Animal Locomotion

Animal Locomotion

The Earth's static electric field may also provide lift in windless conditions. The larva of Cicindela dorsalis , the eastern beach tiger beetle, is notable for its ability to leap into the air, loop its body into a rotating wheel and roll along the sand at a high speed using wind to propel itself. This remarkable ability may have evolved to help the larva escape predators such as the thynnid wasp Methocha. Members of the largest subfamily of cuckoo wasps, Chrysidinae , are generally kleptoparasites , laying their eggs in host nests, where their larvae consume the host egg or larva while it is still young.

Chrysidines are distinguished from the members of other subfamilies in that most have flattened or concave lower abdomens and can curl into a defensive ball when attacked by a potential host, a process known as conglobation. Protected by hard chitin in this position, they are expelled from the nest without injury and can search for a less hostile host. Although stomatopods typically display the standard locomotion types as seen in true shrimp and lobsters , one species, Nannosquilla decemspinosa , has been observed flipping itself into a crude wheel.

The species lives in shallow, sandy areas. At low tides, N. The mantis shrimp then performs a forward flip in an attempt to roll towards the next tide pool. Again, the animal initiates the movement but has little control during its locomotion. Some animals change location because they are attached to, or reside on, another animal or moving structure. This is arguably more accurately termed "animal transport".

Remoras are a family Echeneidae of ray-finned fish. Remoras sometimes attach to small boats. They swim well on their own, with a sinuous, or curved, motion. The remora's lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and the animal lacks a swim bladder. Some remoras associate primarily with specific host species. They are commonly found attached to sharks, manta rays , whales, turtles, and dugongs.

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Smaller remoras also fasten onto fish such as tuna and swordfish , and some small remoras travel in the mouths or gills of large manta rays, ocean sunfish , swordfish, and sailfish. The remora benefits by using the host as transport and protection, and also feeds on materials dropped by the host. In some species of anglerfish , when a male finds a female, he bites into her skin, and releases an enzyme that digests the skin of his mouth and her body, fusing the pair down to the blood-vessel level. The male becomes dependent on the female host for survival by receiving nutrients via their shared circulatory system, and provides sperm to the female in return.

After fusing, males increase in volume and become much larger relative to free-living males of the species. They live and remain reproductively functional as long as the female lives, and can take part in multiple spawnings. This extreme sexual dimorphism ensures, when the female is ready to spawn, she has a mate immediately available.

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Multiple males can be incorporated into a single individual female with up to eight males in some species, though some taxa appear to have a one male per female rule. Many parasites are transported by their hosts. For example, endoparasites such as tapeworms live in the alimentary tracts of other animals, and depend on the host's ability to move to distribute their eggs. Ectoparasites such as fleas can move around on the body of their host, but are transported much longer distances by the host's locomotion.

Some ectoparasites such as lice can opportunistically hitch a ride on a fly phoresis and attempt to find a new host. Some animals locomote between different media, e. This often requires different modes of locomotion in the different media and may require a distinct transitional locomotor behaviour.

There are a large number of semi-aquatic animals animals that spend part of their life cycle in water, or generally have part of their anatomy underwater. These represent the major taxons of mammals e. Some fish use multiple modes of locomotion. Walking fish may swim freely or at other times "walk" along the ocean or river floor, but not on land e.

Amphibious fish , are fish that are able to leave water for extended periods of time. These fish use a range of terrestrial locomotory modes, such as lateral undulation , tripod -like walking using paired fins and tail , and jumping. Many of these locomotory modes incorporate multiple combinations of pectoral , pelvic and tail fin movement. Examples include eels , mudskippers and the walking catfish.

Flying fish can make powerful, self-propelled leaps out of water into air, where their long, wing-like fins enable gliding flight for considerable distances above the water's surface. This uncommon ability is a natural defense mechanism to evade predators. When swimming, several marine mammals such as dolphins, porpoises and pinnipeds, frequently leap above the water surface whilst maintaining horizontal locomotion.

This is done for various reasons. When travelling, jumping can save dolphins and porpoises energy as there is less friction while in the air. Some whales raise their entire body vertically out of the water in a behaviour known as "breaching". Some semi-aquatic birds use terrestrial locomotion, surface swimming, underwater swimming and flying e.

Diving birds also use diving locomotion e. They also jump with both feet together if they want to move more quickly or cross steep or rocky terrain. To get onto land, penguins sometimes propel themselves upwards at a great speed to leap out the water. An animal's mode of locomotion may change considerably during its life-cycle. Barnacles are exclusively marine and tend to live in shallow and tidal waters. They have two nektonic active swimming larval stages, but as adults, they are sessile non-motile suspension feeders. Frequently, adults are found attached to moving objects such as whales and ships, and are thereby transported passive locomotion around the oceans.

Animals locomote for a variety of reasons, such as to find food, a mate, a suitable microhabitat, or to escape predators. Animals use locomotion in a wide variety of ways to procure food. Terrestrial methods include ambush predation , social predation, grazing. Aquatic methods include filterfeeding , grazing, ram feeding, suction feeding, protrusion and pivot feeding. Other methods include parasitism and parasitoidism. These methods can be combined. For example, studies frequently combine EMG and kinematics to determine motor pattern , the series of electrical and kinematic events that produce a given movement.

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Evolution of fish Evolution of tetrapods Evolution of birds Origin of birds Origin of avian flight Evolution of cetaceans Comparative anatomy Convergent evolution Analogous structures Homologous structures. Animal locomotion Gait Robot locomotion Samara Terrestrial locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water Rotating locomotion Undulatory locomotion.

Animal locomotion on land. Canine gait Horse gait Human gait. Animal locomotion on the surface layer of water Fish locomotion Volant animals. Exercise Movement Eye movement Gait Locomotion. Hand strength Muscle tone. Muscle contraction Isometric Isotonic Uterine contraction.

Category:Animal locomotion

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