Desert Lightning (The Chronicles Of Piye Book 1)

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The page you are attempting to access contains content that is not intended for underage readers. This item has not been rated yet. The Chronicles of Piye is an action packed fantasy series set in ancient Africa. In this collected edition you get all 4 issues of the Chronicles of Piye, detailed maps, name and word glossary, exclusive chibi art and pre-production sketches.

How can I use this format? Log in to rate this item. You must be logged in to post a review. There are no reviews for the current version of this product Refreshing A Biblical Quest Crown Publishers p. Centuries earlier they were 10 to 15 silver shekels, they were 30 silver shekels about the time of Moses, and later they were more expensive. See the Biblical Archaeology Review volume 21 no. While kings can sometimes do strange things, in this case it made very good sense. If Joseph tried to rebel, Egyptians would not follow him.

See Evidence That Demands a Verdict vol. While scholars do not know any of the names of the viziers of Egypt during the centuries around Joseph's time, David M. Rohl in Pharaohs and Kings: Joseph's Egyptian name in Genesis Zat-en-aph means "he who is called", which was a common phrase. We do not have any direct proof, but we do have a couple of pieces of information.

When the foreign Hyksos ruled Egypt, later Egyptians called the foreign rules "the shepherd kings". During the time of Joseph, archaeologists say a large group of Asiatics lived in the Nile Delta. According to Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest p. A secular Egyptologist, David M.

Rohl, has written an entire book on Israel in Egypt. It is called Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest Crown Publishers Not only did he find references to "Habiru", but the Papyrus Brooklyn See also the next question and for a more extensive answer and the discussion on Exodus In general, this was a time when there were many "Asiatics" in Egypt, including Hebrews. Statues, names, and customs show this. In addition, an Egyptian papyrus in the Brooklyn Museum Some of these people were recorded as being specifically from the tribes of Issachar and Asher.

In addition, some Hebrew names are Menahem and Shiphrah. See Pharaoh's and Kings: A Biblical Quest by David M. The Leiden Papyrus gives order to "distribute grain rations to the soldiers and to the 'Apiru who transport stones to the great pylon of Rames[s]es. Shiphrah is in an 18th century list of slaves, and probably comes from Sp-ra fair one , and the name Puah is probably is derived from the Ugaritic word "Pgt" meaning "girl" or "splendid one". An Egyptian Papyrus in the Brooklyn Museum This Shiphrah lived over a hundred years before the Shiphrah mentioned in Exodus. His chief queen was Hatshepsut Meritre different from his mother, the famous Hatshepsut.

His chief queen was named Tia. Amarna tablets B. Clement of Alexandria, in Stromata 1: The name was Rameses used before the 13th century. The skeptical Asimov's Guide to the Bible p. However, secular archaeologist David Rohl in Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest Crown Publishers , p. First you must understand that straw was important to make strong bricks, because it acted as a binder to reduce bricks just crumbling away.

Also while bricks were more common in Mesopotamia than in Egypt, some cities of Egypt such as Pithom were built with brick. The ruins at Pithom show bricks with straw at the lowest level, bricks with only stubble at the intermediate level, and bricks with no fibrous material at the top level. There is no reason to doubt that Moses wrote this. Writing in the third person was not unusual in ancient literature. Other examples include the following:. See the Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties p. Life is no longer possible when the sun is concealed behind the clouds.

Ra [the god] has turned his face from mankind. If only it would shine even for one hour! No one knows when it is midday. One's shadow is not discernible. The sun in the heavens resembles the moon This could refer to the darkness over the land, or it could refer to the eruption of the volcano on the Island of Thera.

Rohl in Pharaoh's and Kings: As Rohl accurately points out though, the large numbers of deaths does not prove or disprove that this was due to a sudden event overnight. In addition, Josephus quotes Manetho about that "a blast of God smote us. Walt Kaiser in A History of Israel p.

