Como Hacer Moldes de Silicona 100% Práctico (Spanish Edition)

Tankegangen er, at forbrugere har gennemskuet reklamernes mere eller mindre fantasifulde tegnkon- struktioner og forholder sig blasert til budskaberne. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality are emerging areas of research and product development in enterprise companies. This talk will discuss industry standard tools and current areas of application in the commercial market. Attendees will gain insights into how to research, design, and most importantly ship, world class products. The presentation will recount the lessons learned to date developing a Virtual Reality tool to solve physics problems resulting from trying to perform aircraft maintenance on ships at sea.

The present article intends to provide a critical reflection on the use of the Cartesian paradigm in the human sciences. It questions the use of the epistemological models of cause and effect, based on a study on the systemic focus which has not appeared in an emptiness, but rather in the evolution of science itself, in an attempt to explain the complex phenomena.

For a better understanding of the theme, some main concepts of this new paradigm are brought to light. Moreover, this study brings forward details of the paradigm of complexity. Confronting an Augmented Reality. How can educators make use of augmented reality technologies and practices to enhance learning and why would we want to embrace such technologies anyway? How can an augmented reality help a learner confront, interpret and ultimately comprehend reality itself? In this article, we seek to initiate a discussion that focuses on these questions, and….

Augmented reality is a technology that overlays digital information on objects or places in the real world for the purpose of enhancing the user experience. It is not virtual reality , that is, the technology that creates a totally digital or computer created environment. Augmented reality , with its ability to combine reality and digital information, is being studied and implemented in medicine, marketing, museums, fashion, and numerous other areas.

This article presents an overview of augmented reality , discussing what it is, how it works, its current implementations, and its potential impact on libraries. In this paper, we consider three reality filters that are constructed by means of quantum integrals. We mainly discuss relations between these filters and their existence and uniqueness properties. For example, we show that a quadratic reality generated by a quantum measure is unique.

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In this case we obtain the unique actual quadratic reality. O ornamento, nesse caso, passa a ocupar o lugar central, apontando para o efeito produzido: In the work some examples of graphical simulators are presented as important tools in the development of an educationalactivity in a Cell of Manufacturing during a course of Computer Integrated Manufacturing.

In this experience, was developedan integration of CNC machines, robots, conveyor flexible lines, inspection systems and software for direction of allprocesses. Virtual reality exposure therapy. It has been proposed that virtual reality VR exposure may be an alternative to standard in vivo exposure. Virtual reality integrates real-time computer graphics, body tracking devices, visual displays, and other sensory input devices to immerse a participant in a computer- generated virtual environment.

Virtual reality exposure is potentially an efficient and cost-effective treatment of anxiety disorders. VR exposure therapy reduced the fear of heights in the first control Mobile Augmented Reality Applications. Augmented reality have undergone considerable improvement in past years. Many special techniques and hardware devices were developed, but the crucial breakthrough came with the spread of intelligent mobile phones.

This enabled mass spread of augmented reality applications. However mobile devices have limited hardware capabilities, which narrows down the methods usable for scene analysis. In this article we propose an augmented reality application which is using cloud computing to enable using Currently one of the most challenging aspects of human computer interaction design is the integration of physical and digital worlds in a single environment.

In this paper I will present related concepts and discuss lessons learned from our own research and prototype development. Virtual reality - aesthetic consequences. In the present work we study aesthetic consequences of virtual reality. Exploring the fringe between fictional and virtual is one of the key goals, that will be achieved through etymologic and technologic definition of both fiction and virtual reality , fictional and virtual worlds. Both fiction and virtual reality will be then studied from aesthetic distance and aesthetic pleasure point of view. At the end, we will see the main difference as well as an common grounds between fiction and virtu Full Text Available Currently one of the most challenging aspects of human computer interaction design is the integration of physical and digital worlds in a single environment.

Performs basic and applied research in interactive 3D computer graphics, including visual analytics, virtual environments, and augmented reality AR. Merged reality for everyone. This article addresses some interesting challenges and business opportunities within the promising merged reality ecosystem, which offers the vision of bringing together virtual, augmented and physical realities , seamlessly.

The article also links the current status of this field with exploratory research and development work carried out by Altice Labs. Highlights of this overview of virtual reality include optics; interface devices; virtual worlds; potential applications, including medicine and archaeology; problems, including costs; current research and development; future possibilities; and a listing of vendors and suppliers of virtual reality products.

Data, model, and reality. These questions, though more philosop Augmented Reality on Android. Augmented Reality is an application which combines a live view of real-world environment and computer-generated images. This paper studies and demonstrates an efficient Augmented Reality development in the mobile Android environment with the native Java language and Android SDK. Virtual reality musical instruments.

The rapid development and availability of low cost technologies has created a wide interest in virtual reality VR , but how to design and evaluate multisensory interactions in VR remains as a challenge. In this paper, we focus on virtual reality musical instruments, present an overview of our Virtual Reality and Education. Intended to provide a basic understanding of virtual reality VR from an educational perspective, this article describes the debate between conceptual and technological orientations to VR; the conceptual orientation to VR; technological definitions of VR, artificial reality , and cyberspace; dimensions of VR; and VR's impact on education.

The application field was the formation of the professionals of the Food and Nutritional Surveillance, as is the base of one of the Brazilian public policies targeting the. Confronting an augmented reality. Full Text Available How can educators make use of augmented reality technologies and practices to enhance learning and why would we want to embrace such technologies anyway?

In this article, we seek to initiate a discussion that focuses on these questions, and suggest that they be used as drivers for research into effective educational applications of augmented reality. We discuss how multi-modal, sensorial augmentation of reality links to existing theories of education and learning, focusing on ideas of cognitive dissonance and the confrontation of new realities implied by exposure to new and varied perspectives.

We also discuss connections with broader debates brought on by the social and cultural changes wrought by the increased digitalisation of our lives, especially the concept of the extended mind. Rather than offer a prescription for augmentation, our intention is to throw open debate and to provoke deep thinking about what interacting with and creating an augmented reality might mean for both teacher and learner. Virtual realities and education. Full Text Available The purpose of this article is to highlight the state of the art of virtual reality , augmented reality , mixed reality technologies and their applications in formal education.

We also present a selected list of case studies that prove the utility of these technologies in the context of formal education. Furthermore, as byproduct, the mentioned case studies show also that, although the industry is able to develop very advanced virtual environment technologies, their pedagogical implications are strongly related to a well-designed theoretical framework. Thermodynamics in 'Manifest Reality '. D'Espagnat's proof that the universe is not a 'strongly objective reality ' demands that all physical processes are reconsidered in that light.

D'Espagnat suggests a 'Veiled Reality ' as a suitable alternative. The most economical way to achieve that is to demand that 'information production' at a quantum level creates the basis for self-consistent perception of a world of macroscopic, 'manifest' entities, as opposed to self-existent objects. Such a 'manifest reality ' fulfils both Wheeler's attempt at an 'IT-from-BIT' programme, and Zeilinger's suggestion that 'information is primary'. Efeito da cobertura nas perdas de solo em um argissolo vermelho-amarelo utilizando simulador de chuva Effect of the cover on soil losses in a red-yellow podzolic soil under simulated rainfall.

The tests were conducted with a rotative rainfall simulator and the soil in the experimental area was a Red-Yellow Podzolic. Se ha estudiado el comportamiento de diferentes tipos de conductores co Virtual reality enables users to immerse themselves in a virtual three-dimensional world and to interact in this world. The simulation is different from the kind in computer games, in which the viewer is active but acts in a nonrealistic world, or on the TV screen, where we are passively driven in an active world.

In virtual reality elements look realistic, they change their characteristics and have almost real-world unpredictability. Virtual reality is not only implemented in gambling dens and the entertainment industry but also in manufacturing processes cars, furniture etc. Especially the last two areas are strongly correlated, because telemedicine or telesurgery was originated for military reasons to operate on war victims from a secure distance or to perform surgery on astronauts in an orbiting space station.

In medicine and especially neurosurgery virtual- reality methods are used for education, surgical planning and simulation on a virtual patient. Augmented Reality , Phase I. National Aeronautics and Space Administration — Augmented Reality systems come with many benefits derived by co-locating information with a user's environment through the use of one or more output modalities such Augmented reality in neurosurgery.

Neurosurgery is a medical specialty that relies heavily on imaging. The use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance images during preoperative planning and intraoperative surgical navigation is vital to the success of the surgery and positive patient outcome.

Augmented reality application in neurosurgery has the potential to revolutionize and change the way neurosurgeons plan and perform surgical procedures in the future. Augmented reality technology is currently commercially available for neurosurgery for simulation and training. However, the use of augmented reality in the clinical setting is still in its infancy. Researchers are now testing augmented reality system prototypes to determine and address the barriers and limitations of the technology before it can be widely accepted and used in the clinical setting.

Discusses the importance of educational facilities conducting " reality check" self-audits to uncover the real truth behind underlying environmental problems. An environmental compliance multimedia checklist is included. The pragmatic constructivist approach provides us with a social science theory, the theory of reality , and its associated method, the conceptualising method.

A key aspect in both the theory of reality and its associated conceptualising method is on the necessity of integratingfour dimensionsof The key questionaddressed here thereforebecomes: To address this question Virtual Reality Lab Assistant. Virtual Reality Lab Assistant VRLA demonstration model is aligned for engineering and material science experiments to be performed by undergraduate and graduate students in the course as a pre-lab simulation experience. The quality of the time available for laboratory experiments can be significantly improved through the use of virtual reality technology.

