How Motivation Affects Cardiovascular Response: Mechanisms and Applications

The volume is divided into two major parts: Part I includes chapters that concern mechanisms of motivational influence on CV response, while in the Part II motivational paths to carry out with the aim of investigate CV response in different life circumstances have been considered. In more detail, 4 subsections organize Part I through 10 chapters, and 3 subsections constitute Part II by means of 9 chapters, each of those preceded by a summary of the key points. The opening chapters discuss the importance of modern neuroimaging techniques in allowing occasions to investigate how the interplay between CV status, cognitive-emotional functioning, and environmental demands are realized within the central and peripheral nervous systems.

The relationship between emotional arousal and CV response has been noteworthy argued and enriched by results from recent research findings in various disciplines Pietrabissa et al. These studies demonstrate stress, motivational intensity, individual personality, self-regulation and mood states being in charge of health damaging CV adjustments, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and heart contraction force Compare et al.

Part II mainly contains evidences that CV activity is an indicator or even cause for CV diseases development, also including explanations about the role covered by gender, psychological processes, and social interactions in influencing health outcomes via relevant biological pathway. In addition, a set of considerations that may guide future research on this subject are discussed. Due to the various contributions from different authors of different countries, both style of writing and chapters arrangement widely varies.

Some issues are effectively revisited on several occasions in the volume, constituting minor imperfections in an otherwise excellent, comprehensive, and up-to-date overview of mechanisms and applications related to CV disease. In fact, this book, edited by two psychologists and written by an International group of specialists in different fields of medicine, successfully covers the subject. Because of diseases generally display a multifactorial aetiology and symptoms require to be assumed as manifestations of a complex interplay of several factors, the bio-psycho-social approach of illness theorized by Engel remains in the background.

Health and illness are not seen as opposite concepts or distinct entities but extremes of a continuum on which individuals constantly flux depending on the quality of their daily-life experiences, influenced by biological e. Due to this complexity, as well as stated the crucial role of both personal dispositions and intentions in modifying personal attitudes and behaviors, the relevance of setting realistic goal, implementing patient-centered treatments and developing motivational enhancement techniques, is highlighted. Overall, this book represents a well-collated collection of research outcomes, successfully demonstrating the importance of both psychological factors and motivation in the treatment of patients suffering from CV diseases Manzoni et al.

In fact, as extensively discussed through the pages of this volume, the individual's level of initial motivation, reflecting the maximum energy spent by a person for goals attainment, represent one the main predictor of success in preventing and managing CV risk factors Manzoni et al. However, the text is so densely written than chapters seem to be resources for references rather than flowing text.

Despite recent technological changes have made information readily available on the Internet, because of potentially appealing scholars and practitioners from a wide range of areas, together with its acceptable price, this book still constitute a significant source of outcomes and data.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Front Psychol v. Published online Nov 6. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Blunted cardiovascular reactivity has been observed in female smokers regardless of whether they were wearing a nicotine replacement patch or not Girdler, et al. Thus, low reactivity not only characterises those addicted to smoking; it may also be a risk marker of some prognostic significance Lovallo, , In addition, relatively low reactivity would appear to be a characteristic of non-alcoholics with a family history of alcoholism.

The data suggest that low reactivity may not only be a characteristic of those with a dependency, it may actually pre-date the addiction and signal risk of future addiction. Accordingly, in blunted reactivity we may have a marker of motivational dysregulation linked to inherited risk of a wide range of addictions Lovallo, Conclusions The prevailing evidence testifies that large magnitude cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress place individuals at risk for the upward drift of resting blood pressure and hypertension, as well as atherosclerosis and increased left ventricular mass.

However, it is low, not high, reactivity that appears to be associated with depression, predicts the development of obesity, and is implicated in poor self-reported health. Finally, research also indicates that blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity is characteristic of individuals with an alcohol or tobacco dependence and, indeed, may predict risk of addiction and the likelihood of relapse following abstinence.

It would appear that, depending on the outcomes in question, departures from the norm in either direction may pose problems, suggesting that in both instances the system is operating in a biased state, whether at the level of the higher central nervous system, at the level of the hypothalamus and brainstem, or at the level of the periphery.

One of the challenges is to understand the neural substrates of both hypo- and hyper-reactivity to acute stress. The data conform to an inverted-U model where high and low reactivity can be considered maladaptive depending on the outcome in question. The inverted-U has a substantial pedigree in psychophysiology.

Accordingly, we may simply be putting a few new clothes on a much loved but rather old doll. It is important to appreciate at this stage, however, that a model which conceives of continuous positive associations between reactivity and some outcomes and continuous negative associations between reactivity and other outcomes can also fit the results.

We depict these two models in Figures 2 and 3. Time will tell which best serves any revision of the reactivity hypothesis. Although we strongly suspect that brain areas associated with physiological reactivity differences between individuals are the same ones involved in a range of other disorders including addictions, this contention needs strong confirmation through the use of neuroimaging and prospective studies.

1. Motivation in psychocardiological rehabilitation.
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Nevertheless, at this stage, it would appear that blunted, as well as excessive, reactivity may be a maladaptive response. Differential activation of the anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nucleus during a gambling simulation in persons with a family history of alcoholism: Drug and Alcohol Dependency, , A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical responses to psychological stress and risk for smoking relapse.

