by scientific organisations which just start on this topic. As a summary of the results of the process analysis it can be stated that the impact of gender equality topics on the budget process as a whole is not existing at the University of Gdansk, marginally at the WU and minimal at the University of Augsburg. At the same time the impact of budgeting on gender equality is very high. Another interesting result was that even though the amounts spent on instruments, projects or measures for gender equality are still minimal, the discussions on their funding often result in hard conflicts among the stakeholders for budgeting and representatives for gender equality.

Gender Budgeting instruments and useful indicators 5. Gender fair allocation of public funds When looking at Gender Budgeting, the essential questions are how the resources mon- ey, personnel, time, power, material resources etc. For the time being, a sex-disaggregated evaluation can only be made for the resources of the chairs and with the help of the staff appointment scheme Stellenplan.

An exact attribution in respect to the scientific fields is difficult. However, it is possible to demonstrate that the techni- cal and natural sciences departments and faculties which are male dominated receive clearly more money than the female dominated social and philological sciences. In systems like Germany and Austria, high amounts of third party funding are then again rewarded by a higher budgetary allocation within the incentive systems of public funding.

This system in tendency has a detrimental gender impact and still needs to be analysed more detailed with regard to its gender-related ef- fects. Chances for the participation of women and the non-discrimination of women and men pursuing their career Women do have better first level graduations and lower drop-out rates than men, how- ever, as of the qualification level of PhD and higher they are still under representated. One ex- planation is that at least in Germany young scientists are highly dependent on the posi- tive promotion of a professor during their scientific qualification as the professors have the power to distribute jobs and other — for instance economical, etc.

In addition, female researchers and scientists have to fight the prejudice that they will neglect their scientific career as soon as they have children. This prejudice affects women with and without children in the same way as well as women who do not have to carry the responsibility for their children alone. Solid and often informal networks to decision making persons also prove to be important — networks which women do not have as often as men do as women tend to qualify at the university without being employed rather than men and are thus not included so much in every day contacts.

Furthermore, the application for research funding is often linked to a professorship and as fewer women are professors they have less access to these resources. Steering effects of the allocation of resources The budget mirrors the power relations and priorities of an organisation.

Budgeting deci- sions can perpetuate existing structures or they can change them. Considering this it is always necessary to reflect on the impact of budgeting on women and men and gender relations and on the question if the distribution of money contributes to gender equality. The steering effect of the allocation of money can be used directly by allowing certain processes which involve gender experts or foster certain programmes which advance women in science. These programmes are still necessary and may be offered as mentor- ing, graduate or post graduate programmes for women. The steering effect may also be used indirectly, e.

These steering instruments have been used by many European universities for quite a while not only in order to advance women in science but also to encourage the competi- tion within and between the universities. Incentive systems and agreements on objec- tives are also used for the advancement of women and men in scientific fields where they are under-representated, however, the weighting of the parameters is yet too low and also the formulation of equality indicators is yet not appropriate to have a sufficient steering effect.

For a successful implementation of Gender Budgeting it is extremely important to analyse the budgeting process itself as this analysis makes decision making and power structures transparent which might not be shown in the formal schedule of budgeting planning but might explain the — possibly unequal — allocation of money to certain scientific fields, chairs or persons.

Who is participating in the budgeting process at all women and men and of which hierarchic level? In which state of the process do they participate and which formal and informal decision making powers do they have? The analyses of the budgeting processes at the cooperating universities showed that budgeting decisions are still a very sensible topic at the universities and the administra- tions are rather reluctant to give information. It also showed that the integration of gen- der stakeholders into the budgeting process is still the exception and not the norm and that the influence of gender equality stakeholders on budgeting decisions is generally marginal.

Furthermore, the analyses revealed that informal networks are very important in budgeting — regardless of the degree of independence from state institutions — which proves to be a disadvantage for women as they are oftentimes not yet included in these networks. It could also be shown that power and decision making structures within the budgeting process have a huge impact on the advancement of gender equality and that demands for money for equality measures almost always provoke conflicts even though the amounts in question are most of the times relatively insignificant.

