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The first peer-reviewed scientific journal was Philosophical Transactions published by the Royal Society in London. The first issue was published in March and during its first year in existence scientific articles were printed only counting articles that are more like modern day scientific articles, excluding book reviews and extracts from letters. Today, each acre of cropland produces on average 3. Roser has adopted the definitions of the Polity IV dataset but give the numbers in terms of inhabitants, not number of countries.

The Polity IV dataset puts countries on a democracy scale, and defines non-democratic regimes as autocracies e. China , closed anocracy e. Morocco , open anocracy e. Russia or colonial regimes. In this graph, we only show democracies, hence disregarding all types of non-democratic regimes. Literacy is hard to define and measure. UNESCO[2] collected data from national surveys and censuses, all using slightly different definitions and methods for measuring literacy.

The numbers between and are from van Zanden[3] , who gathered the data from multiple sources, described in the chapter Education since by Bas van Leeuwen and Jieli van Leeuwen-Li see p. The exact levels are even more uncertain than after We removed dips and peaks in the trend line from van Zanden[3] as they might give an impression of non-existing accuracy.

Visit Literacy rate—v1 for detailed documentation of the data sources behind this graph. This is not a global average for survival of all children with cancer. The data is for children treated in the US, which is representative for the cancer treatment given to children on Level 4, in Europe, Japan and elsewhere. The estimate is from NCI[2], see www. This trend is based on UNESCO[3] , and shows the number of girls of official primary school age who are enrolled in primary or secondary school, expressed as a percentage of the population of official primary school age girls.

The age interval for primary education varies between countries, but it is often between 6 to 11 years of age. Girls of primary school age who are still in pre-primary education are excluded and considered out of school. We have inverted the numbers to show children not out-of-school: See also the note to Fact question 1: Despite the fact that the status of many of these species is not improving, we consider it a great improvement that they are at least monitored.

Data after come from Red List[4]. The estimates for the following years are handpicked from the following publications and pages: It compiled data about 34 mammal species and was managed by The Species Survival Commission under Leofric Boyle, according to the about page at Red List. See also the note to Fact question For the GTF measures of electricity access, see http: Statistics showing the global increase of mobile penetration often uses data from ITU from the International Telecommunication Union , ITU[1], counting the number of subscriptions, not subscribers.

In the world in there were 7. GSMA publishes estimates of the number of unique subscribers, and their data series start with the numbers. Gapminder has extended the series, combining these two measures by calculating the rate of subscriptions per subscriber for the overlapping year , and then assume that the same rate is applicable from the beginning of the ITU[1] subscription series in when ITU reports 23, subscriptions worldwide. These are combined in Gapminder[22].

The first data point, zero internet users in , is based on the Internet System Consortium ISC , which count internet hosts historically. The first record is from August with hosting servers, why we assume that the year before, the number of users was practically zero. Data from WHO[1] gives the immunization coverage of all different common vaccines. Gapminder[23] has combined these to one single indicator: This indicates at least some basic form of access to modern health service and scientific medicine.

Read more in the note to Fact question 9: This documentation will be added in the next version of this document. For more information about this chart, see www. The main causes of deaths have been the same throughout human history: The common lethal bacterias probably killed people at a constant rate until modern sanitation was invented.

Most children died from diarrhea, pneumonia, measles, malaria, or some bacterial infection. The general risk of interpersonal violence and accidents were constantly higher, but the other main killers—violence, pandemics and starvation—killed at rates that varied enormously between years and places. During most years, there was probably enough food, it was peace and people were somewhat healthy.

Paleodemography is an academic research field that attempts to reconstruct the mortality, fertility and age compositions of prehistoric populations based on skeletal samples from archeological sites. The percentage of infants varies enormously between sites, and occasionally, among hundreds of adults in certain sites, not a single child skeletal is found. Some studies have tried to find out why infants are underrepresented in archeological findings.

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In a study from Manifold , researchers examined child and adolescent skeletons to assess if local soil properties could make them more easily decomposed. All groups of hunter-gatherers and hunter-horticulturalists have not been equally brutal. But that is uncommon. Instead, violence among hunter-gatherers were probably at least 10 times more common. For 39 hunter-gatherers populations where archaeologists and anthropologists have assessed the causes of death, they have found flint arrowheads in chests and holes in skulls. Skeletons found in excavations of prehistoric massacres show that children were treated just as brutally as adults.