Virtual reality in education. In this workshop-presentation, we described the evolution of virtual reality technologies and our research from 3D virtual worlds, 3D virtual environments built in gaming environments such as Unity 3D, degree videos, and mobile virtual reality via Google Expeditions. For each of these four technologies, we discussed the affordances of the technologies and how they contribute towards learning and teaching. We outlined the significance of students being aware of the different virtual realit Marketing and Augmented Reality.

The main goal of this diploma thesis is to identify the usage of augmented reality in contemporary marketing practice and the expectations of marketers for the future use. This will be achieved by conducting a quantitative and qualitative research among existing creative and advertising companies. Secondary goal is introducing the concept of augmented reality from the theoretical point of view and also description of potential utilization based on known examples. The tools for the practical p Realidade vivenciada e atividades educativas com prostitutas: Do tipo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa.

Estudio de tipo descriptivo, com abordaje cualitativo. Interpretations of virtual reality. University students were surveyed to learn what they know about virtual realities. The second, but not the first study, was administered after the participants had the chance to see the movie "Avatar" no investigation was held into whether they really saw it. While the students in both studies widely believed that activities such as social networking and online gaming represent virtual realities , some other examples provided by the students in the two studies differ: At the same time, not a single participant reported particular psychological states either regular or altered as examples of virtual realities.

Profound popularization efforts need to be done to acquaint the public, including college students, with virtual realities and let the public adequately understand how such systems work. Development and application of a pediatric head phantom for dosimetry in computed tomography; Desenvolvimento e aplicacao de um simulador pediatrico craniano para dosimetria em tomografia computadorizada. To determine the exposure levels and the absorbed dose in patients undergoing CT scans, is necessary to calculate the CT dose index in measurements with a PMMA or water phantom.

The phantom must be enough to simulate the attenuation and scattering characteristics of a human body or parts in a radiation field. The CT specific quantities: In this work a head pediatric phantom was developed, considering that the Brazilian published Diagnostic Reference Levels DRL are based on adult phantom measurements. This developed phantom shows a construction innovation using materials to simulate the skullcap, cortical bone aluminum and cancellous bone PVC , and it was filled with distilled water.

The phantom dimension follows the recommendations of the World Health Organization and the International Commission on Radiation Units for children from 0 to 5 years old head size: The skullcap has 4 mm of thickness and In order to evaluate its behavior, tests were carried out in calibration laboratories and in clinical beams. Data acquisition and management system for a nuclear processes simulator; Sistema de adquisicion y manejo de datos para un simulador de procesos nucleares.

In the development of this work Data acquisition and management system for a simulator of nuclear processes SAMAD , is important to mention the main modules that involve the operation of the same one. At the beginning it was necessary to contemplate the possible programming languages, as well as the compatibility and handling easiness among them. The used languages to be able to land the contemplated ideas are: After this it was designed the database DB , which contains the tables of each one of the components, this according to the enter file type of the RELAP5 code that will be use for each simulation, as well as, tables that will allow us to relate and to maintain the control of the information supplied to the DB.

Once created the database is interacting with it through an application program based on PHP Preprocessor. The application basically consists, in extracting the data from each one of the components to work in that moment, that is to say, to obtain the data of the enter file, as well as, to depurate the data, excluding comments.

The preprocessor gives bigger easiness to place the data in the DB. Also, it was developed an graphic interface that allows to register variables to the DB, depending from the unfolding to visualize. Another application that has been implemented is the Data Collector that has as function, to obtain in a direct way the data of the display variables of the RELAP5 code, with the purpose of storing them in the DB, this will be carry out in real time and it was updated in a very small time period.

Full Text Available Conventional feedback control and cascade control strategies were applied to a heat exchanger in order to compare the control performance in terms of deviations of temperature and settling time, under different plant disturbances. The process reaction curve method was then carried out. The parameters of first-order-plus-time-delay FOPTD transfer functions were determined for the process and also for the load disturbances. The same methodology of use of commercial simulators can be applied to different unit operations of the chemical industry, as well as for plant-wide problems.

It must be pointed out that, since they have friendly interface, access to thermodynamic data and robustness in the available numerical methods for simulation, an easy use and a steep learning curve were noted for all the commercial simulators employed in the present work. Simulator for training operators of electric substation: This article presents a combination of two techniques applied artificial intelligence to solve problems to Restoration of an Electric Substation: The process occurs in the connection functions of belief, disbelief, specialty and temporality to LPA4v in the retrieval of cases to determine process diagnostic of an RBC.

The field of CBR is applied in a recovery of an electric substation. The LPA4v is the support applied in problems that have inconsistent information, partials and undefined. Thus this study is closer of the real situations. Towards Pervasive Augmented Reality: Context-Awareness in Augmented Reality. Augmented Reality is a technique that enables users to interact with their physical environment through the overlay of digital information.

While being researched for decades, more recently, Augmented Reality moved out of the research labs and into the field. While most of the applications are used sporadically and for one particular task only, current and future scenarios will provide a continuous and multi-purpose user experience. Therefore, in this paper, we present the concept of Pervasive Augmented Reality , aiming to provide such an experience by sensing the user's current context and adapting the AR system based on the changing requirements and constraints.

We present a taxonomy for Pervasive Augmented Reality and context-aware Augmented Reality , which classifies context sources and context targets relevant for implementing such a context-aware, continuous Augmented Reality experience. We further summarize existing approaches that contribute towards Pervasive Augmented Reality. Based our taxonomy and survey, we identify challenges for future research directions in Pervasive Augmented Reality.

Engaging with Reality investigates some of the major global themes as they are reflected in documentaries from the USA, UK and Denmark. Engaging with Reality is a contribution to comparative, transnational studies of documentary in contemporary media culture. Documentaries play an important role in the increasingly global media culture that has been developing over the last few decades. Despite its many different forms and genres, all documentaries claim a special relation to the way things are in the world, and they each attempt in their own way The book deals with documentaries as part of a new form of cosmopolitan narratives, as part of new, global forms of social imagination Augmented reality som wearable.

To reduce plant down time during irradiated fuel cell dismantling at Torness Power Station, a new visualisation technique has been used for the manipulator. Complex computer graphics packages were used to provide a ''Virtual Reality '' environment which allowed the Irradiated Fuel Dismantling Cell to be simulated. Significant cost savings have been achieved due to reductions in lost output. The virtual reality environment is at present being extended to the design and deployment of a new manipulator for in-vessel inspection of the boiler. Physics imagination and reality.

Imagination and Reality introduces the reader to major ideas and the conceptual structure of modern physics, by tracing its development from the introduction of fields into physics by Faraday and Maxwell in the last century. Because the approach is historical, the book provides a comprehensive overview of the subjects. It should appeal to anyone interested in a basic understanding of the contemporary physicists view of the physical world.

It avoids all but the simplest mathematics and presents ideas and concepts in everyday language. Imagination and Reality attempts to provide. Full Text Available Decades of research have deepened our understanding of how the brain forms memories and uses them to build our mental past and future. But how does it determine whether an evoked memory refers to the present and can be acted upon? The study of patients who confuse reality , as evident from confabulation and disorientation, has opened ways to explore this vital capacity.

Results indicate that the brain recurs to a phylogenetically old faculty of the orbitofrontal cortex —extinction— and structures of the reward system to keep thought and behavior in phase with reality. Learn to create augmented reality apps using Processing open-source programming language Augmented reality AR is used all over, and you may not even realize it. Smartphones overlay data onto live camera views to show homes for sale, restaurants, or historical sites. American football broadcasts use AR to show the invisible first-down line on the field to TV viewers.

Nike and Budweiser, among others, have used AR in ads. Now, you can learn to create AR prototypes using 3D data, Processing open-source programming language, and other languages. This unique book is an easy-to-follow guide on how. Virtual Reality Musical Instruments. The rapid development and availability of low-cost technologies have created a wide interest in virtual reality. Virtual reality musical instruments VRMIs that include a simulated visual component delivered via a head-mounted display or other forms of immersive visualization have not yet received much attention.

In this article, we present a field The evolving era of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine is greeted with optimism by many, but this sentiment is not universally shared. The existence of diametrically opposed opinions concerning the potential benefits and obstacles facing the widespread implementation of genomic medicine should stimulate discussion and guide the design of studies to establish the value of interventions targeted at the level of individual patients.

One of the more controversial aspects of personalized medicine is whether the anticipated benefits will be realized at an acceptable cost. Recently released analyses suggest that the returns on investment depend on the particular scenario and are different for different stakeholders. On the other hand, cost is only one of the challenges regarding implementation of personalized medicine.

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The reality is that personalized medicine is upon us; open discourse and periodic reality checks will be necessary as we confront it. Capillary Refill using Augmented Reality. Master's thesis in Computer science The opportunities within augmented reality is growing. Augmented reality is a combination of the real and the virtual world in real time, and large companies like Microsoft and Google is now investing heavily in the technology.

The simulation is performed with an augmented reality headset called HoloLens. The HoloLens will recognise a mark Virtual reality for employability skills. We showed a variety of virtual reality technologies, and through examples, we discussed how virtual reality technology is transforming work styles and workplaces. Virtual reality is becoming pervasive in almost all domains starting from arts, environmental causes to medical education and disaster management training, and to supporting patients with Dementia.