Thus, the process analysis is important because Gender Budgeting aims at the reduction of shortcomings as to gender equality and it is an important step towards transparency and equal partici- pation of women and men. With the help of this cycle gender issues can be introduced into all levels of budgeting in a continuous and sustainable way. As Gender 32 Detailed information on the various phases and topics can be found in Debski et al. This shows clearly that for a successful Gender Budgeting we may and must intervene at all phases of the cycle to implement gender equality at universities in a sustainable way.

Steering cycle of budgeting Source: By doing this we use a broad understanding of Gender Budgeting to be able to cover all the dimensions and levels. Within this process it is necessary to align budget decisions to their specific effects, to observe and control the course of cash flows, to measure changes and to evaluate results.

This is the only way to make obvious whether and up to which extent women and men benefit unequally from public spending. For a successful Gender Budgeting we may and must intervene at all phases of the steer- ing cycle to implement gender equality at universities in a sustainable way. However, understanding the steering cycle also means to have good arguments for the stakehold- ers of gender equality as to why they need to be embedded in the whole process of budgeting.

As a consequence, the following steps of the budgeting cycle can be identified: Gender budget initiatives within a framework of performance oriented budgeting. For a detailed description of GIA see 5. This fact is based on studies that show that a change in regulations and the organisational set-up does not suffice to enhance an innovative process as it would be necessary to implement real gender equality. That means that in addition to these changes an alteration in the organisational culture is required and thus organisational learning is inevitable. In many cases there was a change of the regulations but the measures nevertheless failed because the personal attitudes and along with them the organisational culture within the organisation remained the same.

This would mean that the regulations and the organisational set-up change and that the members of the organisa- tion understand why this is necessary because they have sufficient gender competence. In this case the regulations and the organisation- al set-up would be changed, the members of the organisation would understand why this is necessary and would start to think by themselves about which further consequences this would have for the organisation and would act up to them.



• Love from Both Sides.
• God Is in This Place?
• Origine du prénom Vital (Oeuvres courtes) (French Edition).
• Létrange cas du Dr Jekyll et de Mr Hyde (French Edition).
• Time to Move On (Carter High Senior Year).

Systematically viewed, the implementation of Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Budgeting can be interpreted as the changing of organisational cultures, its ritual procedures and its explicit knowledge documents, de- partments , and thereby as an elementary innovation, in which the supporting intercon- nections of the systematic processing can be observed. This means that in addition to changes of the regulations and the organisational set-up, alterations in the organisational culture and an organisational learning are necessary to allow the permea- tion of this innovation.

Many sensitisation and awareness raising instruments have been developed during the recent years. The choice of the method depends on the situation, the target group as well as on the individual university. Awareness raising measures for Gender Mainstreaming can be restricted to the management level of the organisations — especially to the heads of departments and units — but can be disseminated to all the lower levels as well. The following measures and instruments for sensitisation, awareness raising and gender competence could be used: Gender trainings and gender sensitisation workshops and gender awareness campaigns For a successful progress of gender trainings and gender sensitisation workshops, certain aspects should be considered: Additionally, the coaches should always work as a gender mixed team if the participants are also gender-mixed which is advisable for gender train- ings and workshops.

Furthermore, the coaches must be prepared to meet considerable resist- ances. Gender trainings and gender workshops can be targeted at different groups at the uni- versity and can be offered to a mixed audience to facilitate a discussion between groups and hierarchic levels.

The participation of vertical and horizontal hierarchies mainly depends on the contents and objectives of the training or workshop. As regards content, the gender trainings or workshops should offer theoretical information on definitions and instruments, a critical reflection on gender role stereotypes, differences and common grounds of women and men and the participants should have the possibility to develop own ideas as to how they want to implement Gender Mainstreaming or Gender Budget- ing in their daily work.

Similarities beyond the sex frontiers should be stressed instead. As in all other areas concerning the advancement of gender equality in science, gender studies need to be supported top-down. A Gender Mainstreaming implemen- tation plan should be developed and the curricula should be revised as to starting points for gender aspects in each department.

The targets should be formulated in a concrete, measurable and achievable plan within a certain and fixed timeframe and should name the people responsible for its realisation e. Gender fo- cused curriculum should be developed by the departments and chairs and the success- ful consideration of gender in teaching and research should be supervised by means of indicators within a monitoring system and should — if possible — be combined with an incentive system. A chair at least within each university should be established which concentrates on women and gender studies and works closely together with all other departments and chairs at the university in order to advance gender studies as an expert field of research — apart from the consideration of gender in all fields of research and study.

