The Peoples of Asia (History of Civilization)

In present day Iran lived the Elamites. The Greek scholar Herodotus, nicknamed the father of history and having visited the region in the 5 th century BC, described the presence of Blacks with straight hair [7]. White migration, coming from Eurasia, would absorb these black people through interracial mixing. The first black inhabitants of the Indias. That the first Indians were Black does not surprise absolutely anybody, as this element is still very visible. The Blacks of the Indias seem to be of Sudanese — Egyptian origin, as a considerable part of the blacks in Africa.

Those blacks were at the origin of the brilliant civilization of the Indus Valley between present day Pakistan and India, the first monumental civilization of Asia, which culmination began circa The arrival of the white man in the region is perfectly documented. Circa , there much probably occurred the explosion of the island of Santorini in the Mediterranean. This created a gigantic meteorological cataclysm including tsunamis certainly to the origin of the biblical myth of the deluge and the Atlantis. An Egyptian text assumed contemporary to the event speaks of 9 consecutive days without sun rising.

The pharaoh Imanahotep Hekawaset Amenhotep III having begun to reign 3 years after the supposed date of the explosion, we therefore understand that the explosion made the whites who conquered the Indus valley flee. And Blacks therefore fled this White invasion to seek refuge in Egypt. The first black inhabitants of China. The French anthropologist H. The prince Liu-Nan, dead in , speaks of a Kingdom of blacks of small size in the south-west of China [10].

The Pr Chang Hsing-Lang, from a Chinese University, confirms based on the texts of the first centuries of the Christian era, the presence of frizzy-haired Blacks in the south of the country [10]. After a genetic study of the University of Fudan published by the Taipei Times in , it was Blacks, out of Africa for , years, who first populated the South of China. There are still Nakhis, this indigenous Black people from the South of China, up to present day. The other Blacks having probably been absorbed by the interbreeding with the current Mongolian type, who came from the North. The first black inhabitants of south-east Asia.

It is from there that some would depart to go and populate Australia 50, years ago. Those are the Blacks, who were and are always designated by the term Negrito. These Negrito are at the origin of many civilizations in the region, with a system of matrilineal Royal succession, unique to the black world. They too would also have been partly absorbed by the Mongolian element. The first black inhabitants of Japan and the Philippines. This name recalls of course Africa. Any copying or translation of the text of this article is strictly forbbiden without the written approval of Lisapo ya Kama.

The skull of Qafzeh, skull of the oldest modern man of Asia, dated years. One sees well the prognathism, that is to say the jaw thrust toward the front, characteristic that is found only among Blacks American Museum of Natural History You have an image of the skull of Qafzeh found in modern day Israel. Here are the Phoenicians. This is what those men and women who civilized Europe and who founded Carthage looked like. The first black inhabitants of the Middle East Sculpture supposed to be of a Sumerian divinity Zalmat ga-ggadu , that is to say people of black heads.

Vestiges of the black civilization of the Indus valley in India-Pakistan Circa , there much probably occurred the explosion of the island of Santorini in the Mediterranean. Apart from the straight-haired Blacks who are outcasts in India and suffer cruelly of racism, there are the Jarawa that you see.

They live in the Andaman Islands, all in the South of India. This people is on the way to extinction The first black inhabitants of China The French anthropologist H. A Nakhi, one of the last Blacks of China Image: The mythology of ancient Japan is contained within the Kojiki 'Records of Ancient Matters' which describes the creation myth of Japan and its lineage of Emperors to the Sun Goddess Amaterasu.

Ancient pottery has been uncovered in Japan, particularly in Kyushu , that points to two major periods: Confucianism and Taoism originated in the Spring and Autumn period , arising from the historic figures of Confucius and Laozi. They have functioned both as competing and harmonious religions and social systems. Confucianism emphasizes social order and filial piety while Taoism emphasizes the universal force of the Tao and spiritual well being.

Confucianism is an ethical and philosophical system developed during the Spring and Autumn period. It later developed metaphysical and cosmological elements in the Han Dynasty. Nonetheless, from the Han period onwards, most Chinese emperors have used a mix of Legalism and Confucianism as their ruling doctrine.