Infanticide is found in many human groups with food scarcity across the world; see Pinker[4]. The hunter-gatherer groups studied by Gurven and Kaplan showed that deaths under age were on average caused by violence. In violent communities, children are not spared. Members of hunter-gatherer groups generally experienced lots of violence, as described in Gurven and Kaplan , Diamond , Pinker , and OurWorldInData[5].

This terrifying way of losing a child is just as painful as other ways, as consistently documented in traditional societies by anthropologists interviewing parents who had to kill a newborn—Pinker , p. The data on drownings today comes from IHME[4,5]: Up until , more than 20 percent of the victims of drownings were children below the age of ten. The Swedish Life Saving Society started lobbying for obligatory swimming practice in all schools, which together with other preventive actions reduced the number; see Sundin et al.

Use the animated version of the World Health Chart to see how almost all countries are now catching up with Sweden—or select another country to compare—at www. The material Gapminder produced to try to communicate the urgency of the situation is at ww. The Indian legend, depicting the effect of doubling, is called the Legend of the Ambalappuzha Paal Payasam , named after the temple where it supposedly happened.

Roughly a billion people will be added over the next 13 years, based on the revision of World Population Prospects from the population indicator medium fertility variant; see UN Population Data below, UN-Pop[1]. The data is freely available online. The graph to Fact Question 5 shows three forecasts. The dashed line at the bottom of the graph, alternative C, shows the official UN forecast. The trend up to is the UN numbers for the global child population, ages 0— Two billion children is a rounded number.

The precise UN numbers are 1. See also the note to Fact Question 5.

The polling devices used to test the audience were from TurningPoint. In , when Hans asked the question to the teachers, the forecast had been published two months earlier. In fact, the official forecasts have stayed the same in the past four revisions of the publication, , , , and Official projections from UN have been freely available to the public for the past 8 years, showing that the number of children in the world has stopped increasing.

How Reliable is the World Population Forecast? Like forecasting the weather, it is almost impossible to perfectly predict the future population. But the demography experts at the UN Population Division have been very accurate in their forecasts for many decades, even before modern computer modeling was possible. Their forecasts of the future number of children have stayed the same in the past four revisions of the publication.

The official UN projection is alternative C. The Accuracy of Past Projections is a study from Bongaarts and Bulato that measure past projections, and find that the average error of UN world population forecasts are modest, at 2. Also Keilman studied the quality of UN population projections, and analyzed forecasts prepared by the UN between to The projections are available at the UN website , as well as the uncertainty intervals of their medium forecasts.

To compare the population in prehistory with the current population of three major cities, we use data from the UN Statistics Division published in the Demographic Yearbook— The population was 6. The sources listed under the chart are only the main sources. The next billion were added to the world population in years after For estimates beginning in year zero, see Table 1, page 5, available to download as PDF.

Caldwell and Schindlmayr provides population estimates before in Historical Population Estimates: Unraveling the Consensus published in the Population and Development Review pp. Fertility rates decline during times of hardship. The dips and humps before shown on the graph were caused by the Second World War and famines. Fertility climbs to rates higher than usual when the crisis is over. Globally, the average fertility rate was at 5. As of , the estimated fertility rate was 2. Replacement rate with the current mortality worldwide is 2.

It is aligned with UN-Pop[3] estimates for post; see Gapminder[7]. The dashed line after shows the UN-Pop[1] medium fertility projection, which is expected to reach 1. The most accurate number is probably estimated at 40 million people who died during the Chinese famine; see necrometrics for a documentation of sources. The age structure of the Chinese population still bear marks of fewer number of children born during the famine.

The change from large to small families in a society is called fertility transitions, and refers to long-term decline of fertility in a population. Reduced child mortality in isolation does not automatically reduce fertility, it is more of a prerequisite for lowered fertility; basic education, a move out of extreme poverty, changing values towards rights for women and access to contraceptives are the other important determinants. In fact, these major aspects of modernization must all come together for each of them to happen.