Webensu was given a burial in the royal tomb, and he probably was the one who died during the tenth plague.

The second son of Amenhotep II was Khaemwaset, who married before he died. As Kaiser says, "Thus, while the Sphinx Stele cannot be taken as direct proof of the death of the firstborn, enough evidence has been brought to light by Egyptologists to support the early date of the Exodus and the fact that indeed Thutmose IV did not expect to succeed his father to the throne. In Ex 15, is there any evidence of the Hebrews wandering in the Sinai peninsula?

Yes, there is disputable evidence. Can Archaeology Prove the Old Testament p. Sinai describing the parting of the sea, Moses, and catching the quail. The most interesting thing is the language: The historian Diodorus Siculus 10 B. This is probably because there is no way to date the writing on the rock walls. Most of them are in hieroglyphic Egyptian characters, but about 40 inscriptions are in sort of proto-Sinaitic alphabetic script from the 15th century B.

These are the one of the earliest artifacts of alphabetic writing preserved today. The Sinai Peninsula is a south-pointing triangle with the mountains on the southern part, which Exodus The Desert of Sin separates Elim from Sinai. Unfortunately, we do not know the location of many of these campsites, but by looking at them, we can see what is between what. Within the Wilderness of Sinai, there are actually two mountains, close to each other, that fit the location of Mount Sinai.

It has very steep cliffs. The Monastery of St. Catherine is at the foot of this mountain. Many but not all Muslims view this as Mt. The New International Dictionary of the Bible p. Ras es-safsafeh 6, ft meters is two miles 3. It has a wider plain at its foot. However, The New Bible Dictionary p. Muslims sometimes try to say Mt. After all Galatians 4: Sinai is in Arabia. See either The Roman World p. Sinai were really Mecca, that would not make any difference to Christians, except that the stages of Israel's journey would no longer makes sense.

It is apparently important to some Muslims however, as it would give credibility to the idea that Mecca had some part in God's work prior to Mohammed. However, other Muslims, such as the footnote in the Holy Quran: English Translation of the Meanings and Commentary equate Mt. Sinai with Jabal Musa, as do the majority of Christians. Today bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, and brass is a term for an alloy of copper and zinc. Brass was apparently first deliberately made in Roman times, though since copper and zinc do sometimes naturally occur together, brass could have been made much earlier.

They were a means God gave the priests for casting lots to find out God's will. A description of their exact appearance has been lost, except that Josephus claims they were stones on a breastplate. Bronze is an alloy of copper and percent tin. The KJV said brass, because years ago any alloy of copper was called brass. They were very valuable though, as the Wycliffe Dictionary of Biblical Archaeology p.

It also says that in the time of Joshua, the Amarna letters mention a vassal presenting Pharaoh Akhenaton with 32 polished bronze mirrors. The Hittite king gave him one silver mirror. In Lev 11 and Dt 14, could Moses have learned his health principles from the Egyptians? The Egyptian health practices were well-documented and preserved today. Despite the numerous references to the healing powers of worm blood, magic water, fly excrement, and manure, there is no mention in Egyptian texts of the sanitary practices of the Old Testament.

The Egyptians had some sophisticated knowledge though, with 48 types of surgery, according to the Wycliffe Dictionary of Biblical Archaeology p. There is no evidence of this in the Bible either. We have no record of this being performed prior to the Exodus. If Asimov thinks it significant that we have no record of the Day of Atonement Yom Kipper prior to the Exile see the discussion on Lev Someone else could argue with just as little support the opposite, that the Day of Atonement was before the Exodus, and using unleavened bread was after the Exile.

Of course all the scriptures that mention unleavened bread could be dismissed as "additions apparently written after the exile, since unleavened bread indicates a late date.