The disintegration of the Han in the second century CE opened the way for the soteriological doctrines of Buddhism and Taoism to dominate intellectual life at that time. A Confucian revival began during the Tang dynasty. In the late Tang, Confucianism developed aspects on the model of Buddhism and Taoism and was reformulated as Neo-Confucianism. This reinvigorated form was adopted as the basis of the imperial exams and the core philosophy of the scholar official class in the Song dynasty.

The abolition of the examination system in marked the end of official Confucianism. The New Culture intellectuals of the early twentieth century blamed Confucianism for China's weaknesses. They searched for new doctrines to replace Confucian teachings, some of these new ideologies include the " Three Principles of the People " with the establishment of the Republic of China , and then Maoism under the People's Republic of China. Historically, cultures and countries strongly influenced by Confucianism include mainland China , Hong Kong , Macau , Japan , and Taiwan , as well as various territories settled predominantly by Chinese people , such as Singapore.

More recently, there have been talks of a "Confucian Revival" in the academia and the scholarly community. Taoism as a movement originates from the semi mystical figure of Lao Tse, who allegedly lived during the 6th-5th century BC.

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His teachings revolved around personal serenity, balance in the universe and the life source of the Tao. The first organized form of Taoism, the Tianshi Celestial Masters' school later known as Zhengyi school , developed from the Five Pecks of Rice movement at the end of the 2nd century CE; the latter had been founded by Zhang Daoling , who claimed that Laozi appeared to him in the year Taoism, in form of the Shangqing school , gained official status in China again during the Tang Dynasty — , whose emperors claimed Laozi as their relative.

In BC, the state of Qin succeeded in conquering the other six states, creating the first imperial dynasty of China for the first time. The series of trade routes known as Silk Road began during the Han dynasty. Qin Shi Huangdi ruled the unified China directly with absolute power. In contrast to the decentralized and feudal rule of earlier dynasties the Qin set up a number of 'commandries' around the country which answered directly to the emperor.

Nationwide the philosophy of legalism was enforced and publications promoting rival ideas such as Confucianism were prohibited. In his reign unified China created the first continuous Great Wall with the use of forced labor. Invasions were launched southward to annex Vietnam. After the emperor's death rebels rose against the Qin's brutal reign in new civil wars. Ultimately the Han Dynasty arose and ruled China for over four centuries in what accounted for a long period in prosperity, with a brief interruption by the Xin Dynasty.

The Han Dynasty fought constant wars with nomadic Mongolian Xiongnu for centuries before finally dissolving the tribe.

The Han Dynasty played a great role in developing the Silk Road which would transfer wealth and ideas for millennia, and also invented paper. Though the Han enjoyed great military and economic success it was strained by the rise of aristocrats who disobeyed the central government. Public frustration provoked the Yellow Turban Rebellion - though a failure it nonetheless accelerated the empire's downfall.

After AD the Han Dynasty broke up into rival kingdoms. China would remain divided until under the Sui Dynasty, during the era of division Buddhism would be introduced to China for the first time. Many famous personages in Chinese history were born during this period, including Hua Tuo and the great military strategist Zhuge Liang.

Buddhism , which was introduced during the Han Dynasty, also became popular in this period. However, the Western Jin did not last long. This war weakened the Jin Dynasty, and it soon fell to the kingdom of Han Zhao. This ushered in the Sixteen Kingdoms. During the Northern Wei, Buddhism flourished, and became an important tool for the emperors of the Northern Wei, since they were believed to be living incarnations of Buddha.

These were followed by the Northern Zhou and Northern Qi. In the south, the dynasties were much less stable than the Northern Dynasties. The four dynasties were weakened by conflicts between the ruling families. Buddhism , also one of the major religions in East Asia, was introduced into China during the Han dynasty from Nepal in the 1st century BC. Buddhism was originally introduced to Korea from China in , and eventually arrived in Japan around the turn of the 6th century.