Thus, an awareness of the virtual reality technology and its integration in curriculum design will provide and enhance employability ski Virtual Reality in the Classroom. Considers the concept of virtual reality ; reviews its history; describes general uses of virtual reality , including entertainment, medicine, and design applications; discusses classroom uses of virtual reality , including a software program called Virtus WalkThrough for use with a computer monitor; and suggests future possibilities.

Basics of Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed Reality. Augmented, virtual, and mixed reality applications all aim to enhance a user's current experience or reality. While variations of this technology are not new, within the last few years there has been a significant increase in the number of artificial reality devices or applications available to the general public. This column will explain the difference between augmented, virtual, and mixed reality and how each application might be useful in libraries.

It will also provide an overview of the concerns surrounding these different reality applications and describe how and where they are currently being used. Burke's dramatistic perspective calls attention to the recurring relationships among rhetorical elements within accounts of social reality. The elements form a pentad: Our analysis examines how the ideal of governmentality Augmented Reality og kulturarv.

Augmented Reality i naturfagsundervisningen. Virtual Reality aims at creating an artificial environment that can be perceived as a substitute to a real setting. Much effort in research and development goes into the creation of virtual environments that in their majority are perceivable only by eyes and hands. The multisensory nature of our perception, however, allows and, arguably, also expects more than that. As long as we are not able to simulate and deliver a fully sensory believable virtual environment to a user, we could make use of the fully sensory, multi-modal nature of real objects to fill in for this deficiency.

The idea is to purposefully integrate real artifacts into the application and interaction, instead of dismissing anything real as hindering the virtual experience. Together, either simultaneously or in a hybrid way, real and virtual jointly provide stimuli that are perceived by users through their senses and are later formed into an experience by the user's mind.

Collaboration in Augmented Reality. Augmented Reality AR is a technology that allows users to view and interact in real time with virtual images seamlessly superimposed over the real world. AR systems can be used to create unique collaborative experiences. For example, co-located users can see shared 3D virtual objects that they. Mixed Reality with HoloLens: Virtual reality and augmented reality devices have recently been described in the surgical literature.

The solution may lie in a hybrid technology known as mixed reality , which merges many virtual reality and augmented realty features. Microsoft's HoloLens, the first commercially available mixed reality device, provides surgeons intraoperative hands-free access to complex data, the real environment, and bidirectional communication.

This report describes the use of HoloLens in the operating room to improve decision-making and surgical workflow. The pace of mixed reality -related technological development will undoubtedly be rapid in the coming years, and plastic surgeons are ideally suited to both lead and benefit from this advance. Mexico ; Salazar S, E. The objective of the present work is to give to know the most important characteristics in the Russian nuclear reactor of pressurized light water VVER, doing emphasis in the differences that has with the western equivalent the reactor PWR in the design and the safety systems.

Therefore, a description of the computerized simulation of the reactor VVER developed by the company Eniko TSO that the International Atomic of Energy Agency distributes to the states members with academic purposes will take place. The simulator includes mathematical models that represent to the essential systems in the real nuclear power plant, for what is possible to reproduce common faults and transitory characteristic of the nuclear industry with a behavior sufficiently attached to the reality.

In this work is analyzed the response of the system before a turbine shot. After the accident in the nuclear power plant of Three Mile Island US they have been carried out improvements in the design of the reactor PWR and their safety systems. To know the reach and the limitations of the program, the events that gave place to this accident will be reproduced in the simulator VVER With base to the results of the simulation we will conclude that so reliable is the response of the safety system of this reactor. Cervical cancer in Iquitos, Peru: Full Text Available Cervical cancer is a major public health problem in Latin America, and in much of the underdeveloped world.

This issue has not historically been addressed as a health priority, but in recent years is receiving increased attention and funding. This ethnographic study on the experience of cervical cancer was conducted in Iquitos, Peru, between August and May Findings are presented related to local knowledge and experience of Pap smears and cervical cancer and the ineffectiveness of a recently initiated cervical cancer screening program.

The findings guide recommendations for interventions in the region in relation to: This work consists of the research and unification of the guidelines transmitted to the patients and their relatives in the radioiodine therapy procedures. The goal is to provide greater understanding of the use of nuclear radiation and better understanding of treatment, to help patients better adapt to therapy, to demystify misconceptions about radiation use, and to improve care for their protection and for people close to them.

Based on written and verbal information, collected in the scientific literature and in loco, accompanying the routine of the therapeutic rooms of Nuclear Medicine Services NMS in Rio de Janeiro, the set of actions that define scenarios experienced by radioiodine therapy patients and their helpers is being generated. With this virtual environment, the patient will be able to immersive visualize and experience the different phases of the treatment increasing the chances of efficiency of their participation in the process. The scope of this paper is to inquire into a moment of friction between reality and possibility; the present and the future; the actual and the fictional, in a context pertaining to the Israel-Palestine conflict.

The point of departure is an artwork by the Palestinian artist Khaled Jarrar. Experiments in mixed reality. As part of the Institute for Creative Technologies and the School of Cinematic Arts at the University of Southern California, the Mixed Reality lab develops technologies and techniques for presenting realistic immersive training experiences. Such experiences typically place users within a complex ecology of social actors, physical objects, and collections of intents, motivations, relationships, and other psychological constructs.

Currently, it remains infeasible to completely synthesize the interactivity and sensory signatures of such ecologies. For this reason, the lab advocates mixed reality methods for training and conducts experiments exploring such methods. Currently, the lab focuses on understanding and exploiting the elasticity of human perception with respect to representational differences between real and virtual environments.

This paper presents an overview of three projects: An early experience in deploying a manipulator to the Irradiated Fuel Dismantling Cell at Torness Power Station, quickly highlighted that special visualisation techniques were required to achieve a successful deployment and reduce plant system down time. Within this environment, models of the Irradiated Fuel Dismantling cell were generated along with a model of the manipulator, allowing manipulator deployment to the Irradiated Fuel Dismantling Cell be modelled. It is estimated that the first use of this new environment provided a significant saving to Scottish Nuclear in potential lost output.

The use of this virtual reality environment is currently being extended into the design and deployment of a new manipulator for Torness in vessel inspection, the Boiler Inspection Manipulator. Big Data and reality. This perspective ignores the social reality of these very different technological systems, ignoring how they are made, how they work, and what they mean in favor of an exclusive focus on what they generate: But no data, big or small, can be interpreted without an understanding of the process that generated them.

Statistical data science is applicable to systems that have been designed as scientific instruments, but is likely to lead to confusion when applied to systems that have not. In those cases, a historical inquiry is preferable. In recent years, Augmented Reality AR [1][2][3] is very popular in universities and research organizations. The AR technology has been widely used in Virtual Reality VR fields, such as sophisticated weapons, flight vehicle development, data model visualization, virtual training, entertainment and arts.

AR has characteristics to enhance the display output as a real environment with specific user interactive functions or specific object recognitions. It can be use in medical treatment, anatomy training, precision instrument casting, warplane guidance, engineering and distance robot control. AR has a lot of vantages than VR. This system developed combines sensors, software and imaging algorithms to make users feel real, actual and existing.

Imaging algorithms include gray level method, image binarization method, and white balance method in order to make accurate image recognition and overcome the effects of light. Supporting this model was supplementary literature on cognitive In this paper it is analyzed how. This is done by identifying selected quotations in which Keynes either exp If economic textbooks were to apply the same stringent principles not much would be left… The Virtual Reality Conjecture.

We take our world to be an objective reality , but is it? The assumption that the physical world exists in and of itself has struggled to assimilate the findings of modern physics for some time now. For example, an objective space and time would just "be", but in relativity, space contracts and time dilates. Likewise objective "things" should just inherently exist, but the entities of quantum theory are probability of existence smears, that spread, tunnel, superpose and entangle in physically This article analyzes the proliferation approach, its technical condition and political motivation, and the share between the myth political deception, assumptions and extrapolations and the reality of proliferation.

Its appreciation is complicated by the irrational behaviour of some political actors and by the significant loss of the non-use taboo. The control of technologies is an important element for proliferation slowing down but an efficient and autonomous intelligence system remains indispensable. What is the reality of objects around us. Is there something that is not dependent on the thought. To these questions, philosophers, mathematicians, physicists answer in different ways.

Mister Bernard d' Espagnat, philosopher and physicist speaks for an open realism. Leaning on the quantum physics, he is engaged in exchange of objections and answers with persons he is speaking to, decided, as he is himself, to get to the roots of things. Conscious awareness of our environment is based on a feedback loop comprised of sensory input transmitted to the central nervous system leading to construction of our ''model of the world,'' Lewis et al, We then assimilate the neurological model at the unconscious level into information we can later consciously consider useful in identifying belief systems and behaviors for designing diverse systems.

Thus, we can avoid potential problems based on our open-to-error perceived reality of the world. By understanding how our model of reality is organized, we allow ourselves to transcend content and develop insight into how effective choices and belief systems are generated through sensory derived processes. These are the processes which provide the designer the ability to meta model build a model of a model the user; consequently, matching the mental model of the user with that of the designer's and, coincidentally, forming rapport between the two participants.

The information shared between the participants is neither assumed nor generalized, it is closer to equivocal; thus minimizing error through a sharing of each other's model of reality. How to identify individual mental mechanisms or processes, how to organize the individual strategies of these mechanisms into useful patterns, and to formulate these into models for success and knowledge based outcomes is the subject of the discussion that follows. Augmented reality in surgery. To evaluate the history and current knowledge of computer-augmented reality in the field of surgery and its potential goals in education, surgeon training, and patient treatment.

