Family Portrait - Tenor Saxophone

Your high-resolution PDF file will be ready to download in the original published key. Available at a discount in the digital sheet music collection: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. The Imperial March Star Wars. Cantina Band Star Wars. Musicnotes Pro Send a Gift Card. Save on Every Order! Become a Member Today! Instrumental Part Instrumental Solo Instrument: The saxophone was developed in by Adolphe Sax , a Belgian instrument maker, flautist , and clarinetist.

Born in Dinant and originally based in Brussels , he moved to Paris in to establish his musical instrument business.

Before work on the saxophone, he made several improvements to the bass clarinet by improving its keywork and acoustics and extending its lower range. Sax was also a maker of the ophicleide , a large conical brass instrument in the bass register with keys similar to a woodwind instrument. His experience with these two instruments allowed him to develop the skills and technologies needed to make the first saxophones.

As an outgrowth of his work improving the bass clarinet, Sax began developing an instrument with the projection of a brass instrument and the agility of a woodwind. He wanted it to overblow at the octave , unlike the clarinet, which rises in pitch by a twelfth when overblown. An instrument that overblows at the octave has identical fingering for both registers. Sax created an instrument with a single-reed mouthpiece like a clarinet, conical brass body like an ophicleide, and some acoustic properties of both the horn and the clarinet.

Having constructed saxophones in several sizes in the early s, Sax applied for, and received, a year patent for the instrument on June 28, Although the instruments transposed at either F or C have been considered "orchestral", there is no evidence that Sax intended this. The C soprano saxophone was the only instrument to sound at concert pitch. All the instruments were given an initial written range from the B below the treble staff to the F, one space above the three ledger lines above staff, giving each saxophone a range of two and a half octaves.

Sax's patent expired in It is suspected that Sax himself may have attempted this modification. This extension is now commonplace in almost all modern designs, along with other minor changes such as added keys for alternate fingerings. Using alternate fingerings allows a player to play faster and more easily.

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A player may also use alternate fingerings to bend the pitch. Some of the alternate fingerings are good for trilling, scales, and wide interval jumps. Sax's original keywork, which was based on the Triebert system 3 oboe for the left hand and the Boehm clarinet for the right, was simplistic and made playing some legato passages and wide intervals extremely difficult to finger, so numerous developers added extra keys and alternate fingerings to make chromatic playing less difficult.

While early saxophones had two separate octave vents to assist in the playing of the upper registers just as modern instruments do, players of Sax's original design had to operate these via two separate octave keys operated by the left thumb. A substantial advancement in saxophone keywork was the development of a method by which the left thumb operates both tone holes with a single octave key, which is now universal on modern saxophones. The modern layout of the saxophone emerged during the s and s, first with right-side bell keys introduced by C.

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Conn on baritones, then by King on altos and tenors. The mechanics of the left hand cluster were revolutionized by Selmer with their balanced action instruments in and in Selmer introduced their Super Action saxophones with offset left and right hand stack keys. Between 30 and 40 years after Selmer devised their final layout it had been adopted for virtually every saxophone being produced, from student to professional models.

One of the most radical, however temporary, revisions of saxophone keywork was made in the s by M.

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This enables a chromatic scale to be played over two octaves simply by playing the diatonic scale combined with alternately raising and lowering this one digit. The saxophone consists of an approximately conical tube, usually of thin brass, flared at the tip to form a bell. At intervals along the tube are between 20 and 23 tone holes of varying size and two very small vent holes to assist the playing of the upper register.

These holes are covered by keys also known as pad cups containing soft leather pads, which are closed to produce an airtight seal. At rest some of the holes stand open and others are closed. The keys are activated by keytouches pressed by the fingers, either directly on the pad cup or connected to it with levers, either directly or with joints called "linkages. The fingering for the saxophone is a combination of that of the oboe with the Boehm system [8] and is similar to the flute or upper register of the clarinet.

Instruments that play to low A have a left thumb key for that note. The simplest design of saxophone is a straight conical tube, and the sopranino and soprano saxophones are usually of this design. However, as the lower-pitched instruments would be unacceptably long, they usually incorporate a U-bend "bow" at or slightly above the third-lowest tone hole. As this would cause the bell to point almost directly upward, the end of the instrument is either beveled or tilted slightly forward. This U-shape has become a distinctive feature of the saxophone family, to the extent that soprano and even sopranino saxes are sometimes made in the curved style.