For a long time Buddhism remained a foreign religion with a few believers in China, mainly taught by immigrant Indian teachers.

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During the Tang dynasty , a fair amount of translations from Sanskrit into Chinese were done by Chinese priests, and Buddhism became one of the major religions of the Chinese along with the other two indigenous religions. In Korea, Buddhism was not seen to conflict with the rites of nature worship; it was allowed to blend in with Shamanism. Thus, the mountains that were believed to be the residence of spirits in pre-Buddhist times became the sites of Buddhist temples. Though Buddhism initially enjoyed wide acceptance, even being supported as the state ideology during the Goguryeo , Silla , Baekje , Balhae , and Goryeo periods, Buddhism in Korea suffered extreme repression during the Joseon Dynasty.

This became the mainstream notion of Japanese religion. In fact until the Meiji government declared their separation in the midth century, many Japanese people believed that Buddhism and Shinto were one religion.

History of Asia - Wikipedia

In Mongolia, Buddhism flourished two times; first in the Mongol Empire 13thth centuries , and finally in the Manchu Qing Dynasty 16thth centuries from Tibet in the last years. It was mixed in with Tengeriism and Shamanism. However, this dynasty was short-lived.

Sui Wendi's successor, Sui Yangdi , expanded the Grand Canal , and launched four disastrous wars against the Goguryeo. These projects depleted the resources and the workforce of the Sui. In AD , Sui Yangdi was murdered. Li Yuan , the former governor of Taiyuan , declared himself the emperor, and founded the Tang Dynasty.

A government system supported by a large class of Confucian literati selected through civil service examinations was perfected under Tang rule. This competitive procedure was designed to draw the best talents into government. But perhaps an even greater consideration for the Tang rulers, aware that imperial dependence on powerful aristocratic families and warlords would have destabilizing consequences, was to create a body of career officials having no autonomous territorial or functional power base.

As it turned out, these scholar-officials acquired status in their local communities, family ties, and shared values that connected them to the imperial court. From Tang times until the closing days of the Qing Dynasty in , scholar officials functioned often as intermediaries between the grassroots level and the government.

This model of government had an influence on Japan and Korea. The Mongols would proceed to conquer the majority of modern East Asia. Meanwhile, the Chinese were divided into five competing states. In the Mongolian Empire destroyed Xixia and its Tangut people entirely. The northern part of China was annexed by Mongolia.

In , Mongolia began to invade Korea, and quickly captured all the territory of the Kingdom of Korea outside the southernmost tip. The Goryeo royal family retreated to the sea outside the city of Seoul to Ganghwa Island. The Goryeo Kingdom was divided between collaborators and resisters to the invaders.

However, at the time, the Goryeo Sannotei on the peninsula resisted until In the s the Mongols invaded the last remaining Chinese state- the Southern Song. The invasion carried on for over thirty years, and likely resulted in millions of casualties. The last remnants of the Song were defeated at sea in China was unified under foreign Mongol rule. At this time the modern city Beijing was technically the capital of the vast Mongol Empire which stretched as far west as Poland and Syria.

However, due to the vast size of the Mongol Empire, and civil war within the Mongol Empire direct control Beijing had over western areas was weak. In , the country was changed to Da Yuan. During the period, most of the martial artists served as officials in the court, and Goryeo entered Korea's Warrior era. By , Goryeo had surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty as a vassal.

Members of the Korean Royal family were raised to understand Mongolian Culture, and intermarried with Kublai Khan's family. Japan was seriously threatened by the Mongolian forces from the East Asian mainland. In , Kublai Khan appointed Yudu. The Mongols invaded Japan in two separate invasions, both of which were disrupted by natural typhoons. These two invasions both occupied the town of Kitakyushu before being swept into the sea.

At the time the Yuan Dynasty fleet was the largest fleet in the history of the world. The Japanese Kamakura Shogunate had difficulty compensating its soldiers who had defended the country, which intensified the contradiction between the domestic warrior groups. The background of the ruling system collapsed in the first half of the 14th century.