I am guessing Asimov got this from the Anchor Bible Dictionary volume 6 p. However, this liberal book provides no evidence of this being celebrated outside of the Bible. Apparently this theory started with Julius Wellhausen in the 19th century. As for me, since the only evidence shows the Israelites practicing both here, I choose to go with the evidence. Asimov provides no record of it being observed in Old Testament Post-Exilic times either, but that is beside the point.

One would not expect many records of temple rituals that say "we performed it like we were supposed to do. Likewise, we do not have pre-Exilic records of any Temple ritual, besides what is already written in the Bible. Thus, celebration of the year of Jubilee includes celebration of the Day of Atonement. It would seem strange that Moses would have written down the rituals for the Day of Atonement in Leviticus In Num 1 and Ex 1, how could the Israelites have such a high birth rate to have , men from 67 men in years?

For reference, the annual population growth rates of New Guinea, Indonesia, and Malaysia was 2. The annual population growth rate of central America was about 3. Also for reference, the annual birth rates of New Guinea, Indonesia, and Malaysia were 4. The annual birth rate of Mexico was 4. If the Israelites were free from war and famine for years, and they had a longer lifespan as in Exodus 6: A mixed multitude of non-Israelites went with them Exodus See Bible Questions Answered p. In Num 1 and Ex 1, how could the Sinai Peninsula support over , men plus women and children? Even with were more abundant rainfall back then, it still could not support them as in Exodus That is why the miracles of the manna and quail Exodus 16 were not merely helpful, but necessary.

See also When Critics Ask p. In the early part of the Twentieth century, some pointed to words in Ugaritic Epics that had similarities to the words Asher and Zebulun. Kitchen Ancient Orient and Old Testament p. The Hebrew word can mean either "upon" or "above". Can Archaeology Prove the Old Testament? The Wilderness of Shur on the northwest, bordered by Egypt on the west and the River of Egypt on the east, and Elim on the south.

The Wilderness of Sin on the southwest. It was between Elim [on the north] and Sinai [on the east] according to Exodus The Wilderness of Paran on the southeast. It was bordered by the Wilderness of Sin on the northeast and Kadesh on the west. The Wilderness of Zin on the northeast extending to the Dead Sea and the Arabah on the east and the town of Kadesh on the west.

In Num , what is the extra-Biblical evidence that Balaam was a real person? In , in the Jordan Valley at Beir Allah, archaeologists found a schoolboy's writing practice mentioning Balaam son of Beor three times. This was first published in Listen to the John Ankerberg tape on Exploding the J.

D Theory by Walt Kaiser, Jr. Asimov's Guide to the Bible p. Scripture does not say. However, because of the evil advice he later gave, Balaam's heart was certainly not for God and His people. Instead, the bed was trimmed with iron. Egyptians used iron from meteorites as ornaments and daggers since at least B. Archaeology shows that Egypt had iron implements since B. However, iron was difficult to work with and very expensive, because iron required a higher temperature than bronze or copper.

This verse not refer to a furnace composed of iron, but rather something hotter: In historical times, the weather has varied greatly.

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For example, weather scientists say there as a "Medieval warm epoch" in the last part of the Middle Ages. They have even seen evidence of this in a drought in California in A. Natural History September, For a second example, climatologists say the Sahara was not a desert before around B. There were many furnaces and copper slag found 20 miles 33 km south of the Dead Sea.

Some of the deposits of copper are still visible on the surface. The Expositor's Bible Commentary volume 3 p. The ore came from 60 miles to the south. The oldest copper object in Palestine is from Jericho, as early as B. At that time, this is something the widow would want to do for financial support and the memory and name of her first husband. For examples, see Genesis The Nuzi tablets also say that when a father gets a wife for his son, if the son dies, then the girl marries another son. See the Wycliffe Dictionary of Biblical Archaeology p. Since the time of the New Testament, there is the understanding that believers are to take care of their families, including their extended family, given the strict nature of the command in 1 Timothy 5: Many peoples lived in the land of Canaan.