The combina- tion of a separate chair and the horizontal consideration of gender issues in research and study allows a broad as well as a deep insight into gender relations which is the precon- dition to do excellent work in a scientific field. High-publicity events As it is very important to make actions, projects and results about gender topics public, high-publicity events are another possibility of sensitisation. The achievements for the advancement of women in science as well as the results of gender studies, courses and papers should be presented to various groups in different ways.

Possible means are national or international conferences for experts, students or a broader audience. Furthermore, there could be annual meetings and presentations for students as well as the academic staff, or briefings for key persons and heads of the units, full reports with the outcomes of analy- ses press releases or publications in expert or popular education publications.

This is an easy way to communicate and it is impersonal which generally makes the us- ers braver than they are in real life when it comes to express their opinions. The estab- lishment of a special university gender competence web page with internet fora will not only offer the option to discuss planned gender issues, but will also allow new ideas to emerge. The unit should have the right to start actions and to monitor equality projects on different levels as well as to initiate gender sensitisation trainings.

Furthermore, they should be included in all im- portant decision making processes at the university — including budgeting. There should be regular meetings of the gender experts with the heads of departments and the heads of other units in order to communicate their findings about the progress or regression of gender awareness and sensitisation. The discussion about possibilities, chances and op- portunities as well as problems that occur is vital for the further development.

Improving communication and cooperation For the improvement of the communication and cooperation on gender topics not only space for official gatherings at the university is required, but also for ad-hoc actions, sharing of ideas and discussions between students and workers in an informal way. Staff members as well as students who are interested in gender and feminist topics should have the possibility to network and discuss various topics, issues, changes and chal- lenges not only at the organisational, but also on conceptual level. It is very important to give them a chance to contribute to the entire gender awareness raising process at the university.

This step is crucial for the success of Gender Budgeting because with its help specific targets and target groups can be identified and special needs of an organisation in relation to the national background, the formal budgeting situation, organisational and budgeting power and decision making processes at each organisation can be named. The professional context and the social environment of the people working in the or- ganisation should be focussed on for this analysis as well as the formal distribution of budgets within the university on different levels.

The results are the basis for a start of equality measures and later on for a comparison of the progress of gender equality.

Helen Sporbert's Geschlechtergerechte Erziehung in der Grundschule (German PDF

It serves the continuous monitoring of projects or programmes. As indicators are important for almost every step of the budget cycle, they are explained separately in chapter 5. Useful data for the analysis of the initial situation are: Objectives on gender equality should be formulated for the staff, the students, the departments and their scientific fields as well as for the university management. However, all other objectives of the university, too, need to be formulated in a gender sensitive way to foster an effective improvement of gender equality.

All the agreements on objectives and performance agreements have to consider gender equality aspects. In addition, all targets concerning staff development, advanced training, appointment procedures or quality development have to be connected to the advancement of equality. Indicators are essential for a clear and precise definition of programme and project targets.

They are a vital instrument for the systematic and coherent monitor- ing of success and the controlling of programmes and promotion measures. Indicators, however, can only function properly as instruments of the project controlling, when they are applied in all phases of the programme development, resp. Mainly three sorts of indicators can be differentiated in the promotion of gender equality — context and social environment indicators, target achievement indicators and process indicators — according to their individual task within the realisation and the evaluation.

Indicators are essential for the definition of programme and project targets and are a vi- tal instrument for the systematic and coherent monitoring of the success. Three sorts of indicators can be differentiated in the promotion of gender equality: Context and social environment indicators Context and social environment indicators can be used for the analysis of the initial situ- ation and again for the monitoring of projects and programmes.

Indicator Explanations reasons, definitions, etc. Number of professors, promoted professors, Basic indicator for the different positions of fulltime scientific staff, administrational staff at men and women in the academic field in total. Changes of the indicator have a direct part time and full time equivalents proportion of relevance for equality.

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Changes of the indicator have a direct relevance for equality. Number of graduations from school matriculation The indicator shows how many women generally standard per graduation age-group proportion of achieve access to a tertiary education. This pool women and men which considers the entire society, defines the start- ing point for the situation at the universities.