The contributing factors to lowered fertility in a population has a technical term: And as the UN expert pointed out, decreasing rates in child mortality is only one of those. Oppenheim Mason argues that it is due to the following wrong assumptions:. Listed first, the major problem of fertility theories is to think that all fertility transitions share one and the same cause—when in reality, a combination of conditions motivates people to prevent most births. To understand fertility decline, a number of causes must be considered. According to Oppenheim Mason, the main determinants make up:.

While the above determinants are necessary to make fertility rates drop, they are not sufficient on their own, Oppenheim Mason says. Changing fertility means changes in family norms, gender roles, sexual behaviour, as well as in education and economy. But the strength of cultural differences is easily overstated, and gender roles change quite fast across all cultures as people get richer, and their way of living is modernized.

In cultures with extended families, including three generations, norms may survive a bit longer and the outdated expectations on women may take longer to transform. Multiple factors behind falling fertility rates are also taken into account by John Bryant, who argues that transition happens as:. Bryant notes that countries slow in initiating fertility drop still manage to catch up fast, and the societal improvements needed for transition become less over time.

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But there are two caveats of examples that break the pattern of the fertility slide. This counterintuitive phenomena is what population experts usually refer to as the demographic momentum, a term used to describe the delayed stopping of population increase. The fill-up effect is almost identical to the demographic momentum, but Gapminder has simplified the process by only comparing the size of cohorts. Future changes in population can be attributed to three factors: To find out how a population will change, demographers make up a set of variations. By keeping fertility at replacement-level or letting mortality be constant, they can analyze the effects of different fertility and mortality scenarios.

In that way, demographers can compare the outcome with their main scenario, and then attribute the difference to the factor they kept constant. If you find it hard to understand the fill-up in the text and graphs in this book, we find it easier to explain with animations or with our own hands—see www.

For more technical descriptions, see from UN-Pop[6, 7]. Gapminder presents the old balance as a family with 6 children, out of which 4 die. This iconic family represents a theoretical average, measured over the millennia with wide ranges in mortality and fertility. In the long time-frame, however, the average family probably had no more than two surviving children, since population growth on average stayed stable until Nobody knows the average fertility rate before In theory, the maximum number of children per woman would be between 10 and 15 children if all fertile women in a healthy population had sex often and continuously with no attempts to limit fertility.

In reality, it is almost always lower than that, and six children per woman is a likely average. Age specific mortality rates of the first millennials of human history are equally uncertain, but we can assume that over these huge time-horizons, mortality rate was high enough to keep population sizes down; see Livi-Bacci Sudden catastrophes, caused by famines, wars or pandemics, killed many and became much more common with agriculture and crowded settlements, or through contact with other populations that brought germs with them.

Gurven and Kaplan writes that:. However, those differences are small in a comparative cross-species perspective, and the similarity in mortality profiles of traditional peoples living in varying environments is impressive. The main sources behind our assumptions about fertility and mortality in pre families are Livi-Bacci , Paine and Boldsen , and Gurven and Kaplan The population curve is flat when the fill-up is completed and childbearing is on the level of replacement. The technical term called replacement-level fertility is a measure of children per woman total fertility rate that is needed for the next generation of a population to replace itself.

If four out of six people die before reaching childbearing age, replacement fertility would be 6 children per woman. The graph presenting family size by income uses the most recent available data from World Bank[5] estimating that Instead of using national averages, household data allow us to include families on Level 1, as well as the poorest families living in countries on Level 2 and 3. The income levels of households in these datasets are estimated from their material assets, for instance by the number of people per sleeping room, floor-material and means of transport.

Life expectancy suffered an extreme dip in Bangladesh because of the Bangladesh war of independence. In , the total fertility rate was 6. In Bangladesh today, the total fertility rate is 2. Since , the under-five mortality rate per 1, live births U5mr has reduced significantly. It fell from In other words, the child survival rate in was surviving children per 1, which means Today, the number is out of 1, which means that The child mortality rate was children per 1, live births in Egypt The construction of the High Aswan Dam began in to control flooding along the Nile.

The dam was completed in and installed ; see gapm. In our animated World Health Chart you can see the progress of Egypt, Bangladesh, or most other countries—search by country and click Play at www. See the talk at TEDxChange where Hans describes how reducing child mortality is both a moral and environmental imperative, here: These 14 graphs of differently shaped lines are all derived from plotting two indicators against each other and then drawing a line in the middle—just like the World Health Chart you see in the beginning of the book. We removed the background bubbles in the small images, because it got too cluttered.