Most sources credit the discovery of gunpowder to Chinese alchemists in the 9th century searching for an elixir of immortality. Some have heated together sulfur , realgar and saltpeter with honey ; smoke and flames result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house where they were working burned down.

The earliest surviving recipes for gunpowder can be found in the Chinese military treatise Wujing zongyao [25] of AD, which contains three: In China, the 13th century saw the beginnings of rocketry [32] [33] and the manufacture of the oldest gun still in existence, [25] [34] a descendant of the earlier fire-lance , a gunpowder-fueled flamethrower that could shoot shrapnel along with fire. The Huolongjing text of the 14th century also describes hollow, gunpowder-packed exploding cannonballs.

In the 13th century contemporary documentation shows gunpowder beginning to spread from China by the Mongols to the rest of the world, starting with Europe [27] and the Islamic world. The world's first metal-based movable type printing press was invented in Korea in , years before Johannes Gutenberg invented a similar press in Germany. Jikji is the world's oldest extant movable metal print book.

It was published in Heungdeok Temple in , 78 years prior to Gutenberg's "Line Bible" printed during the years In , the Tokugawa shogunate military dictatorship ushered in a long period of isolation from foreign influence in order to secure its power. For years this policy enabled Japan to enjoy stability and a flowering of its indigenous culture. Early modern Japanese society had an elaborate social structure, in which everyone knew their place and level of prestige.

At the top were the emperor and the court nobility, invincible in prestige but weak in power. Three distinct cultural traditions operated during the Tokugawa era, having little to do with each other. In the villages the peasants had their own rituals and localistic traditions. Neo-Confucianism became the approved philosophy, and was taught in official schools; Confucian norms regarding personal duty and family honor became deeply implanted in elite thought.

Equally pervasive was the Chinese influence in painting, decorative arts and history, economics, and natural science. One exception came in religion, where there was a revival of Shinto , which had originated in Japan.

History of Asia

Motoori Norinaga freed Shinto from centuries of Buddhist accretions and gave a new emphasis to the myth of imperial divine descent, which later became a political tool for imperialist conquest until it was destroyed in The third cultural level was the popular art of the low-status artisans, merchants and entertainers, especially in Edo and other cities. It revolved around "ukiyo", the floating world of the city pleasure quarters and theaters that was officially off-limits to samurai.

Its actors and courtesans were favorite subjects of the woodblock color prints that reached high levels of technical and artistic achievement in the 18th century. They also appeared in the novels and short stories of popular prose writers of the age like Ihara Saikaku The theater itself, both in the puppet drama and the newer kabuki, as written by the greatest dramatist, Chikamatsu Monzaemon , relied on the clash between duty and inclination in the context of revenge and love.

Edo resembled the capital cities of Europe with military, political, and economic functions. The Tokugawa political system rested on both feudal and bureaucratic controls, so that Edo lacked a unitary administration. The typical urban social order was composed of samurai, unskilled workers and servants, artisans, and businessmen. The artisans and businessmen were organized in officially sanctioned guilds; their numbers grew rapidly as Tokyo grew and became a national trading center.

Businessmen were excluded from government office, and in response they created their own subculture of entertainment, making Edo a cultural as well as a political and economic center. With the Meiji Restoration, Tokyo's political, economic, and cultural functions simply continued as the new capital of imperial Japan. Following the Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States of America in , Japan opened its ports and began to intensively modernise and industrialise. The Meiji Restoration of ended the Tokugawa period, and put Japan on a course of centralized government in the name of the Emperor.

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Japan became a regional power that was able to defeat the forces of both China and Russia. In Japan occupied Manchuria "Dongbei" after the Manchurian Incident , and in it launched a full-scale invasion of China. Instead of withdrawing Japan took over French Indochina in ; the U. Negotiations with the US led nowhere. Japan rapidly expanded at sea and land, capturing Singapore and the Philippines in early , and threatening India and Australia. Although it was to be a long and bloody war, Japan began to lose the initiative in At the Battle of the Coral Sea , a Japanese offensive was turned back, for the first time, at sea.