National Library of Medicine's database and additional library searches. Only articles suited to surgical sciences with a well-defined aim of study, methodology, and precise description of outcome were included. Augmented reality is an effective tool in executing surgical procedures requiring low-performance surgical dexterity; it remains a science determined mainly by stereotactic registration and ergonomics. Strong evidence was found that it is an effective teaching tool for training residents. Weaker evidence was found to suggest a significant influence on surgical outcome, both morbidity and mortality.

No evidence of cost-effectiveness was found. Augmented reality is a new approach in executing detailed surgical operations. Although its application is in a preliminary stage, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term clinical impact on patients, surgeons, and hospital administrators. Its widespread use and the universal transfer of such technology remains limited until there is a better understanding of registration and ergonomics. Full Text Available We assume that one of the key reasons is in the difference between a standalone application and a web service. Both architectures have some advantages and disadvantages.

The Standalone application e. However, this kind of applications must be upgraded manually. Moreover, it is hard to get any data about the application usage because it requires additional actions from the user — data are usually acquired through conventional ways, such as email or web forms. The online service such as Google Maps including its mobile application can offer the same functionality as the offline application.

Nevertheless, a permanent connection to provider servers is necessary. This can be taken as a drawback. On the other hand, usage data collection is easier and can be done without the user intervention. The data collection provides a valuable analysis basis of the user habits and needs. Augmented reality applications are usually based on the first mentioned approach. In this article, we describe our model of augmented reality as a service and compare its features with standalone solutions. Further, other important key aspects for large emergence of augmented reality services in a mainstream market are discussed.

New interactive computer technologies are having a significant influence on medical education, training, and practice. The newest innovation in computer technology, virtual reality , allows an individual to be immersed in a dynamic computer-generated, three-dimensional environment and can provide realistic simulations of surgical procedures. A new virtual reality hysteroscope passes through a sensing device that synchronizes movements with a three-dimensional model of a uterus.

Force feedback is incorporated into this model, so the user actually experiences the collision of an instrument against the uterine wall or the sensation of the resistance or drag of a resectoscope as it cuts through a myoma in a virtual environment. A variety of intrauterine pathologies and procedures are simulated, including hyperplasia, cancer, resection of a uterine septum, polyp, or myoma, and endometrial ablation. This technology will be incorporated into comprehensive training programs that will objectively assess hand-eye coordination and procedural skills.

It is possible that by incorporating virtual reality into hysteroscopic training programs, a decrease in the learning curve and the number of complications presently associated with the procedures may be realized. Prospective studies are required to assess these potential benefits. Einstein's principle that no signal travels faster than light suggests that observations in one spacetime region should not depend on whether or not a radioactive decay is detected in a spacelike-separated region. This locality property is incompatible with the predictions of quantum theory, and this incompatibility holds independently of the questions of realism, objective reality , and hidden variables.

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It holds both in the pragmatic quantum theory of Bohr and in realistic frameworks. It is shown here to hold in a completed realistic quantum theory that reconciles Einstein's demand for a description of reality itself with Bohr's contention that quantum theory is complete. This completed realistic quantum theory has no hidden variables, and no objective reality in which observable attributes can become definite independently of observers. The theory is described in some detail, with particular attention to those aspects related to the question of locality.

This completed realistic quantum theory is in principle more comprehensive than Bohn's pragmatic quantum theory because it is not limited in principle by the requirement that the observed system be physically separated from the observing one. Augmented reality AR and virtual reality VR applied in dentistry. The OSCE is a reliable evaluation method to estimate the preclinical examination of dental students. The most ideal assessment for OSCE is used the augmented reality simulator to evaluate. This literature review investigated a recently developed in virtual reality VR and augmented reality AR starting of the dental history to the progress of the dental skill.

A terapia proposta foi bem recebida pelos pacientes testados. Emotional Expression in Reality TV. Reality TV has been disputed and discussed along many lines for the last 20 years; the media themselves always with a twist of concern about reality programs crossing moral borderlines while research has put more interest in questions of genre and representation of more or less useful and maybe My article will discuss different presentations of selves and especially the emotional verbal and nonverbal expressions in reality TV communication.

Aspects of the intimate self and its emotional expressions seem to be strategically managed in reality TV and even Authoring Immersive Mixed Reality Experiences. Creating a mixed reality experience is a complicated endeavour. Designing the appearance and directing the user experience are equally important for creating an engaging, immersive experience.

We found that mixed reality artworks provide a very good test bed for studying these topics. This chapter details three steps required for authoring mixed reality experiences: We will describe a platform VGE for creating mixed reality environments that incorporates these steps. A case study EI4 is presented in which this platform was used to not only engineer the system, but in which an artist was given the freedom to explore the artistic merits of mixed reality as an artistic medium, which involved areas such as the look and feel, multimodal experience and interaction, immersion as a subjective emotion and game play scenarios.

Military use of Virtual Reality. This project is sparked by the contemporary evolvement that has been happening with consumer Virtual Reality technology and an interest for looking into the military industrial complex. The paper describes how Virtual Reality as a concept has evolved historically since the 19th century and how it has since entered the military and consumer market. The implementation of Virtual Reality is described in order to analyse it by using Technology-Oriented Scenario Analysis, as described by Francesco Virtual reality aims at immersing a user in a virtual environment.

Virtual reality is used in a large variety of application domains which need multisensory Augmented Reality for Science Education. Augmented reality AR holds great promise as a learning tool. So far, however, most research has looked at the technology itself — and AR has been used primarily for commercial purposes.

As a learning tool, AR supports an inquiry-based approach to science education with a high level of student The AR-sci-project Augmented Reality for SCIence education addresses the issue of applying augmented reality in developing innovative science education and enhancing the quality of science teaching and learning Os resultados apresentados e comentados estabelecem um novo algoritmo para uma fonte radioativa planar. Virtual Reality in Neurorehabilitation. Full Text Available This article includes current information on the use of modern IT solutions and virtual- reality VR-based technologies in medical rehabilitation.

A review of current literature on VR-based interventions and their indications, benefits and limitations in patients with nervous system diseases was conducted. The popularity of VR-based training as a tool used for rehabilitation of patients with acute and chronic deficits in both sensory-motor and cognitive disorders is increasing. Still, there is a need for large randomized trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of VR-based rehabilitation techniques in different disease entities.

Facing reality minimizes risk. No obstante, las aves migratorias neotropicales pasan la mayor parte de su ciclo de vida en los habitat tropicales y subtropicales de paises latinoamericanos y caribefios donde viven en una asociacion cercana con las aves residentes. Nonclassical and semiclassical para -Bose states. Motivated by the proposal to simulate para -Bose oscillators in a trapped-ion setup [C.

Huerta Alderete and B. A 95, , The states spanning these bases can be experimentally realized in the trapped-ion simulation via time evolution. The para -Bose states show both nonclassical and semiclassical statistics on their Fock state distribution, asymmetric field quadrature variances, and do not minimize the uncertainty relation for the field quadratures.

These properties are analytically controlled by the para -Bose order and the evolution time; both parameters might be feasible for fine tuning in the trapped-ion quantum simulation. A para -Water Dopant in para -Hydrogen. We present the first simulation study of bosonic clusters doped with an asymmetric top molecule. The path-integral Monte Carlo method with the latest methodological advance in treating rigid-body rotation [Noya, E. The growth pattern of the doped clusters is similar in nature to that of pure clusters.

The para -water molecule appears to rotate freely in the cluster. The presence of para -water substantially quenches the superfluid response of para -hydrogen with respect to the space-fixed frame. Ortho- para -hydrogen equilibration on Jupiter. Voyager IRIS observations reveal that the Jovian para -hydrogen fraction is not in thermodynamic equilibrium near the NH3 cloud top, implying that a vertical gradient exists between the high-temperature equilibrium value of 0. The height-dependent para -hydrogen profile is obtained using an anisotropic multiple-scattering radiative transfer model.

A vertical correlation is found to exist between the location of the para -hydrogen gradient and the NH3 cloud, strongly suggesting that paramagnetic conversion on NH3 cloud particle surfaces is the dominant equilibration mechanism. Below the NH3 cloud layer, the para fraction is constant with depth and equal to the high-temperature equilibrium value of 0. The degree of cloud-top equilibration appears to depend on the optical depth of the NH3 cloud layer. Belt-zone variations in the para -hydrogen profile seem to be due to differences in the strength of the vertical mixing.

Superoxide reaction with tyrosyl radicals generates para -hydroperoxy and para -hydroxy derivatives of tyrosine. Tyrosine-derived hydroperoxides are formed in peptides and proteins exposed to enzymatic or cellular sources of superoxide and oxidizing species as a result of the nearly diffusion-limited reaction between tyrosyl radical and superoxide. However, the structure of these products, which informs their reactivity in biology, has not been unequivocally established. We report here the complete characterization of the products formed in the addition of superoxide, generated from xanthine oxidase, to several peptide-derived tyrosyl radicals, formed from horseradish peroxidase.

RP-HPLC, LC-MS, and NMR experiments indicate that the primary stable products of superoxide addition to tyrosyl radical are para -hydroperoxide derivatives para relative to the position of the OH in tyrosine that can be reduced to the corresponding para -alcohol. In the case of glycyl-tyrosine, a stable 3- 1-hydroperoxyoxocyclohexa-2,5-dienyl -L-alanine was formed. In tyrosyl-glycine and Leu-enkephalin, which have N-terminal tyrosines, bicyclic indolic para -hydroperoxide derivatives were formed 2S,3aR,7aR -3a-hydroperoxyoxo-2,3,3a,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indolecarboxylic acid by the conjugate addition of the free amine to the cyclohexadienone.