Most of these charts use national averages, aggregated by the national income level; see Gapminder[3]. A few the straight line on recreational spending, the S-bend on vaccinations and fridges, and the slide on fertility use household data. Our estimates of typical families on different income levels are not based on country averages, because that would severely underestimate the number of the poorest and mask the wide range of differences for countries on levels 1—3.

Very few countries follow these lines exactly, but the lines show the general pattern of all countries over several decades. In each example, there are huge differences between countries on every level. You can explore the actual plotted bubbles behind these lines here: The generation time of E. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector in Many lines that are not straight can look straight if you zoom in enough—even a circle. The Power of Mathematical Thinking In the passage about the most common fears, we refer to those self-reported among adults. The polls, conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom respectively, reported similar results.

In the Gallup[2] survey, top US fears were snakes; public speaking; and heights, followed by entrapment; spiders and insects; needles; ice; flying; and dogs. In the poll from YouGov[2], the leading fears in the United Kingdom were heights; snakes; and public speaking; followed by spiders; entrapment; mice; needles; and airplanes.

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Read more about the fear instinct at www. To avoid underestimating the suffering, we have used the higher number from PDNA. Nowadays, Bangladesh has a very advanced flood-monitoring website; see http: On their FAQ page they explain that their main function is to provide humanitarian workers with key information on global crises and disasters. The data on fatalities in recent years is from IATA. The data on passenger miles is from the UN agency that managed to reduce the number of accidents, based on ICAO[1,2,3].

We strongly recommend watching this interactive data-driven documentary, which puts all known wars in perspective—at www.

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To interactively compare fatalities in wars since , go to http: Measuring battle deaths is not trivial, as a war zone is no place for careful data collection. These studies publish numbers estimated by combining official sources and media reports from conflicts. But this method of estimating conflict fatalities has been disputed by several other researchers. Obermeyer and Murray showed in www.

But the representativeness of the sample is not a trivial problem in these extreme events, and the number easily gets exaggerated when a local death toll is multiplied to a broader population. As there is little chance that new primary data will show up about past conflicts, the chances of new reliable estimates from other sources are small. Maybe the tendency is to under-report in some wars in some decade and then over-report in others.

But still, even if they take into account the experts highest levels of doubts and use the widest reasonable uncertainty estimates and they try their hardest to generate an increasing impression of fatalities, by drawing a trendline from the lowest estimates of past conflicts to the highest estimates of the recent conflicts, even such line would be steadily falling.

We rounded this to 18, deaths. About 1, further deaths were indirectly caused by other kinds of problems for mainly elderly evacuees, reports Ichiseki. Nobody was reported dying from the nuclear leak, and WHO concludes that it might be possible to detect a small increase of mortality, but that it is expected to occur in a very limited group of people. According to Pew[1], in , 76 percent of people in Japan believed that food from Fukushima was dangerous. The discussion of health investigations after Chernobyl is based on WHO[5].

It has been reported to be the Chernobyl accident main public health impact that affected the largest number of people. Data about nuclear warheads are from the website Nuclear Notebook. The CDC produced this page document: Gordon Gribble tracks the origin of chemophobia back to the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, and chemical accidents in the decades that followed. He argues that the exaggerated and irrational fear of chemicals today leads to wrong usage of common resources. In the US, 4 percent of parents think that vaccines are not important, according to Gallup[3].

In , Larson et al. There were huge variations between countries: In , measles was the cause of 7 percent of all child deaths. Today, thanks to vaccination, it is only 1 percent. It sparked a global movement with global impact. The data on terror deaths per income level comes from Gapminder[3]. In , drunk drivers in the United States killed pedestrians and cyclists, 1, passengers in the vehicles they were driving, and 1, in other vehicles—a total of 4, deaths, of which 1, were children. For murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, US statistics are not as transparent with information on blood-alcohol concentrations in offenders.

