Armed Conflicts in South Asia 2010: Growing Left-wing Extremism and Religious Violence: Volume 3

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In the politically diverse South Asia, many form of terrorism in the region do have a political aim and connotation. Because, many of the sectional groups picking up the terrorism as the best sophisticated and suitable 8http: Therefore, terrorism is highlighted as one important kind of crossover between the intrastate and interstate security challenges.

According to estimates, South-Central Asia register one the highest rates of terrorist attacks in and several in the previous years Paul, T. For example, India the largest country in the region has recorded the largest numbers of terrorist related deaths even higher than Afghanistan and Iraq ibid Similarly, Pakistan and Afghanistan have also been the major victims of terrorism in the region.

Defining the South Asian Region: Regional Integration Perspective 4. The objectives of the agreement could range from economic-to-political-to- environmental. Regional integration can be termed to the association of states generally based upon geographic proximity with the desire of safeguarding common interests. Therefore, this is generally defined to be as a worldwide phenomenon of territorial systems that increases the interactions between their components and creates new forms of organisation De Lombaerde, P.

This helps to increase the level of interactions on various issues of common interests including the socio-political and security issues Van Ginkel, H. Regional integration is generally structured or organized either via supranational institutional structures or through intergovernmental decision-making, or a combination of both. Including many of the desires to be achieved12, regional integration is aimed at reducing the possibility of various conflicts esp.

However, the degree of integration in a particular region depends upon the willingness and commitment of independent sovereign states to share their sovereignty and security interests for the larger cause of 10For example, through Confidence and Security-Building Measures and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues such as the environment, climate change and migration. Impediments to Regional integration There are many historical factors appear to have hindered integration in the region during colonial times. First, the British made no effort to construct a common and uniform governance system, second, the rule created over divided political structure by dividing the population by promoting distinct but oppositional identities.

This is on the basis of which the region was later divided into fractured sovereign political units Lange, Mathew , pp.

Such a policy has fuelled the politics in the region get based on politics of ethnic and identity conflicts which in ultimate continues to be the cause of the continuation of intrastate as similar as interstate mistrusts, conflicts, and periodic wars in and among different South Asian countries Nayar, Baldev Raj pp Most seriously, the colonial impact on state organisational capacity has been seriously still impacting the region. The post-independence history of South Asian politics has been mired with ethnic competitions leading to political fall-off ultimately leading to the rise of separatist movements, institutional deterioration, and consequent state weakness Nayar, Baldev Raj pp The political weakness has also been resulted into repeated intervention of the bureaucracy and security forces, give a way to strengthen and legitimise their power and authority.

It has been found that South Asian states are deficient in state capacity to varying degrees, and suffering from the severe problems of crises and breakdowns. This is in respect of all institutional structure, political order, national integration, and economic growth and welfare ibid seriously impacting the development and integration of the region.

Historically, it is found that Colonialism in South Asia generally constructed states with low organisational capacities Lange, Mathew , pp. As a consequence, the South Asian states have frequently become incompetent in the containment of different sorts of conflict erupted out of ethno-nationalist competitions. Because of the weak organisational capacities combined with fractured State integration all efforts to contain ethno- separatist and insurgency movements, the states have frequently resorted to the employment of military forces inviting the severe risk of public resentment and violent reactions ibid.

It is not other the fact that major external powers do have intervention in the region in different ways through competition, cooperation, engagement, disengagement, hegemony, or a mixture of these ideal types. Major Powers cannot resolve the problem of nation-to-state incongruence, but they can, through their support or the absence of support, generate conditions for conflict to persist or dissipate over time Paul, T.

All states in the region remain sensitive to geopolitical consideration, and geopolitics takes over the other issues when the national security of individual states in the region comes to question. The prevailing geopolitical rivalry and the lack of economic integrations in the region, lack of the working on the confidence building measures, and the failure to curb the non-state elements like terrorists have been the major causes of the deterioration of regional integration ibid.

Part of the problem is that states are sometimes unable to control borders, but there is also a deliberate strategy on the part of elites to intervene in the affairs of others, generating considerable ill will toward each other as well as lingering mutual suspicion Paul, T. This for the reason, South Asia remains so far as the less integrated region in the world, 1 Nayar, Baldev Raj pp The revelation is quite alarming that this region is the most affected region in the world, and has failed to provide adequate physical security to protect their citizen from terrorist related incidents.

The insurgents and terrorists have taken the advantage of weak state capacity and the failed law and order situation ibid. Most of the identified factors of internal conflicts in the region like: Correctly, the failure of sectional political objectives of inter-country or intra-country dynamics is found to be the cause of origin of all most all the discussed conflicts. The politics of identity and ethnicity has made many of the sectional interest groups including some of the elites who have been the part of the state establishment to use terrorism as the means to gain their sectional political interests Paul, T.

The Prevailing Antagonistic political set up, sectional interests have been the major impediments to Regional integration of South Asia. Since long, building confidence and balancing the huge trust deficit in South Asia has remained the desire for 15On the basis of geographic boundaries or narrow objectives of religion, caste, language or ethnicity and low-economic development.

Though this has remained as the most critical element of the integration process in South Asia, however, ensuring comprehensive environment for such a desire has so far not been possible, because, this necessitated serious political commitment and concerted efforts. Intrinsic regional political mechanics for Regional Integration 6. As per the above analysis in this paper, it is found that most of conflicts are of either origin out of political causes or aimed at political interests. Therefore, the solution of these conflicts needs primarily political solutions.

This therefore, requires inter-state and most suitably multi-state coordination among the South Asian countries. In many of the instance the States are either partially capable or beyond their jurisdiction or sometimes even unwilling to confront certain conflicts. Most of the conflicts in region either can directly traced to or the found to be the cause-of-genesis of the inter-state conflicts between particular countries.

However, this can be overcome when there is some regional vision or aspirations remain.