International Journal of Psychophysiology, 59, Attenuated adrenocorticotropic responses to psychological stress are associated with early smoking relapse. Psychopharmacology Berlin , , Attenuated adrenocortical and blood pressure responses to psychological stress in ad libitum and abstinent smokers. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 74, Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict: Cerebral Cortex, 11, Psychological stress and the progression of carotid artery disease.

Journal of Hypertenion,, 15, Role of the amygdala in decision-making. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, West of Scotland Twenty study: Health in the community. International Journal of Epidemiolology, 38, Choosing the lesser of two evils, the better of two goods: Journal of Neuroscience, 26, Differential mobilization of functionally distinct natural killer subsets during acute psychologic stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, Stress and mucosal secretory immunity.

The influence of autonomic arousal and semantic relatedness on memory for emotional words. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 61, A meta-analysis of emotional reactivity in major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, Autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to stress. The relationship between heart rate, heart rate variability and depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 32, Metabolically-exaggerated cardiac reactions to acute psychological stress revisited.

Body mass index, abdominal adiposity, obesity and cardiovascular reactions to psychological stress in a large community sample. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, Symptoms of depression and cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress: Biological Psychology, 75, Blood pressure reactions to stress and the prediction of future blood pressure: Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, Pressor reactions to psychological stress and prediction of future blood pressure: British Medical Journal, , Blood pressure reactions to acute psychological stress and future blood pressure status: Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness.

Nature Neuroscience, 7, Emotion, reason, and the human brain. Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions.

Nature Neuroscience, 3, Weight gain during a double- blind multidosage clozapine study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27, Stress, leukocyte trafficking, and the augmentation of skin immune function. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, , Meningococcal A vaccination response is enhanced by acute stress in men. Eccentric exercise as an adjuvant to influenza vaccination in humans.

Brain Behavior and Immunity, 21, Acute stress exposure prior to influenza vaccination enhances antibody response in women. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 20, Lack of ventral striatal response to positive stimuli in depressed versus normal subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, , Interaction of workplace demands and cardiovascular reactivity in progression of carotid atherosclerosis: Care-giving for a child with intellectual disabilities is associated with a poor antibody response to influenza vaccination.

Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, Parental caregivers of children with developmental disabilities mount a poor antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 23, Stress-induced blood pressure measurements predict left ventricular mass over three years among borderline hypertensive men. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 27, Individual differences in stressor-evoked blood pressure reactivity vary with activation, volume, and functional connectivity of the amygdala. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, Smoking status and nicotine administration differentially modify hemodynamic stress reactivity in men and women.

Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, Reduced amygdala activation in young adults at high risk of alcoholism: Biological Psychiatry, 61, Chronic stress modulates the immune response to a pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, Sympathetic activation in obese normotensive subjects.

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Systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to increased hour urinary norepinephrine excretion among healthy middle-aged women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, Self-rated health and mortality: Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 38, Hemodynamic function at rest, during acute stress, and in the field: Depressive symptoms and cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory behavioral stress.

International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults.

How motivation affects cardiovascular response. Mechanisms and applications

Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. Pituitary and adrenal hormone responses to pharmacological, physical, and psychological stimulation in habitual smokers and nonsmokers. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 72, Life Sciences, 50, Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, Influence of methylphenidate on eating in obese men. Obesity Research, 12, Association of anxiety- related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region.

Enhanced cardiovascular and catecholamine responses in women with depressive symptoms. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 28, Biological and psychological interactions 2nd ed. Cortisol secretion patterns in addiction and addiction risk. Individual differences in response to stress and risk for addiction.

Biological and psychological mechanisms First ed. Blunted stress cortisol response in abstinent alcoholic and polysubstance-abusing men. Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, Heart rate reactivity as a predictor of neuroendocrine responses to aversive and appetitive challenges. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52, Does low socioeconomic status potentiate the effects of heightened cardiovascular responses to stress on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis?

American Journal of Public Health, 88, Psychological Review, , Cardiovascular reactivity to video game predicts subsequent blood pressure increases in young men: Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, Stress- induced pulse pressure change predicts women's carotid atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular reactivity to stress predicts future blood pressure status.



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Relation between lymphocyte beta- adrenergic responsivity and the severity of depressive disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 35, Emotional reactivity in depression: Depression and Anxiety, 26, Short and long restraint differentially affect humoral and cellular immune functions. Life Sciences, 59, Salivary cortisol responses in prepubertal boys: Biological Psychiatry, 45, Prediction of left ventricular mass in youth with family histories of essential hypertension.

American Journal of Medical Sciences, , Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking. Longitudinal association of cardiovascular reactivity and blood pressure in Samoan adolescents.

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Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, Decreased beta-adrenergic receptors in the leukocytes of depressed patients. Psychiatry Research, 22, Attenuated heart rate responses to public speaking in individuals with alcohol dependence.

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Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, Neuroticism, cortisol reactivity, and antibody response to vaccination. Cardiovascular activity and the antibody response to vaccination. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67, Bereavement and marriage are associated with antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly. Stressful life events are associated with low secretion rates of immunoglobulin A in saliva in the middle aged and elderly. Self-reported health and cardiovascular reactions to psychological stress in a large community sample. Haemodynamic reactions to acute psychological stress and smoking status in a large community sample.

International Journal of Psychophysiology, 73, Neuroendocrine reactivity to nicotine in smokers. Psychopharmacology Berlin , 81, Journal of the American Medical Association, ,