The total number for was 17, homicide victims, according to FBI. Data From to , which reported a rate between 19—37 percent. We used the lower estimate of 20 percent, estimating that 3, homicides occured when the murderer was under the influence. One caveat here is that many of these deaths could theoretically have happened without the perpetrator being drunk. Domestic violence often involves alcohol roughly 50 percent , but after the perpetrator almost always the man stops drinking, the violence may continue in half of the cases, according to Klostermann The total estimate is that alcohol was in the drivers and murderers who killed 7, people in the United States That would give us a US figure of roughly 9, deaths a year.

That difference in risks between terrorism and alcoholism figures are is similar comparable across most European countries on Level 4, which all have quite terrible drinking habits: The percentages we quote take the death tolls on Level 4 for the past ten years divided by the number of all deaths on Level 4 over that period, and are based on the following data sources: A more relevant risk calculation should not just divide by the number of all deaths, but rather should take into account exposure to the situations in which these kinds of deaths can occur.

When ready, it will be published here: The official child mortality estimate for the whole country was probably different back then. According to WHO[8] , the number of doctors per , people in was 2. After the liberation in Mozambique, extremely few doctors remained in the remote districts; see World Bank[24]. The list of the low-cost, high-impact interventions that save the most lives comes from UNICEF[2], which also set out the essential basic health care to which all citizens should have access before public health budgets start being spent on more advanced care.

The examples of proportions that people tend to overestimate come from Ipsos MORI[2,3] and reveal misconceptions across 33 countries. The survey is called Perils of Perception and presents numbers like these highlights from the UK poll: For the wealth that the top 1 percent owns, the average guess was 59 percent, when the correct figure is 23 percent; on immigration, they guessed that 25 percent of the population are immigrants, when the the correct figure is 13 percent.

Innumeracy by John Allen Paulos is full of fascinating examples of disproportionality, asking, for example, how much the level of the Red Sea would rise if you added all the human blood in the world. The discussion on how educated mothers lead to higher child survival is based on a study of data from countries between and , by Lozano, Murray et al. The data on births and infant deaths in comes from UN-Pop[3]. The bombing of the Bach Mai hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam, in and the various reports of events are described in more detail in this passage in the book Hanoi: Biography of a City by William Stewart Logan.

The figures of war deaths in Vietnam between and are based on American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics, and various sources compiled by Necrometrics. For the total death toll, see the American Phase unstarred indicating the median totals to about 1,, deaths and the total of medians to 1,, deaths.

Data on US war casualties is available to download as pdf. He wrote to his local newspaper about the absurd neglect of domestic violence against women and went on to start a network for men to help them break their violent behavior. Read an interview with him in English here. In a dissertation from Karolinska Institutet, Shilan Caman studied domestic violence in Sweden, summarizing on page 82 that:.

This was a decrease in comparison to the period before. For —, the number was 13 women per year. The decrease has been 20 percent since the beginning of the s. The data on swine flu comes from WHO[17] and the data on tuberculosis are based on Global Health Observatory data and www. The data comparing energy sources is from Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives by Smil Smil describes the slow transition away from fossil fuels and also debunks myths about food production, innovation, population, and mega-risks. The world population was 7. The populations of the four Gapminder regions were estimated based on national data: See also the note to Fact Question 8.

On these graphs, where the world population is divided into west and rest , we refer to what we think the student in the European classroom had in mind — the west consisting predominantly of Western Europe, United States, Canada, and Australia. To see how the majority of people are catching up with the west, see the color-chart at the end of the book, showing the number of people on each income level separated by the four regions, or use this interactive version to animate the income mountains: Diabetes is one of those diseases that push people back into poverty, when a household might have to spend their entire budget on expensive insulin.

See the global report on diabetes from WHO. See the similarities between the cooking pots in China and Nigeria, and more stoves, on Dollar Street. The distance between Liberia and Kenya, using Monrovia to Mombasa as points of reference, is about 3, miles. For London and Tehran the estimated number is 2, miles. For an interactive version of the graph on page , showing differences in health and wealth in Africa, see www. Madestam and Simeonova report that women who decided to have children and were eligible for the subsidy achieved better health, economy and education for the next generation than women who decided to have children but were not eligible for improved access to birth-control.