It was also found that significant amounts of the para -OH derivative were generated from the hydroxyl radical, formed on exposure of tyrosine-containing peptides to Fenton conditions. The para -OOH and para -OH derivatives are much more reactive than other tyrosine oxidation products and may play important roles in physiology and disease. Para -hydrogen perspectives in hyperpolarized NMR. The first instance of para -hydrogen induced polarization PHIP in an NMR experiment was serendipitously observed in the s while investigating a hydrogenation reaction Seldler et al.

Remarkably a theoretical investigation of the applicability of para -hydrogen as a hyperpolarization agent was being performed in the 's thereby quickly providing a theoretical basis for the PHIP-effect Bowers and Weitekamp, [2].

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The discovery of signal amplification by a non-hydrogenating interaction with para -hydrogen has recently extended the interest to exploit the PHIP effect, as it enables investigation of compounds without structural alteration while retaining the advantages of spectroscopy with hyperpolarized compounds [5]. In this article we will place more emphasis of the future applications of the method while only briefly discussing the efforts that have been made in the understanding of the phenomenon and the development of the method so far.

Producing and quantifying enriched para -H2. The production of enriched para -H 2 is useful for many scientific applications, but the technology for producing and measuring para -H 2 is not yet widespread. We also discuss para -H 2 storage and back conversion rates, and improvements to three techniques thermal conductance, NMR, and solid hydrogen impurity spectroscopy used to quantify the para -H 2 enrichment. Dipolar induced para -hydrogen-induced polarization. Analytical expressions for the signal enhancement in solid-state PHIP NMR spectroscopy mediated by homonuclear dipolar interactions and single pulse or spin-echo excitation are developed and simulated numerically.

It is shown that an efficient enhancement of the proton NMR signal in solid-state NMR studies of chemisorbed hydrogen on surfaces is possible. Employing typical reaction efficacy, enhancement-factors of ca. This result has important consequences for the practical application of the method, since it potentially allows the design of an in-situ flow setup, where the para -hydrogen is adsorbed and desorbed from catalyst surfaces inside the NMR magnet. Time domain para hydrogen induced polarization.

Para hydrogen induced polarization PHIP is a powerful hyperpolarization technique, which increases the NMR sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. However the hyperpolarized signal is created as an anti-phase signal, which necessitates high magnetic field homogeneity and spectral resolution in the conventional PHIP schemes.

This hampers the application of PHIP enhancement in many fields, as for example in food science, materials science or MRI, where low B 0 -fields or low B 0 -homogeneity do decrease spectral resolution, leading to potential extinction if in-phase and anti-phase hyperpolarization signals cannot be resolved. As low field TD-spectrometers are commonly used in industry or biomedicine for the relaxometry of oil-water mixtures, food, nano-particles, or other systems, we compare two variants of para -hydrogen induced polarization with data-evaluation in the time domain TD-PHIP. The results suggest that the time-domain detection of PHIP-enhanced signals opens up new application areas for low-field PHIP-hyperpolarization, such as non-invasive compound detection or new contrast agents and biomarkers in low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI.

Cooling by Para -to-Ortho-Hydrogen Conversion. Catalyst speeds conversion, increasing capacity of solid hydrogen cooling system. In radial-flow catalytic converter, para -hydrogen is converted to equilibrium mixture of para -hydrogen and ortho-hydrogen as it passes through porous cylinder of catalyst. Addition of catalyst increases capacity of hydrogen sublimation cooling systems for radiation detectors. A quarter of a century ago, in October , the first spinal cord injury center in Switzerland was opened at Geneva University Hospital.

At that time all para - and tetraplegics were classified as "high-risk" patients. The available resources for diagnostic assessment were limited to clinical examination and neuroradiological assessment subsequently improved by the introduction of tomography and gas myelography. A great many patients suffered a deteriorated neurological level due to inadequate, multiple transfers between hospitals. Most patients who are paralyzed following a road-traffic accident show severe polytrauma.

Their chances of survival and functional recovery have greatly improved in recent years due to efficient emergency transport by helicopter, admission to an intensive care unit respiratory therapy, prophylactic anticoagulation, gastrointestinal cytoprotection, prevention of pressure sores, etc.

Evaluation of the spine and spinal cord by NMR and CT scan allows precise assessment of the extent of CNS damage and provides additional guide-lines regarding efficient surgical reposition and spinal fusion. Ongoing experimental research in neurophysiology and neurobiochemistry of the brain and spinal cord is presently yielding some interesting results which hold out new hopes for functional recovery in some specific types of incomplete spinal cord trauma. Polymorphism and Modulation of Para -Substituted l-Phenylalanine.

The methyl-substituent in para -methyl-l-phenylalanine has, in contrast to fluorine, no polar interactions with protons of neighboring molecules, which might allow for the well-defined modulation of the crystal structure at K. Para athletes are a high-risk population for inadequate dietary intake leading to insufficiencies in nutrients important to athletic performance.

This is partly due to minimal support and resources, especially in sport nutrition education, combined with limited prior nutrition knowledge and risks associated with different impairment types. Inadequate energy, carbohydrate, protein, iron, and vitamin D status are of particular concern in Para athletes. Assessment of these key nutrients, along with sport nutrition education, is needed to empower Para athletes with the knowledge to understand their individual nutrition needs and maximize athletic performance.

Cooling by conversion of para to ortho-hydrogen. The cooling capacity of a solid hydrogen cooling system is significantly increased by exposing vapor created during evaporation of a solid hydrogen mass to a catalyst and thereby accelerating the endothermic para -to-ortho transition of the vapor to equilibrium hydrogen. Catalyst such as nickel, copper, iron or metal hydride gels of films in a low pressure drop catalytic reactor are suitable for accelerating the endothermic para -to-ortho conversion. Para hydrogen equilibration in the atmospheres of the outer planets.

The thermodynamic behavior of the atmospheres of the Jovian planets is strongly dependent on the extent to which local thermal equilibration of the ortho and para states of molecular hydrogen is achieved. Voyager IRIS data from Jupiter imply substantial departures of the para hydrogen fraction from equilibrium in the upper troposphere at low latitudes, but with values approaching equilibrium at higher latitudes. Data from Saturn are less sensitive to the orth- para ratio, but suggest para hydrogen fractions near the equilibrium value.

Above approximately the K temperature level, para hydrogen conversion can enhance the efficiency of convection, resulting in a substantial increase in overturning times on all of the outer planets. Currently available data cannot definitively establish the ortho- para ratios in the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune, but suggest values closer to local equilibrium than to the 3. Modeling of sub-millimeter wavelength measurements of these planets suggest thermal structures with frozen equilibrium lapse rates in their convective regions.

The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants and the structure of the para-para ammonia dimer. Expressions are derived for the nuclear quadrupole splittings in the E3 and E4 para-para states of NH3 2 and it is shown that these can be matched with the standard expressions for rigid rotors with two identical quadrupolar nuclei. The matching is exact only when the off-diagonal Coriolis coupling is neglected.

However, the selection rules for rotational transitions are just opposite to those for the rigid rotor. The corresponding results are also calculated, with and without the Coriolis coupling, from the six-dimensional vibration-rotation-tunneling VRT wave functions of NH3 2, which were previously obtained by Olthof et al. This study examines the frequency effect of two-word collocations involving " para " "to," "for" e. Collocation frequency effects demonstrate that language speakers…. Study on cross-reactivity to the para group.

In 80 patients, positive to at least one hapten of the para group para -phenylenediamine, diaminodiphenylmethane, benzocaine, PPD mix , patch tests were carried out with freshly prepared solutions of para -phenylenediamine PPD and of 3 selected aromatic compounds related structurally to PPD para -aminophenol, ortho-aminophenol, hydroquinone. The number of positive reactions correlated with the rate of decomposition of the substances as evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. To evaluate if a different rate of oxidation can modify the patch test response, in the same patients and in 10 normal volunteers, tests were carried out with PPD solutions containing the oxidizing agent silver oxide 0.

By this procedure a significant increase in the number of positive responses was observed. The results suggest that the rate of decomposition and therefore the amount of quinone s generated, might be the key to eliciting patch test responses to oxidizable aromatic haptens. Using the ortho- para mixed molecular wavefunctions derived from the Hamiltonian, we calculated the transition moment and frequency of the ortho- para forbidden transitions in the cm- and mm-wave region, and picked up some promising candidate transitions for the spectroscopic detection. As a result, seven hyperfine resolved rotational transitions in the cm-wave region were detected as the ortho- para transition at the predicted frequency within the experimental error range.

This is the first time the electric dipole transition between ortho and para states has been detected in a free isolated molecule. Spectrosc, , 86 Z. A, 39 , , Towards a double field theory on para -Hermitian manifolds. In this paper, we show that the same geometric constructions can be made on any para -Hermitian manifold. The field is interpreted as a compatible pseudo- Riemannian metric. The tangent bundle of the manifold has a natural, metric-compatible bracket that extends the C-bracket of double field theory.

Another section is devoted to the Marsden-Weinstein reduction in double field theory on para -Hermitian manifolds. Finally, we give examples of fields on some well-known para -Hermitian manifolds. The advent of large cosmological sky surveys—ushering in the era of precision cosmology—has been accompanied by ever larger cosmological simulations.

