The Barn at Brook Farm Part Two

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By , the Brook Farmers adopted a societal model based on the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier and began publishing The Harbinger as an unofficial journal promoting Fourierism. Following his vision, the community members began building an ambitious structure called the Phalanstery. When the uninsured building was destroyed in a fire, the community was financially devastated and never recovered.

It was fully closed by Despite the experimental commune's failure, many Brook Farmers looked back on their experience positively. Critics of the commune included Charles Lane , founder of another utopian community called Fruitlands. Nathaniel Hawthorne was a founding member of Brook Farm, though he was not a strong adherent of the community's ideals.

He later fictionalized his experience in his novel The Blithedale Romance After the community's failure, the property was operated for most of the next years by a Lutheran organization as first an orphanage, and then a treatment center and school. The buildings of the Transcendentalists were destroyed by fire over the years. In , the Boston Landmarks Commission designated Brook Farm a Landmark, the city's highest recognition for historic sites.

Brook Farm was one of at least 80 communal experiments active in the United States throughout the s, though it was the first to be secular. If not the sunrise, it will be the morning star. Ripley and his wife Sophia formed a joint stock company in along with 10 other initial investors. The first major public notice of the community was published in August One of the initial founders of Brook Farm was author Nathaniel Hawthorne.

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Hawthorne did not particularly agree with the ideals of the experiment, hoping only that it would help him raise enough money to begin his life with his wife-to-be Sophia Peabody. Thank God, my soul is not utterly buried under a dung-heap. In the late s Ripley became increasingly engaged in " Associationism ", an early socialist movement based on the work of Charles Fourier.

Horace Greeley , a New York newspaper editor, and others began to pressure the Brook Farm experiment to follow more closely the pattern of Charles Fourier [23] at a time when the community was struggling to be self-sufficient. Brisbane argued in the series, titled "Association: To meet this vision, now under the name "Brook Farm Association for Industry and Education", [5] Brook Farmers committed themselves to constructing an ambitious communal building known as the Phalanstery.

Construction began in the summer of and the structure would provide accommodations for 14 families and single people as well.

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Ripley and two associates created a new constitution for Brook Farm in , beginning the experiment's attempts to follow closely Fourier's Phalanx system. Four printers were part of Brook Farm at the time and members of the community believed it would elevate their status as leaders of the movement as well as provide additional income. Parke Godwin offered advice when it was suggested to keep the name The Phalanx:. Brook Farm began to decline rapidly after its restructuring.

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In October , Orestes Brownson visited the site and sensed that "the atmosphere of the place is horrible". Construction on the Phalanstery was progressing well [27] until the evening of March 3, , when it was discovered that the Phalanstery had caught fire. Within two hours, the structure had completely burned down; [41] firefighters from Boston arrived too late. One participant noted, "Ere long the flames were chasing one another in a mad riot over the structure; running across long corridors and up and down the supporting columns of wood, until the huge edifice was a mass of firework".

George Ripley, who had begun the experiment, made an unofficial break with Brook Farm in May As one Brook Farmer said, the slow decline of the community was like apple petals drifting slowly to the ground, making it seem "dreamy and unreal". A man named John Plummer purchased the land that was Brook Farm in before selling it six years later to James Freeman Clarke , who intended to establish another community there. Clarke sold the property in to two brothers, who used it as a summer boarding house. In Gottlieb F. Burckhardt purchased the property, after which he formed the Association of the Evangelical Lutheran Church for Works of Mercy to operate an orphanage in The Hive, as the main house on the property was known.

The orphanage opened in and operated until In the Lutherans converted it into a treatment center and school, which closed in During the period of Lutheran ownership the only now extant building, a c. Brook Farm was named for the brook that ran near the roadside and that eventually went to the Charles River. The land, however, turned out to be difficult to farm. The land on the Keith lot that was purchased along with the Ellis farm included a functional farmhouse, which Brook Farmers immediately began calling "The Hive".

The Hive's dining room held fifty people and its library was stocked with George Ripley's personal book collection which was made available for all community members. As the community grew, it became necessary to add more buildings for lodgings and various activities. The first building constructed was "The Nest", where school lessons took place and where guests of the farm would stay.

Ripley's house, later to be called the Eyrie, was built during the second year. The next building to be built was the Margaret Fuller Cottage; though named after Fuller, she never spent a night there. Participants at Brook Farm were also shareholders and were promised five percent of the annual profits or free tuition for one student.

In exchange for days of work per year, they were granted free room and board. The organization of work in Brook Farm changed over time because of both financial troubles and changes in ideologies. Members of Brook Farm initially participated in an "attractive industry" system where each individual could pick his or her work assignments based on their won preferences. After initial leniency, some sensed that not all members were doing their fair share of the labor, so in the community adopted required standards for work: While this system did create a new work hierarchy, the members still had the flexibility to move between groups easily.

Typical work duties at Brook Farm included chopping wood, bringing in firewood, milking cows, turning a grindstone , and other farming chores.

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Some worked in the trades, including making shoes, and others were teachers. Regardless of the job, all were considered equal and because of the job distribution, as Elizabeth Peabody wrote, "no one has any great weight in any one thing". Visitors to Brook Farm came frequently, totaling an estimated 1, each year, though each was charged for their visit. Despite multiple sources of income, the community was in constant debt almost immediately after it began. The major crop was hay, though it was sold at low grade prices; vegetables, milk, and fruit were not produced in high enough numbers to be profitable.

As one Brook Farmer wrote, "I think here lies the difficulty,—we have not had business men to conduct our affairs The school was the most immediate and at times the only source of income for Brook Farm and attracted students as far away as Cuba and the Philippines.

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The schedule for adults included courses on moral philosophy , German language, and modern European history. Within the school there was an infant school for children under six, a primary school for children under ten, and there was a preparatory school that prepared children for college in six years.

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Dana taught languages, being able to speak ten himself.