The data show the unmet need for family planning and are based on estimates from the UN data set, World Contraceptive Use The data set provides estimates for all women of reproductive age, 15—49 years, who are married or in a union. See, for example, contraceptive prevalence rate for the select countries, along with more details. You can explore the data in the interactive chart further down the page. While we report the percentages of women who say their needs for contraceptives are met, UN publishes the reverse numbers, as rates of unmet need for family planning. The data set, World Contraceptive Use , is available here: CAS contains million organic and synthetic chemicals and their properties.

It shows that toxicity is not related to who produces the compound. See more about the Salhi family at www. If you think we have too few homes from Tunisia or elsewhere on www. Read more about how you can do it at: The recovery position was not standardized until decades later, in the early s, when it emerged in general first aid handbooks. See Wikipedia[10] for more on the history of the recovery position. The number of sudden infant deaths fell during the s due to successful intervention campaigns telling mothers not to leave their babies in the prone position.

But these campaigns only helped bring down the rates of sudden infant deaths to the same low levels where they used to be, before the prone position was promoted. The same pattern evolved in the US, Norway and Sweden. The conclusion that it was public health policy on the prone position that caused the increase in SIDS in Sweden is described by Gilbert et al. The report from Hong Kong is from Davies The study was the first to suggest that the practice of placing babies in prone position could be the cause of sudden infant deaths; see Cot death in Hong Kong: For historical data on sudden infant deaths in Norway, see, for example, Irgens et.

For more about international trends in SID S. For more on the sense of superiority over other groups, see Haidt, The Righteous Mind: To see the World Health Chart in motion over years, visit www. See also the note to World Health Chart In the book we say that life expectancy in Africa today is 65 years. Estimates from UN says the number for Africa is 66 years. Since population weight seems to slightly increase life expectancy, Gapminder rounded it downwards, to 65 years.

Total Europe as used in the rest of the book has 78 years life expectancy, while Western Europe or EU has So this comparison is assuming we use EU or Western Europe. In , the average lifespan in Sweden was Sweden in and had The five countries in North Africa with life expectancies above the world average of 72 years are as follow:. The five countries have lower Income than Sweden used to have, as you can see in the interactive graph: To estimate the average lifespan for the countries and regions mentioned above, we looked at GBD, the table showing life expectancy every five years from to For sub-Saharan Africa, life expectancy is IHME numbers are generally higher.

The reasons why are explained by Lancet. See Gapminder[4] for detailed documentation on life expectancy for countries and regions. The average speed of improvement in Africa and Europe lead to the rough assumption that Africa develops at the speed that others did in terms of infrastructure:. See the speed of improvement over the past decades here: Sweden was never reducing child deaths per faster than all the SAA countries during — Sweden had a slow steady increase over years, which SAA have achieved, with vaccines etc, in just 57 years.

The Population Bomb by Paul and Anne Ehrlich contributed to a widespread idea that Asia and Africa would never be able to feed their growing populations. A total of 3. For global textile production, see www. Compare progress in India and Mozambique in this animated chart. Roughly half a billion people in Africa today live in extreme poverty, as cited in Factfullness, p. The more precise estimate from Gapminder[9] is 0. Keep in mind that there are huge uncertainties in extreme poverty, as described in the note Fact Question 3: To see where these people are, the thing to measure is child mortality, which is the most reliable indication of extreme poverty.

By combining these four detailed maps, we can locate the poorest on earth with the most unfortunate future. IMF forecasts are used for speculations about future growth in the stock and finance industry, as BBC News points out. Here is one example of such speculations. In the US in the s, the Farm Security Administration FSA sent photographers across the nation to understand what it looked like, resulting in famous black and white images from the rural poor. These human faces to mobilized support for massive development investments across these countries, leading to the Swedish welfare system being constructed and the New Deal in the US.

Still, in the data that Hans had back then, Iran had the fastest drop. When removing those by 5 year averages the lead table looks like the following: Drop size within any time frame: These improvements in Iran, especially for women, also reflect achievements in regards to health and education. Women in Iran today have an average 10 years of school, compared to 2 years in , according to HME[2].

During the same years, life expectancy increased from 56 years to 76 during the same period, based on HME[2]. Comparing these numbers back then with Iran today, the differences are as wide as they probably could be. At present, Iran has a lower fertility rate than the US and Sweden.