Colonies of Hittites and Amorites came from Asia Minor. A few Philistines and Sea peoples came at that time from the northwest. One of the more unusual peoples was the Anakim. Most of the Canaanites though, are thought to have come from northern Arabia. A people living today are believed to be "cousins" of the Canaanites; they live in the nation of Qatar. Canaan was governed by a large number of small city-states; they were experienced in war with each other. Their city walls were thicker than Israelite city walls, built centuries later. Both the northern and southern parts of Canaan paid tribute to Egypt.

Joshua conquered thirty-one kings in both parts.

Richard Gaskin

However the plains were not conquered because the Canaanites used chariots, which were effective weapons on the plains. The religion of the Canaanites was both decadent and cruel. Each region worshipped a local lord, or Baal. The Canaanites also venerated the goddess Ashtarte or Ishtar the goddess of sex and war. In one legend her husband, the god Tammuz, was sent to hell by her nice lady! Three "attractive" elements of this religion were sex, violence, and materialism.

They not only sacrificed animals, but their firstborn children had to "pass through the fire". Each temple supported itself by sacrifices and partly by the "holy" prostitution of priestesses. Since the Canaanites had a more sophisticated civilization and their religion certainly appealed to the flesh more than the worship of God, it was a great temptation to the Israelites to turn from the Living God. It is easy to look at the infant murder and prostitution and overlook seeing another really evil thing. A few people murder and become prostitutes in most cultures, but the great evil is this: Can you imagine how nearly impossible it would be to seek after a moral God if the only way you knew was by these ungodly deeds?

Because of the Canaanites' great sin Gen We can ponder how bad sin must become before God annihilates a people, but we really cannot question God's right to do with His own creation as He wishes. Rather, the Hittites had a colony in central Canaan, which included the city of Gibeon. Yes, since Joshua's crossing, the Jordan River has stopped its flow at other times too. In a landslide near the town of Adam blocked the river for 20 hours. However, for the Jordan River bed to be dry ground just after the priests stepped into the Jordan River is unexplainable without the power of God.

It must have been amazing to be one of the Israelites watching the river suddenly dry up, and according to Joshua 4: There is no evidence that there was any pre-Israelite significance of these stones. If the Israelites brought the stones themselves, there would not be any stone altar there prior to the Israelites.

Reproach means shame or rebuke. The reproach was not that the Israelites were slaves, but their disobedience after they left Egypt. As a historical note, roughly half to two-thirds of the Roman, Carthaginian, and Greek populations consisted of slaves. In Josh 6, did the walls of Jericho fall because Israelite sappers dug under the walls while the Canaanites were distracted by the marching, as Asimov's Guide to the Bible p. They only marched around the walls for seven days, which would not have been enough time to tunnel under the walls.

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Remember, ancient peoples did not have explosive charges, so they would have to do extensive digging under the walls. They would have required great precision in their digging, to go the correct depth up the hill and possibly under a ditch. There is no record that the concept of digging under city walls to undermine them was even thought of at that time, 3, years ago. God usually asks that the firstfruits of labor go to Him. In addition, the Israelites did not overthrow the walls of Jericho, God did.

These are almost never found in cities that have been conquered. Jericho is one of the oldest known cities of the world. Archaeologists tell us Jericho was first built roughly B. It was one of many cities destroyed by Amorites circa B. Jericho had a guard tower and two walls: The inner wall was 5 to 10 feet inside of the outer one. Residents built houses on planks between the walls, and Rahab's house was likely that way. The spies then could climb out her window to flee the town.

Jericho was a small to medium-sized city in Palestine on an foot high hill x yards. The hill had a 35 degree slope, and thus battering rams could not break down the walls very well. Jericho occupied 8 acres; by contrast Megiddo occupied 14 acres, and Hazor, the largest city, was on acres.