The analysis of these simulations, which currently encompass tens of billions of particles and up to a trillion particles in the near future, is often as daunting as carrying out the simulations in the first place. Therefore, the development of very efficient analysis tools combining qualitative and quantitative capabilities is a matter of some urgency. In this paper, we introduce new analysis features implemented within Para View, a fully parallel, open-source visualization toolkit, to analyze large N-body simulations. A major aspect of Para View is that it can live and operate on the same machines and utilize the same parallel power as the simulation codes themselves.

In addition, data movement is in a serious bottleneck now and will become even more of an issue in the future; an interactive visualization and analysis tool that can handle data in situ is fast becoming essential. The new features in Para View include particle readers and a very efficient halo finder that identifies friends-of-friends halos and determines common halo properties, including spherical overdensity properties. In combination with many other functionalities already existing within Para View, such as histogram routines or interfaces to programming languages like Python, this enhanced version enables fast, interactive, and convenient analyses of large cosmological simulations.

In addition, development paths are available for future extensions. This article describes a database for acute toxicity of PNP derived for calculating a n Utilice en forma segura los productos con cebo para roedores. Siempre que use pesticidas lea la etiqueta del producto y siga todas las indicaciones. A Video Program That Works. Describes the development of "Espanol para ti," a video program for teaching Spanish at the elementary school level.

The program was designed for use in Clark County, Nevada elementary schools and is taught by a certified Spanish teacher via video twice a week, utilizing comprehensible input through visuals, games, and songs that are conducive to…. Both molecules are treated as rigid rotors. The scattering calculations are based on a highly correlated ab initio 4-dimensional 4D potential energy surface recently published. Rotationally inelastic cross sections among the 13 first rotational levels of HCN were obtained using a pure quantum close coupling approach for total energies up to cm The corresponding thermal rate coefficients were computed for temperatures ranging from 5 to K.

The HCN rate coefficients are strongly dependent on the rotational level of the H2 molecule. Significant differences were found due the inclusion of the H2 rotational structure in the scattering calculations. These new rate coefficients will be crucial to improve the estimation of the HCN abundance in the interstellar medium. Determination of inadvertent atrial capture during para -Hisian pacing. Inadvertent capture of the atrium will lead to spurious results during para -Hisian pacing.

We sought to establish whether the stimulation-to-atrial electrogram interval at the proximal coronary sinus stim-PCS or high right atrium stim-HRA could signal inadvertent atrial capture. Para -Hisian pacing with and without intentional atrial capture was performed in 31 patients. A stim-HRA of para -Hisian ventricular capture without atrial capture. In this overlap zone, all patients demonstrated a stim-PCS or stim-HRA interval prolongation of at least 20 ms when the catheter was advanced to avoid deliberate atrial pacing.

Anomalous heat transfer in two polymorphs of para -bromobenzophenone. The temperature dependences of thermal conductivity are presented as the sum of two independent contributions: A comparison is made with the data on the thermal conductivity of a single crystal triclinic polymorph of para -bromobenzophenone. It is established that the contribution corresponding to the thermal conductivity of the orientationally ordered crystal structure depends on the molecular crystal packing, and the characteristic activation energy of the thermal activation contribution, which is caused by the intramolecular vibrations of the C-Br bond, does not depend on the grain size or on the structure of the sample.

Conversion of para and ortho hydrogen in the Jovian planets. A mechanism is proposed which partially equilibrates the para and ortho rotational levels of molecular hydrogen in the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. At lower pressures the ortho- para ratio retains the value at the top of the cloud layer, except for a very small effect from conversion in the thermosphere. The influence of conversion on the specific heat and adiabatic lapse rate is also investigated.

Photodissociation dynamics of the ortho- and para -xylyl radicals. The photodissociation dynamics of the C8H9 isomers ortho- and para -xylyl are investigated in a free jet. The xylyl radicals are generated by flash pyrolysis from 2- 2-methylphenyl - and 2- 4-methylphenyl ethyl nitrite and are excited into the D3 state. REMPI- spectra show vibronic structure and the origin of the transition is identified at 32 cm-1 for the para - and at 32 cm-1 for the ortho-isomer.

Photofragment H-atom action spectra show bands at the same energy and thus confirm H-atom loss from xylyl radicals. To gain further insight into the photodissociation dynamics, velocity map images of the hydrogen atom photofragments are recorded. Their angular distribution is isotropic and the translational energy release is in agreement with a dissociation to products in their electronic ground state. Photodissociation of para -xylyl leads to the formation of para -xylylene C8H8 , while the data for ortho-xylyl agree much better with the isomer benzocyclobutene as the dominant molecular fragment rather than ortho-xylylene.

It proceeds via a combination of scissoring and rotational motion of the -CH2 and -CH3 groups. However, the observed rate constants measured by delaying the excitation and ionization laser with respect to each other are significantly faster than computed ones, indicating intrinsic non-RRKM behaviour. The photodissociation dynamics of the C 8 H 9 isomers ortho- and para -xylyl are investigated in a free jet. The xylyl radicals are generated by flash pyrolysis from 2- 2-methylphenyl - and 2- 4-methylphenyl ethyl nitrite and are excited into the D 3 state.

REMPI- spectra show vibronic structure and the origin of the transition is identified at 32 cm -1 for the para - and at 32 cm -1 for the ortho-isomer. Photodissociation of para -xylyl leads to the formation of para -xylylene C 8 H 8 , while the data for ortho-xylyl agree much better with the isomer benzocyclobutene as the dominant molecular fragment rather than ortho-xylylene. It proceeds via a combination of scissoring and rotational motion of the -CH 2 and -CH 3 groups.

Telemedicine is a growing trend in the provision of medical services. Although the effectiveness of this practice has not been well established, it is likely that developing countries will share this new paradigm with developed ones.

Supporters of telemedicine in Latin America maintain that it will be a useful tool for reducing disparities and improving health care accessibility. Although Latin America might become a place for research and investigation of these procedures, it is not clear how telemedicine could contribute to improving accessibility for disadvantaged populations, or coexist with chronically ill-funded public healthcare systems. Para rubber seed oil: Para rubber seed was macerated in petroleum ether and n-hexane, individually, for 30 min. The extraction was additionally performed by reflux and soxhlet for 6 h with the same solvent and proportion.

Soxhlet extraction by petroleum ether afforded the greatest extractive yield Although antioxidant activity by means of 1, 1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl DPPH assay was insignificantly differed in soxhleted 8. This bright yellow extract was further evaluated on other physicochemical characters. The determined specific gravity, refractive index, iodine value, peroxide value and saponification value were in the range of commercialized vegetable oils used as cosmetic raw material.

Therefore, Para rubber seed oil is highlighted as the promising ecological ingredient appraisal for cosmetics. Transforming of the seed that is by-product of the important industrial crop of Thailand into cosmetics is encouraged accordingly. Increased pesticide concentrations in house dust in agricultural areas have been attributed to several exposure pathways, including agricultural drift, para -occupational, and residential use. To guide future exposure assessment efforts, we quantified relative contributions of these pathways using meta-regression models of published data on dust pesticide concentrations.

From studies in North American agricultural areas published from , we abstracted dust pesticide concentrations reported as summary statistics e. We analyzed these data using mixed-effects meta-regression models that weighted each summary statistic by its inverse variance. Dependent variables were either the log-transformed GM drift or the log-transformed ratio of GMs from two groups para -occupational, residential use.

For the para -occupational pathway, GMs were 2. For the residential use pathway, GMs were 1. The primary purpose of this article is to review the literature on para sport athletic identity and provide avenues for future research direction. First, the authors briefly describe the existing quantitative and qualitative research on para sport athletic identity and, thereby, illustrate the complexities para sport athletes experience regarding the way they describe their participation in competitive sport.

Next, the authors describe how para sport athletes with acquired permanent disabilities and congenital disabilities face similar, yet unique, identity-related challenges. Finally, the authors argue that future researchers should consider examining para sport athletes' identity through narrative identity. Amazon Land Wars in the South of Para. The South of Para , located in the heart of the Brazilian Amazon, has become notorious for violent land struggle. Although land conflict has a long history in Brazil, and today impacts many parts of the country, violence is most severe and persistent here.

The purpose of this article is to examine why. Specifically, we consider how a particular Amazonian place, the so-called South of Para has come to be known as Brazil's most dangerous badland. We begin by considering the predominant literature, which attributes land conflict to the frontier expansion process with intensified struggle emerging in the face of rising property values and demand for private property associated with capitalist development.

From this discussion, we distill a concept of the frontier, based on notions of property rights evolution and locational rents. We then empirically test the persistence of place-based violence in the region, and assess the frontier movement through an analysis of transportation costs. The findings from the analyses indicate that the prevalent theorization of frontier violence in Amazonia does little to explain its persistent and pervasive nature in the South of Para.

To fill this gap in understanding, we develop an explanation based the geographic conception of place, and we use contentious politics theory heuristically to elucidate the ways in which general processes interact with place specific history to engender a landscape of violence. In so doing, we focus on environmental, cognitive, and relational mechanisms and implicated structures , and attempt to deploy them in an explanatory framework that allows direct observation of the accumulating layers of the region's tragic history. We end by placing our discussion within a political ecological context, and consider the implications of the Amazon Land War for the environment.