As of , the total fertility rate is estimated to be at 1. To compare Iran—the world champion in family planning—against other countries over time, see www. In a sense, it is ridiculous to show only three kinds of religions. If you search the internet for family trees of world religions you will see how they all branch from a few common beliefs, splitting into a myriad of different interpretations, practices and belief systems that keeps splitting over the decades.

It is unusual that religious groups emerge, just like branches on a tree. We only use this term when talking about the 40 countries back in p. Estimates of Religious Composition by Country by Pew Research Center show percentages of those affiliated with any religion or not by country as of and in the future. However, in many countries there is no clear majority. In Nigeria, for example, 49 percent of the population was Christian and 48 percent Muslim in , according to our data on religion; see Pew[2,3].

Fertility rates for global religions are based on estimates from PEW[3], calculating fertility across all income levels. The average fertility rate for global religions are based on population growth projections, — from PEW[3], calculating fertility rate of each religion, across all income levels. According to their estimates, the highest fertility rate is among Muslims, with a rate at 3. Total Fertility Rate by Religion, or download the complete report here.

Seeley investigates how evolution has honed the decision-making methods of honeybees over millions of years, and he considers similarities between the ways that bee swarms and primate brains process information. He concludes that what works well for bees can also work well for people: To enhance exact identification of insects, the photographs in this encyclopedic reference were taken in the field — and are not pinned specimens.

Insects enables readers to identify most insects quickly and accurately. The more than 50 pages of picture keys lead to the appropriate chapter and specific photos to confirm identification. The keys are surprisingly comprehensive and easy for non-specialists to use. Many insects are difficult even for the experts to identify, but here readers will find a wealth of information on the amazing observable behaviors of insects and their fascinating life histories. Naturalists Kenn Kaufman and Eric R.

Eaton use a broad ecological approach rather than overly technical terms, making the book accessible and easy to use. Their lively and engaging text emphasizes the insects that are most likely to draw attention and also includes helpful details on a wide array of lesser-known but recognizable groups. The guide is lavishly illustrated, with more than 2, digitally enhanced photographs representing every major group of insects found in North America north of Mexico. A spider lassoes its prey. A beetle persuades a bee to care for its young.

Small by virtue of their lack of backbones, this group of living things plays a surprisingly large role in the evolutionary cycle. These diverse creatures more than one million species are believed to exist roamed the earth before us and will still be here when we have gone. They are the pollinators, cleaners, and recyclers of life on earth. Without them, we would not last long. Attenborough has studied and enjoyed these diminutive beings since he was a schoolboy in the Leicestershire countryside of England.

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Life in the Undergrowth, part of his innovative series on natural history topics, looks at invertebrates the world over: Adults are prejudiced against insects—handicapped by their ignorance and fears and limited by their size and vision. Children, who are closer to insects in size, notice and enjoy the tiny creatures. An introduction to insect physiology, genetics and behaviour which looks at the interaction between humans and insects, and explores both the positive and negative aspects of the relationship. Each entry includes identifying illustrations of the butterfly or moth; details of distinguishing features which can help with identification; information on size, habitat, geographical range, and months when the butterfly or moth can be spotted.

All this information and much more is presented in a clear, highly illustrated format that Gem readers have come to know and love. The story of a lifetime of such minute explorations, For Love of Insects celebrates the small creatures that have emerged triumphant on the planet, the beneficiaries of extraordinary evolutionary inventiveness and unparalleled reproductive capacity.

To understand the success of insects is to appreciate our own shortcomings, Eisner tells us, but never has a reckoning been such a pleasure. Recounting exploits and discoveries in his lab at Cornell and in the field in Uruguay, Australia, Panama, Europe, and North America, Eisner time and again demonstrates how inquiry into the survival strategies of an insect leads to clarifications beyond the expected; insects are revealed as masters of achievement, forms of life worthy of study and respect from even the most recalcitrant entomophobe. Spiders, bugs, moths, butterflies, beetles, bees, flies, dragonflies, grasshoppers, and many other insects are detailed in more than full-color photographs visually arranged by shape and color.