Number of mothers and fathers among the profes- The percentage of women at universities is grow- sors, the promoted professors, full time scientific ing, however, this applies mainly for women staff, administrational staff at the universities of the without children. This is an important indicator for country the compatibility of career and family. A good offer can have a positive impact on the percentage of female scientists. A lack in offers, however, can also lead to an increase, but this often results in part time jobs.

Target achievement indicators Target achievement indicators are used for the quantifying and the analysis of the achievement of objectives — either prior to, during or after the execution of a measure. They serve as a description of the effects of projects, measures and programmes with a view to the objectives defined in the run-up. The success of promotion measures and projects cannot be determined without suitable target achievement indicators. They should generally be gender-orientated and can focus on different target groups and objectives. Examples for scientists, research and administration: Target-group specific support Number of scientists in total On university and faculty level of the equal access to teaching and in individual departments the apportionment of the sexes in and research in all scientific percentage of female professors, different study courses should be re- fields for women and men ac- scientific staff flected.

The Dissimilarity Index can cording to their proportion give a first reference in this context. Dissimilarity Index see in She Figures are usually available. Figures It is furthermore important to con- Number of courses held by the sider up to which extent women are scientists percentage of female contributing to teaching and research professors, scientific staff ; pos- at the university in total and in the sibly differentiated according to individual departments.

Equal opportunities for women Doctorate indicator in total Example: Examples for students and education: Gender-orientated formu- Indicator Explanations reasons, definitions, lation of objectives etc. Consideration of the require- Number, kind and mode of the Corresponding data should be gener- ments concerning the kind courses number of attendants; ated via monitoring regular evalua- and mode of the courses, the proportion of female students tions of teaching and support teaching methods and the sup- port for both female and male Listing of the teaching methods students applied Range of supporting offers number of students who use support; proportion of female students Satisfaction with kind and mode of the course, the teaching meth- ods and the options of support according to sex: Target-group specific sup- Number of students in total and On university and faculty level port of the education of both in the individual departments the apportionment of the sexes in women and men in depart- percentage of female students ; different study courses should be re- ments with an under-represen- differentiated according to status flected.

Dissimilarity Index She Figures The difference in the percentages of women and men between initial registrations, students and graduates Comparison of numbers of first should not be viewed over only one year students and graduates per- year, but over a longer period of centage of female students time in order to achieve a more real- istic reflection of the development. Registration of Drop-outs in total and in the individual departments For a better estimation of success percentage of students or failure it is necessary to make it possible to record the drop-out rate and to implement monitoring of these data.

Target-group specific reflection Success rate according to sex The success rate measures how of the success during gradu- percentage of female and male many students sex differentiated ation students graduate in relation to the number of first year students. Duration of study according to sex average as to female and The calculation of the duration of male students studies above all doctorate studies should include the actual duration Duration of doctorate study between the first and the second according to sex average as to graduation, additionally to the regis- female and male students tered semesters.

This key figure can be an important starting position for the description of career processes and a possible gender difference. Process indicators There should always be a set of indicators which are specially designed to control the process of projects or programmes.

Process indicators have an important controlling function within the development and the realisation of projects and programmes. They give information about the specification of its execution as well as the performance and cooperation processes. Plus it can be stated that there is often coherence between the gender-balanced specifications and the success. This kind of indicators is mainly qualitative. Institutional installation of per- The systematic realisation of gender mainstreaming within the academic sons with gender competence policy implies that gender experts are authoritatively included in the on all academic planning and design and the implementation and that they are granted suitable author- controlling levels and in the ity and responsibilities.

Composition of budget The indicator shows up to which extent women are entrusted with committees number, resp. The appropri- proportion of women and ate representation of both sexes in budgeting, consulting and decision men , differentiated according making functions within higher education is vital for Gender Budgeting. Transparency and documenta- The disclosure of decisions can contribute to avoid group-specific selec- tion about the decision tions or decision effects and needs a guaranteed access to documents in connection with the decision making process.

Standardisation of the consult- The standardisation of the instruments for consultation and decision ing and the decision making making in the budgeting process at universities can contribute to avoid during the budgeting process. That is why the target on the long run has to be a structural change. The purpose of gender equality instruments and affirmative action therefore is to overcome existing disadvantages, which predominantly women have to cope with. As our focus is on gender and budgeting the following chapter presents a variety of gen- der equality instruments linked to budgeting.