New ortho- para conversion mechanism in dense solid hydrogen. Analysis of recent measurements of striking changes in the rate of ortho- para conversion of solid H 2 up to 58 GPa shows that the conversion mechanism must differ from that at ambient pressure. A new conversion mechanism is identified in which the emerging excitations are coupled to the converting molecules via electric quadrupole-quadrupole rather than nuclear spin-spin interactions. The latter only initiates conversion while the coupling enhancement associated with the new mechanism is ensured by high compression and a gap closing, with the conversion energy diminishing strongly with increasing pressure.

A Plugin for Para View 3. RVA is designed to provide support in the visualization and analysis of complex reservoirs being managed using multi-fluid EOR techniques. RVA was designed to utilize and enhance the state-of-the-art visualization capabilities within Para View, readily allowing joint visualization of geologic framework and reservoir fluid simulation model results. Additional advanced functionality was provided through the development of custom code to implement data mining capabilities. The built-in functionality of Para View provides the capacity to process and visualize data sets ranging from small models on local desktop systems to extremely large models created and stored on remote supercomputers.

The RVA plugin that we developed and the associated User Manual provide improved functionality through new software tools, and instruction in the use of Para View-RVA, targeted to petroleum engineers and geologists in industry and research. The RVA web site http: Key functionality has been included to support a range of reservoirs visualization and analysis needs, including: Using Para Choice, we model competition between FCEVs, conventional vehicles, and other alternative vehicle technologies in order to understand the drivers and sensitivities of adoption of FCEVs.

Para Choice leverages existing tools such as Autonomie Moawad et al. We then assess impacts of FCEV market penetration and hydrogen use on green- house gas GHG emissions and petroleum consumption, providing context for the role of policy, technology development, infrastructure, and consumer behavior on the vehicle and fuel mix through parametric and sensitivity analyses. Biodegradation of Para Amino Acetanilide by Halomonas sp. Aromatic compounds are known as a group of highly persistent environmental pollutants. In this study, characterization of a new Halomonas isolate called Halomonas sp.

TBZ3 and its employment for biodegradation of para -amino acetanilide PAA , as an aromatic environmental pollutant, is described. This study aimed to characterize the TBZ3 isolate and to elucidate its ability as a biodegradative agent that decomposes PAA. Para -amino acetanilide biodegradation was assessed using spectrophotometry and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy GC-MS. According to our results, Halomonas sp. TBZ3 could be considered as a biological agent for bioremediation of PAA and possibly other similar aromatic compounds.

We recently presented the first attempt at using an asymmetric top molecule para -water to probe the superfluidity of nanoclusters of para -hydrogen [ Zeng , T. Unfortunately, para -water could not be used to probe the para -hydrogen superfluid response. We now report a theoretical simulation of sulfur dioxide rotating in para -hydrogen clusters and show that this asymmetric top can serve as a genuine probe of superfluidity.

With this probe, we predict that as few as four para -hydrogen molecules are enough to form a superfluid cluster, the smallest superfluid system to date. We also propose the concept of "exchange superfluid fraction" as a more precise measurement. New superfluid scenarios brought about by an asymmetric top dopant and potential experimental measurements are discussed.

CYP96T1 of Narcissus sp. The Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are a family of amino acid derived alkaloids with many biological activities; examples include haemanthamine, haemanthidine, galanthamine, lycorine, and maritidine. Central to the biosynthesis of the majority of these alkaloids is a C-C phenol-coupling reaction that can have para-para ', para -ortho', or ortho- para ' regiospecificity.

Through comparative transcriptomics of Narcissus sp. The discovery of CYP96T1 is of special interest because it catalyzes the first major branch in Amaryllidaceae alkaloid biosynthesis. CYP96T1 is also the first phenol-coupling enzyme characterized from a monocot. Crystal growth and DFT insight on sodium para -nitrophenolate para -nitrophenol dihydrate single crystal for NLO applications. Single crystals of sodium para -nitrophenolate para -nitrophenol dihydrate SPPD were grown by slow evaporation technique and its structure has been studied by FT-IR, FT-Raman and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques.

The optical and electrical properties were characterized by UV-Vis spectrum, and dielectric studies respectively. Using the Kurtz-Perry powder method, the second-harmonic generation efficiency was found to be five times to that of KDP. Third-order nonlinear response was studied using Z-scan technique with a He-Ne laser The molecular geometry from X-ray experiment in the ground state has been compared using density functional theory DFT with appropriate basis set.

The first-order hyperpolarizability also calculated using DFT approaches. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions leading to its nonlinear optical activity and charge delocalization were analyzed using natural bond orbital technique. Based on optimized ground state geometries, Natural bond orbital NBO analysis was performed to study donor-acceptor interactions.

Ortho- and para -hydrogen in dense clouds, protoplanets, and planetary atmospheres. If ortho- and para -hydrogen achieve a thermal ratio on dynamical time scales in a molecular hydrogen cloud, then the specific heat is high enough in the temperature range K to possibly induce hydrodynamic collapse. The ortho- para ratio in many interstellar cloud fragments is expected to meet this condition.

The same may have been true for the primitive solar nebula. Detailed hydrodynamic and hydrostatic calculations are presented that show the effects of the assumed ortho- para ratio on the evolution of Jupiter during its protoplanetary phase. Some possible consequences of a thermalized ortho- para ratio in the atmospheres of the giant planets are also discussed. Nuevos sistemas de frecuencia intermedia para el IAR. Persistent molecular superfluid response in doped para -hydrogen clusters. Direct observation of superfluid response in para -hydrogen p-H 2 remains a challenge because of the need for a probe that would not induce localization and a resultant reduction in superfluid fraction.

It is shown here that the lighter carbon monoxide probe molecule allows one to measure the effective inertia of p-H 2 clusters while maintaining a maximum superfluid response with respect to dopant rotation. Microwave spectroscopy and a theoretical analysis based on Feynman path-integral simulations are used to support this conclusion. Para -phenylenediamine PPD is the commonest and most well-known component of hair dyes. Oxidative hair dyes and dark henna temporary tattoos contain PPD.

Individuals may be sensitized to PPD by temporary henna tattooing in addition to dyeing their hair. PPD allergy can cause severe reactions and may result in complications. In recent years, frequency of positive patch test reactions to PPD has been increasing. Cross-sensitization to other contact allergens may occur, in particular to other hair dye components. Hairdressers are at a high risk for PPD allergy and require counseling regarding techniques to minimize exposure and protective measures while handling hair dye.

We focus this review on the current perspectives of diagnosis and management of PPD allergy. Electron impact ionization dynamics of para -benzoquinone. Triple differential cross sections TDCSs for the electron impact ionization of the unresolved combination of the 4 highest occupied molecular orbitals 4b3g, 5b2u, 1b1g, and 2b3u of para -benzoquinone are reported.

These were obtained in an asymmetric coplanar geometry with the scattered electron being observed at the angles The experimental cross sections are compared to theoretical calculations performed at the molecular 3-body distorted wave level, with a marginal level of agreement between them being found. The character of the ionized orbitals, through calculated momentum profiles, provides some qualitative interpretation for the measured angular distributions of the TDCS.

We discuss the ratio of ortho- to para -H2 in photodissociation regions PDRs. We draw attention to an apparent confusion in the literature between the ortho-to- para ratio of molecules in FUV-pumped vibrationally excited states and the total H2 ortho-to- para abundance ratio. These ratios are not the same because the process of FUV pumping of fluorescent H2 emission in PDRs occurs via optically thick absorption lines. Thus gas with an equilibrium ratio of ortho- to para -H2 equal to 3 will yield FUV-pumped vibrationally excited ortho-to- para ratios smaller than 3, because the ortho-H2 pumping rates are preferentially reduced by optical depth effects.

Thus, contrary to what has sometimes been stated in the literature, most previous measurements of the ratio of ortho- to para -H2 in vibrationally excited states are entirely consistent with a total ortho-to- para ratio of 3, the equilibrium value for temperatures greater than K. We present an analysis and several detailed models that illustrate the relationship between the total ratios of ortho- to para -H2 and the vibrationally excited ortho-to- para ratios in PDRs.

Recent Infrared Space Observatory measurements of pure rotational and vibrational H2 emissions from the PDR in the star-forming region S provide strong observational support for our conclusions. This Only Para -hydrogen SpectroscopY OPSY approach uses coherence selection to separate hyperpolarized signals from those of fully relaxed and thermally equilibrated protons. Sequence design, performance, practical aspects and applicability to other hyperpolarization techniques are discussed. Primer registro para Peru del genero Nielsonia Young, Hemiptera: En este articulo se reporta por primera vez para el Peru una especies del genero Nielsonia Young, , de material procedente del Departamento de Tumbes.

El genero ha sido reportada anteriormente de Ecuador, como unico registro para Sudamerica, y America Central. El unico especimen hembra encontra Metabolism of para -aminophenol by rat hepatocytes. Autoxidation of para -aminophenol PAP has been proposed to account for the selective nephrotoxicity of this compound. However, other studies suggest that hepatic metabolites of PAP rather than the parent compound may be responsible for renal damage.

These studies were designed to investigate PAP metabolism in isolated hepatocytes. Hepatocytes prepared from male Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37 degrees C for 5 h with 2. Aliquots were withdrawn at 0. Reactions were terminated by the addition of acetonitrile. Hepatocyte viability was unaltered with PAP present in the incubation medium.