By contrast, tenors and even baritones have occasionally been made in the straight style. Most commonly, however, the alto and tenor saxophones incorporate a detachable, curved "neck" above the highest tone hole directing the mouthpiece to the player's mouth while the instrument is held in a playing stance. The baritone, bass, and contrabass saxophones accommodate the length of the bore with extra bows and right-angle bends between the main body and the mouthpiece.

Although most saxophones are made from brass, they are categorized as woodwind instruments. This is because sound is produced by an oscillating wooden reed, not lips against a mouthpiece as in a brass instrument, and because pitches are produced by breath passing opening and closing keys. The screw pins that connect the rods to the posts, and the needle and leaf springs that cause the keys to return to their rest position after being released, are usually made of blued or stainless steel.

Since most saxophones have "key touches", smooth replaceable pieces placed where the fingers touch the instrument, which are usually made from either plastic or mother of pearl. Some saxophones are made with abalone or stone key touches. For visual and tonal effect, higher copper alloys are sometimes substituted for the more common "yellow brass" or "cartridge brass".

Yanagisawa made its and series saxophones with phosphor bronze to achieve a darker, more "vintage" tone than the brass and models. King introduced saxophones with necks and bells of sterling silver during the s and continued that scheme into the early s. Yanagisawa revived it during the s and later introduced entire instruments of sterling silver. Mauriat have made saxophones with nickel silver bodies. Opinions vary on the significance of body materials to sound.

With the exception of the identical brass and phosphor bronze Yanagisawa models, opportunities to isolate body materials from other variables in design and construction are lacking. Other materials have been tried with varying degrees of success, such as the s Grafton plastic alto saxophone and its successor, the Vibratosax , a polycarbonate model. Wooden Sawat saxophones are made in Thailand on a small scale.

Before final assembly, manufacturers usually apply a thin coating of clear or colored acrylic lacquer or silver plate over the brass. The lacquer or plating serves to protect the brass from oxidation and maintains its shiny appearance. Several different types and colors of surface finish have been used over the years.

Saxophone - Wikipedia

As a result, the brass is first plated with silver, then gold. Some saxophonists, sellers, and repair technicians argue that the type of lacquer or plating or absence thereof [15] may enhance an instrument's tone quality. The possible effects of different finishes on tone are difficult to isolate from other variables that affect an instrument's tone colors. In any case, what constitutes a pleasing tone is a matter of personal preference. The saxophone uses a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet.

Most saxophonists use reeds made from Arundo donax cane, but since the 20th century some have also been made of fiberglass and other composite materials. Saxophone reeds are proportioned slightly differently from clarinet reeds, being wider for the same length, although some soprano saxophonists use clarinet reeds.

Reeds are commercially available in a vast array of brands, styles, and strengths. Saxophonists experiment with reeds of different strength hardnesses and material to find which strength and cut suits their mouthpiece, embouchure, physiology, and playing style. The saxophone mouthpiece is larger than that of the clarinet, has a wider inner chamber, and lacks the cork-covered tenon because the saxophone neck inserts into the mouthpiece whereas the clarinet mouthpiece is inserted into the barrel.

Saxophone and clarinet embouchures differ from each other in firmness, position of the lower lip, and range of entry angles. The "long tones" exercise is used to develop embouchure, along with airstream and breath control. Less common materials that have been used include wood, glass, crystal, porcelain, and even bone. According to Larry Teal , the mouthpiece material has little, if any, effect on the sound, and the physical dimensions give a mouthpiece its tone colour. Mouthpiece design has a profound impact on tone.

Early mouthpieces were designed to produce a warm and round sound for classical playing. Saxophonists who follow the French school of classical saxophone playing, influenced by Marcel Mule , generally use mouthpieces with smaller chambers than Rascher style mouthpieces. The use of the saxophone in dance orchestras and jazz ensembles put a premium on dynamic range, projection, and tonal richness, leading to rapid innovation in chamber shape and tip design, and metal construction.

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