Descriptive text includes measurements, diagnostic details, and information on habitat, range, feeding habits, sounds or songs, flight period, web construction, life cycle, behaviors, folklore, and environmental impact. An illustrated key to the insect orders and detailed drawings of the parts of insects, spiders, and butterflies supplement this extensive coverage. When his interest turned to the anatomical, there were even some ill-fated experiments with taxidermy.

Once commonly found in the marshes of Kent, the English short-haired bumblebee went extinct in the United Kingdom, but by a twist of fate still exists in the wilds of New Zealand, the descendants of a few pairs shipped over in the nineteenth century. He details the minutiae of life in the nest, sharing fascinating research into the effects intensive farming has had on our bee population and the potential dangers if we are to continue down this path. S-T , History , Last Name: A-B , Last Name: Titles Appear On 1 List Each.

Jeffrey C Miller et al. A Book of Bees: And How to Keep Them. A Checklist to the Odonata of Great…. A Compendium of Seashells: A Comprehensive Guide to Insects of…. A Field Guide to Butterflies of Texas. A Field Guide to Insects. A Field Guide to the Dragonflies of Hainan. China Scientific Book Service. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates. A Guide to Mosquitoes of Australia. A Guide to Spiders of Australia. A Guide to the Cockroaches of Australia. A Guide to the Dragonflies of Great…. A Guide to the Katydids of Australia.

A Hive For The Honeybee. A Natural History of Shells. A textbook of entomology. A World Without Bees. Alison Benjamin, Brian McCallum. All About Butterflies of Australia. An Inordinate Fondness for Beetles. Attracting Butterflies to Your Garden. Bees, Wasps and Ants of Kent. Bees, Wasps and Ants: Beetles of Eastern North America.

Beetles of Stored Products. A Falcon Pocket Guide. Book of the Spider. A Field Guide to…. David Newland et al. Stuart Ball, Roger Morris. British Moths; A Photographic Guide to…. An Introduction to the World…. Whitney Cranshaw, Richard Redak. Bumble Bees of North America: Paul Williams et al. Bumblebees New Naturalist, Their Behaviour and Ecology.

Butterflies of Britain and Europe: Tari Haahtela et al. Butterflies of Britain and Ireland. Butterflies of Kuniujiang Kuniujiang Hudie. Butterflies of North America Unknown Binding. San Diego Natural History Museum. Candy Coris, Spiderling Chronicles. Camilla De la Bedoyere. Caterpillars in the Field and Garden: Brock and Jeffrey Glassberg.

Cockroaches of Southeastern China. Cockroaches of Stay More. Conifer Moths of the British Isles: Jon Clifton, Jim Wheeler. Conservation research for the Rare Butterflies in China. A Pessimist In Paradise. Destructive and useful insects. Dragonflies of the World. Drawing and Painting Insects.

The Promise of Pharmaceutical Entomology. Edible Insects of China. Empire of the Ants La Saga des Fourmis, 1. Encyclopedia of Entomology Hardcover. Evolution of the Insects Hardcover. Falcon Nature Guides to National Parks.

Pages 3-5: The 13 Fact Questions

Ann Simpson and Rob Simpson. Familiar Insects and Spiders North America. Fascinating Insects of South East Asia. Fauna of Tianmu Mountain Vol. Fauna Sinica Insecta Vol. Fireflies, Glow-Worms, and Lightning Bugs. Flying Floris, Spiderling Chronicles. Garden Pests of Britain and Europe. Garden Pests, Diseases and Good Bugs. General and applied entomology. Golden Nature Guides Series. Guide to invertebrate animals. Biography of a Survivor. How to Know the Insects Spiral-bound.

Important Medicinal Insects of China. Insect biology — A textbook of Entomology. Insect Geography of China. A field entomological manual for the amateur naturalist. Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology. Insect Natural History New Naturalist, 8. Insect Research of Central China Volume Hugh Raffles, Tim Edgar.

In Pursuit of a Garden Ecology Hardcover. Insects of South-Eastern Australia. Insects of the Falkland Islands. Sun Moon and Stars 8. Your Body usborne knowledge science body kidsreadingbook story book. From The Same Shop.

Detailed Notes

Usborne Beginners Science Box set 10 books Hardback. Dairy of A Wimpy Kid —11books without box set. Usborne Phonics readers box set 20 books. All 4 copies of the World War II box set.