At most, 10, people lived in Jericho. A spring inside the city supplied water, and Jericho was heavily fortified; it would be difficult to capture. These facts the two spies would have observed and reported to Joshua. In , Bryant G. Wood found strong walls, large quantities of grain meaning a short siege , and no plundering since the grain was still there. John Garstang was the one who first found abundant carbonized grain.

The inner mud-brick walls collapsed over the outer stone wall, forming a convenient ramp. When did this capture take place? Ceramic pottery from Cyprus indicates a date between to B. Egyptian amulets, inscribed with the name of the current Pharaoh, up to Joshua's time. Carbon dating sets the destruction at B. In addition to Hard Sayings of the Bible p. The first two refer to the paper by Bryant G. See also Pharaohs and Kings: No, and there is a good reason too. Ai was a small town that the book of Joshua claims was "totally" destroyed. In battles today, invaders like to have at least a 2: Digging at Et Tell shows a city there, but that city was destroyed in B.

However, another mound close by, called Khirbet Nisya, is probably the site of Ai, and more excavation needs to be done. However, do not forget that since Ai was small and was "totally destroyed", there might not be anything left for the archaeologists to find. Gibeon was a major city founded circa means about B. Archaeologists tell us it was miles kilometers west of Gilgal and 4, feet higher. There were numerous springs and pools inside the city, so it could withstand a long siege. Gibeon was the head of a league of cities including Kearoth-Jearim, Kephirah, and Beeroth.

The total population might be around 50, After seeing the destruction of Jericho and Ai, they decided to make peace with God's people. The Gibeonites were known as good fighters Joshua It is remarkable that they would trust their lives completely to Joshua Joshua 9: It is easy for people with no strength of their own to trust in God's power; it is more difficult for those who are strong to do so.

The Gibeonites prospered in later centuries. When the exiles returned from Babylon, some Gibeonites possibly may have returned as gatekeepers Nehemiah 7: Apparently by serving at the Temple, some descendents of the Gibeonites delighted in the worship of the Lord. Isn't it wonderful that the Gibeonites' salvation came even through the Israelites' sin.

God not only uses good things for His glory, He can even uses our mistakes too! Given the sudden destruction of the Canaanite population, there were not many Canaanites left to write, and fewer still who would want to write about these ignominiously defeated kings. Actually, the Canaanites did not leave much record of their kings in earlier generations either.

Unlike the proud Egyptians, Sumerians, and Hittites, we have few names of any Canaanite kings preserved, outside of the Bible. One might expect that the conquering people would at least keep a historical record of the conquered kings, and that is exactly what happened, -in the Book of Joshua. First of all, no cultures at that time had any writing except for Egypt, the rest of the Mideast, India, and China. The Babylonians were not powerful in Joshua's time. The Kassites conquered Babylon in B. This may have been about the time of the battle loosely recorded in the Bhagavad-Gita, though the battle might also have been earlier.

It is also thought that around B. The point of this being that they were very early times in the Aryan conquest of India when there were few historical records preserved. While we have extensive artifacts from that period, we have little history preserved. The Minoans of Crete had writing, but their civilization was destroyed about B. The Mycenean Greeks who conquered the Minoans were still very barbaric.

Many people do not realize that the Old Greek culture many think about were the Dorian Greeks who conquered the Aegean approximately B. Finally , it should be pointed out that if the sun standing still was an optical effect, or if the Hebrew meant the sun was not shining, this could have been phenomena local to Canaan. Here is the Biblical evidence, followed by the corroborating archaeological evidence. The book of Joshua does not claim every Canaanite city was destroyed. Perhaps Bethel was also destroyed.

In the south, many fortified cities remained according to Joshua From Pharaohs and Kings: Arad, Debir, Jericho, Lachish, and Hazor in the north all have evidence of being destroyed. There is some uncertainty of whether Bethel was at the modern site of Beitin or el-Bireh, but the city at Beitin was destroyed. There is some uncertainty as to whether Hebron was at the modern site of el-Khalil or Tell el-Rumeideh, but whatever city was at el-Khalil was destroyed. At Hormah, there is uncertainty if that was destroyed then or not. The city of Gibeon was abandoned.