In general it has to be taken into account that this is a set of instruments, meant to be implemented jointly in a coherent way in order to provide for mutual reinforcements of its effectiveness. These institutions and experts should among others have the power to control equal treatment and recruiting, to promote, coordinate and support gender studies as well as the implementation of Gender Main- streaming at the university. It is necessary to include indicators which measure the funding of the gender equality issue at the university, as well as the amount and share of the budget for gender equality institutions in relation to the overall budget for university management including changes over time.

In addition, a gender monitoring or a Gen- der Budgeting reporting needs to include data on the gender equality institutions and the development of its resources over time. Gender criteria for budget allocation The existing experiences with gender criteria for budget allocations are examples, but not good practices. Again a prerequisite is a set of clear, simple and comprehensible indicators, reflecting gender equality objectives.

In order to include both, past and current achievements, a combination of performance indicators indicating the level as well as the change over the last period might be suit- able. And again a system of gender controlling is needed. Transparency of the system, continuity and simple allocation criteria are important in order to unfold the desired steering effect.

As to the incentive system there should be not only a purely material incentive but also immaterial incentives which may refer to career, organisational culture, personal envi- ronment, leadership, working environment, and qualification. Designing a satisfactory incentive system to motivate all the administrative staff as well as teaching and research personnel can be challenging, however, all groups including students can be involved in gender sensitisation workshops and trainings to create the best system for themselves that includes all ideas and suits all individuals.

However, when analysing universities — as we are here — the assessment does not cor- respond to policies, but to the strategies and instruments as well as to projects and other measures at the universities instead. GIA can be used as an ex ante as well as an ex post instrument. In both cases the main focus of GIA is on the impact of measures or projects on women and men at different levels.

These levels refer to input, output, outcome and the process itself. Gender-sensitive impacts of strategies and instruments can be assessed on five different levels: How does the measure effect employment? How does the measure affect the activities and services performed at universities? Who are the users and beneficiaries of the measure? Which direct and external effects of the measure can be assumed? How does the measure influence the power structures in the decision making process of the universities?

On each of these levels several aspects that could be affected have to be considered e. European Commission no year, 5 46 Outputs are the final goods or services that the university either plans for or actually produces or delivers. Examples include students educated, childcare facilities, income support, publications, research data, etc.

As it seems to be more practical, for our assessment we divide outputs to two sub-categories: As a basis for the consideration of inequalities between women and men, the following fields of inequality are to be observed: Examples for relevant aspects on the five levels mentioned above could be: Input As human resources are the most important input48] of scientific organisations, the analy- sis of possible effects on personnel is fundamental for the GIA as well as the analysis of the initial situation at universities.

The main questions for this analysis are: Outcome level For the gender analysis of the outcome of a measure, of an instrument or a strategy which concerns indirect effects for users or individual and general external effects, two different kinds of effects need to be examined: The main questions therefore are: When the money is allocated, the objectives are formulated, indicators for the measurement of the effects are developed, instruments are described and GIA has been done.

The actual implementation of the programme or project is now about to commence. The funding can and should be used for a continu- ous monitoring as to the quality of the positions of the women and men participating in the measure and as to the assignments to a wage or salary group. The allocation is an important and rather simple instrument when considering head counting to show if discrimination occurs in relation to the distribution of positions and other resources money, personnel, equipment etc.

As to Gender Budg- eting — depending on the duration of the implementation phase — the points described above are to be considered also during the implementation phase. Projects which have to be pre-financed e. The fact that some projects — often of smaller but nonetheless oftentimes innova- tive scientific organisations — have to be prefinanced up to a considerable part costs for personnel as well as material resources makes it necessary to observe the projects from a gender perspective as women and men might be affected in different ways.

Delayed payments during the phase of implementation might cause existential problems for peo- ple who depend on punctual payment. All measures need a monitoring as to the achievement of objectives and of the processes. It is necessary to also design the controlling instruments of the organisation in a gender-sensitive way to make the academic equality-political proc- ess transparent.

In this way, efforts for more gender equality can be promoted as a real incentive for the entire university. Controlling thus is an important basis for management decisions and should include the following: It is therefore necessary to emphasise that controlling has to involve the results of the evaluation of promotion pro- grammes, mentoring programmes, etc.

This data then again is the basis for a renewed analysis of the situation after a cer- tain time period.