Preincubating hepatoyctes with 1-aminobenzotriazole, an inhibitor of cytochromes P, did not alter the pattern of PAP metabolism. The following table constitutes an initial assessment of feature coverage across the regression test suite used for DYNA3D and Para Dyn. It documents the regression test suite at the time of preliminary release The columns of the table represent groupings of functionalities, e.

Each problem in the test suite is represented by a row in the table. This represents a judgment to provide code developers and users a reasonable impression of feature coverage without expanding the width of the table by several multiples. All regression testing is run in parallel, typically with eight processors, except problems involving features only available in serial mode.

Many are strictly regression tests acting as a check that the codes continue to produce adequately repeatable results as development unfolds; compilers change and platforms are replaced. A subset of the tests represents true verification problems that have been checked against analytical or other benchmark solutions.

Users are welcomed to submit documented problems for inclusion in the test suite, especially if they are heavily exercising, and dependent upon, features that are currently underrepresented. Conformation of ionizable poly Para phenylene ethynylene in dilute solutions. The conformation of dinonyl poly para phenylene ethynylenes PPEs with carboxylate side chains, equilibrated in solvents of different quality is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. PPEs are of interest because of their tunable electro-optical properties, chemical diversity, and functionality which are essential in wide range of applications.

The polymer conformation determines the conjugation length and their assembly mode and affects electro-optical properties which are critical in their current and potential uses. The current study investigates the effect of carboxylate fraction on PPEs side chains on the conformation of chains in the dilute limit, in solvents of different quality. Dinonyl PPEs maintained a stretched out conformation up to a carboxylate fraction f of 0.

The nonyl side chains are extended and oriented away from the PPE backbone in toluene and in implicit good solvent whereas in water and implicit poor solvent, the nonyl side chains are collapsed towards the PPE backbone. Thus, rotation around the aromatic ring is fast and no long range correlations are seen within the backbone. Lacrimal infections by Actinomyces are rare and commonly misdiagnosed for long periods of time. We report a case of a year-old female patient suffering from a para -canalicular abscess in the medial canthus of the left eye, beside the lower punctum lacrimale, resembling a chalazion.

Purulence exited from the punctum lacrimale due to inflammation of the inferior canaliculus canaliculitis. When pressure was applied to the mass, a second exit of purulence was also observed under the palpebral conjunctiva below the lacrimal caruncle. A surgical excision was performed followed by administration of local antibiotic therapy. The histopathological examination of the extracted mass revealed the existence of actinomycosis. Persistent or recurrent infections and lumps of the eyelids should be thoroughly investigated.

Actinomyces as a causative agent should be considered.

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Differential diagnosis is broad and should include canaliculitis, chalazion, and multiple types of neoplasias. For this reason, in nonconclusive cases, a histopathological examination should be performed. Quantum fluctuations increase the self-diffusive motion of para -hydrogen in narrow carbon nanotubes.

Quantum fluctuations significantly increase the self-diffusive motion of para -hydrogen adsorbed in narrow carbon nanotubes at 30 K comparing to its classical counterpart. We find that the zero-point energy and tunneling significantly smoothed out the free energy landscape of para -hydrogen molecules adsorbed in a narrow 6,6 carbon nanotube. This promotes a delocalization of the confined para -hydrogen at 30 K i. Contrary the self-diffusive motion of classical para -hydrogen molecules in a narrow 6,6 carbon nanotube at 30 K is very slow. This is because classical para -hydrogen molecules undergo highly correlated movement when their collision diameter approached the carbon nanotube size i.

On the basis of current results we predict that narrow single-walled carbon nanotubes are promising nanoporous molecular sieves being able to separate para -hydrogen molecules from mixtures of classical particles at cryogenic temperatures. Preparation of ortho- para ratio controlled D2 gas for muon-catalyzed fusion. A negative muon in hydrogen targets, e. The ortho- para state of D2 is a crucial parameter not only for enhancing the fusion rate but also to precisely investigate various muonic atom processes.

We have developed a system for controlling and measuring the ortho- para ratio of D2 gas for muCF experiments. We successfully collected para -enriched D2 without using liquid-hydrogen coolant. Ortho-enriched D2 was also obtained by using a catalytic conversion method with a mixture of chromium oxide and alumina.

The ortho- para ratio of D2 gas was measured with a compact Raman spectroscopy system. By using the ortho- para controlled D2 in muCF experiments, we observed the dependence of muCF phenomena on the ortho- para ratio. In this study, we examined thirty-five prevalent species of human intestinal bacteria to evaluate their capacity to degrade Sudan dyes and Para Red.

Bifidobacterium infantis, Clostridium indolis, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Ruminococcus obeum were able to reduce completely all four tested Sudan dyes and Para Red. Escherichia coli and Peptostreptococcus magnus were the only two strains that were not able to reduce any of the tested Sudan dyes and Para Red to any significant extent. Metabolites of the reduction of the tested Sudan dyes and Para Red by E. Thus it appears that the ability to reduce Sudan dyes and Para Red except Sudan II is common among bacteria in the human colon.

Para -nitrobenzyl esterases with enhanced activity in aqueous and nonaqueous media. A method is disclosed for isolating and identifying modified para -nitrobenzyl esterases. The method involves preparing a library of modified para -nitrobenzyl esterase nucleic acid segments genes which have nucleotide sequences that differ from the nucleic acid segment which encodes for unmodified para -nitrobenzyl esterase.

The library of modified para -nitrobenzyl nucleic acid segments is expressed to provide a plurality of modified enzymes. The clones expressing modified enzymes are then screened to identify which enzymes have improved esterase activity by measuring the ability of the enzymes to hydrolyze the selected substrate under the selected reaction conditions. The ortho- para chemistry of ammonia in the cold interstellar medium is investigated using a gas-phase chemical network. This ratio is found to be independent of temperature in the range K.

The present research concerns para -teachers in India. The literature on para -teachers is dominated by training for special needs settings, largely in developed societies. The origin of this effect is discussed. Comparison of the spectra of methane molecules in para -hydrogen clusters to that in solid para -hydrogen is also presented. The ions were produced from a pulsed solenoid valve source, cooled by supersonic expansion, and interrogated via continuous-wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy. Understanding the complexity of short chain para -dialkylbenzene potential energy surfaces.

The single-conformation ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy of three short-chain para -dialkylbenzenes para -diethylbenzene, para -dipropylbenzene, and para -dibutylbenzene is reported for the jet-cooled, isolated molecules. The present study builds off previous work on single-chain n-alkylbenzenes, where an anharmonic local mode Hamiltonian method was developed to account for stretch-bend Fermi resonance in the alkyl CH stretch region [D. The jet-cooled molecules are interrogated using laser-induced fluorescence LIF excitation, fluorescence dip infrared spectroscopy, and dispersed fluorescence.

Since the barriers to isomerization of the alkyl chain are similar in size, this results in an "egg carton" shaped potential energy surface. A combination of electronic frequency shift and alkyl CH stretch infrared spectra is used to generate a consistent set of conformational assignments. Using these experimental techniques in conjunction with computational methods, subsets of origin transitions in the LIF excitation spectrum can be classified into different conformational families.

Two conformations are resolved in para -diethylbenzene, seven in para -dipropylbenzene, and about nineteen in para -dibutylbenzene. These chains are largely independent of each other as there are no new single-chain conformations induced by the presence of a second chain. Lampreys, the jawless vertebrates, contain only two Para Hox gene clusters. Para Hox genes Gsx , Pdx , and Cdx are an ancient family of developmental genes closely related to the Hox genes.

They play critical roles in the patterning of brain and gut. The basal chordate, amphioxus, contains a single Para Hox cluster comprising one member of each family, whereas nonteleost jawed vertebrates contain four Para Hox genomic loci with six or seven Para Hox genes.

Teleosts, which have experienced an additional whole-genome duplication, contain six Para Hox genomic loci with six Para Hox genes. Jawless vertebrates, represented by lampreys and hagfish, are the most ancient group of vertebrates and are crucial for understanding the origin and evolution of vertebrate gene families. We have previously shown that lampreys contain six Hox gene loci. The possible connection between dwarf elliptical dE , dwarf irregular dI , and blue compact dwarf BCD galaxies, is a subject of sustained interest, with deep consequences on our underestanding of star formation and evolution of galaxies.

However, new observations under sub-arcsec seeing conditions ESO 3. The incidence of these structures on the anomalous profile of N50 is discussed, as well as the particular evolutive stage of this galaxy within the dE-BCD relation. The mechanism of influence of molecular oxygen on the probability of ortho- para conversion of water molecules and its relation to water magnetization are considered within the framework of the concept of paramagnetic spin catalysis.

Matrix elements of the hyperfine ortho- para interaction via the Fermi contact mechanism are calculated, as well as the Maliken spin densities on water protons in H2O and O2 collisional complexes. The mechanism of penetration of the electron spin density into the water molecule due to partial spin transfer from paramagnetic oxygen is considered. The probability of ortho- para conversion of the water molecules is estimated by the quantum chemistry methods.

The results obtained show that effective ortho- para conversion of the water molecules is possible during the existence of water-oxygen dimers. An external magnetic field affects the ortho- para conversion rate given that the wave functions of nuclear spin sublevels of the water protons are mixed in the complex with oxygen. Production and characterization of para -hydrogen gas for matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy. Normal hydrogen n-H2 has 3: In this paper, we describe the design, development and fabrication of the ortho- para converter that is capable of producing enriched p-H2.

The p-H2 thus produced was probed using infrared and Raman techniques. Using infrared measurement, the thickness and the purity of the p-H2 matrix were determined.