There was uncertainty whether Ai was at the modern site of et-Tell or Khirbet Nisya, but the city at Khirbet Nisya was abandoned, and the city at et-Tell was not destroyed. Since the destruction of the small town of Ai was so complete, perhaps the true site of Ai will probably never be found.

Some have been confused because other cities were destroyed later by the Israelites and Egyptians during the time of Judges, and in the part there was the mistaken theory that the Exodus was around B. Hazor and Lachish were destroyed again about that time. Gezer was one of the six most important cities in Palestine. It had a spring inside the city wall, which encompassed 30 acres. It had a foot high rampart that sloped at 45 degrees. On the darker side, remains of sacrificed infants were found at Gezer. See the Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land p. Hazor actually was burned three times according to archaeologists: Who might have burned Hazor the last time Judges Today we actually still have a letter from I-eha-enu Jabin?

Rohl Pharaohs and Kings: However, years is plenty long for a city to be rebuilt. Archaeology actually tells us that the city of Hazor was burned B. Regardless of the bias of critics of the Bible, archaeology tells the story very precisely. See the previous question and Baffling Bible Questions Answered p. Hazor was the largest city in all Canaan with an area of to acres and a maximum population of 40, Hazor had unusual shape. There was an inner bastion of around 14 acres, and a double wall on the far end with feet between the two walls.

It was feet 5 football fields long, and feet wide at its widest. In the time of Judges 4, Hazor again rose to power and oppressed the Israelites, until Barak and the Israelites defeated them. Amorite city captured before crossing the Jordan. Amorite city with very good cattle grazing nearby. A strongly fortified Amorite city of 10, Burned about B. Amorite city by Bethel. The site has not been found, and probably never will be due to its total destruction Jerusalem: This Jebusite Amorite city probably was the most strongest fortified city in Joshua's time and later.

It occupied 14 acres then. It was not captured Joshua A captured Amorite city also called Kiriath Arba. Some Anakites lived here. It was either at the modern site of el-Khalil or Tell el-Rumeideh. The site of el-Khalil was burned about B. A small Amorite city: Impressive captured Amorite fort occupying 18 acres.

An Amorite and later Philistine city. Defeated but not captured Joshua Sacrificed infants' remains were found in buried jars there. Caleb's father, Jephunneh, was a Kennizzite. It was 9 acres in size and built c. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land p. Not much is known about this southern city. The Israelites were defeated here before they wandered for forty years. The archaeological evidence for its burning is uncertain Arad: Captured in the southern campaign. It was thoroughly burned c. Important city captured in Judges 1: It is the Bible's second most mentioned city.

It is not certain whether it was at the modern site of Beitin or el-Bireh. The site at Beitin was burned about B. There were two Tappuahs. The northern one is likely meant here; the one in Judah was a small village. Not much is known about this city. Large city of 40 acres founded B. Largest city of Canaan, it was - acres. Little known about this city. Probably not captured by Joshua. This city later was allied with Hazor against Israel. Near Megiddo, this well-fortified city was not taken, though its army was defeated.

This city was never captured. It was a small, strong fort of 6 hectares with 6 feet wide walls. Later became a city of refuge for the Levites. City was not captured Judges 1: Little is known about this city. It was first built circa B. In Jdg, is there evidence from other lands of Israelites during the period of the judges? Yes, the Stela of Pharaoh Merenpta B. Here are the periods. Archaeologist John Garstang has determined that the periods of rest mentioned in Judges were so because the Egyptians exerted their control over the coastal Canaanites. Jabin of Hazor chariots Jdg 4: In Jdg, were the periods of each judge and oppression consecutive, or were some simultaneous?

The Book of Judges does not explicitly say, 1 Kings 6: These would make the periods of Judges non-overlapping. While Asimov's Guide to the Bible p. See the discussion on Exodus 5: They defeated the Jebusites, and set fire to part of the city. Archaeology tells us there were two styles of chariots in the ancient world. The chariots of Egypt were light, two-wheeled vehicles that carried two people. They were made primarily out of wood and leather, and provided very little protection against arrows. The chariots of the other nations were heavy wagon-like vehicles with three to four people.

They provided some protection against arrows. These chariots had a lot more metal on them. This was a fairly large city, though archaeology shows it was smaller than Hazor. It was also called "Laish" and was in the very northern part of Canaan.

However, Amorites also lived outside of Canaan in Syria and northern Mesopotamia. While the name here is in a plural form, it refers to multiple statues of the same goddess, not different goddesses. She was the goddess of sex, fertility in general, and often war. She was called "Ishtar" by the Babylonians, "Inanna" by the earlier Sumerians, 'ttrt" at Ugarit, "'strt" in Phoenicia, " and "Astarte" in Greek script. Note that there is also a goddess named "Asherah", also known to the Sumerians, southern Arabs, the people of Ugarit as "Athiratu-yammi", and to the Babylonians as "Ashratum" and to the Egyptians as "Abdi-Ashirta".

First of all, it does not say Babylon or Assyria, which were weak at this time , but Aram Naharaim. According to the Bible Knowledge Commentary: In other words, it is the part of Mesopotamia in modern Syria between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Mount Tabor pronounced "TA-bor" with a long a and a short o was a cone of rock feet high, feet above sea level. It is about 10 miles, or 16 kilometers, from the Kishon pronounced "KI-shon" , a seasonal river. It would be difficult for chariots to go to the top of Mount Tabor. It says "The destruction of Shechem by Abimelech c. Accord to Biblical Archaeology Review Jan.

It was first occupied about B. In Jdg , can the story of Samson be made to fit into the type of solar myths common in ancient times, as Asimov's Guide to the Bible p. Asimov asserts two things, that Samson was a type of the solar myths p. However, the liberal Harper's Bible Dictionary p. Strong's Concordance says it means "languishing". Probably as much evidence could be made of Samson being taken from Aztec mythology 2, years in the future , as from alleged solar myths.

Remember that much of Greek and Roman mythology that we know today did not exist at this time. Benjamin was prosperous until this Civil War. Asimov gives no evidence, archaeological or otherwise, of Benjamin being prosperous at the end of the book of Judges. In contrast, Saul says he is from the least of the tribes of Israel in 1 Samuel 9: Here is what the Bible says about Jabesh-Gilead.

Saul rescued the city from the Ammonites in 1 Samuel After Saul was killed, the men of Jabesh-Gilead took Saul's body and buried it. David praised them for doing so 2 Samuel 2: The archaeologist Glueck found what probably is Jabesh-Gilead, and it had city walls. It is interesting, that with no further evidence, Asimov can conclude that Jabesh-Gilead was a flourishing city, and no destruction was possible.

Cities, especially fortified ones, can eventually make a comeback, but to use the above scant evidence that Jabesh-Gilead was so flourishing that it could never have been destroyed is amazing for one like Asimov, who was careful in scientific endeavors. Unfortunately, Asimov made a similar mistake in his evaluation of Hazor, except in that case archaeological evidence refuting him was abundant. See the three questions on Joshua It covered the events from about B. The Assyrian captivity of all the northern tribes in B. Wiseman have provided more specific information for dating the Chaldean kings in the period B.

Consequently the dates for the fall of Samaria in B. The captivity of Dan, which happened about B. When Critics Ask p. In 1 Sam 4: According to The Expositor's Bible Commentary vol. According to William H. Shea, the first four lines read "Unto the field we came, unto Aphek from Shiloh. It returned to Kiriath Jearim. The companion of the foot soldiers, Hophni, came to tell the elders, 'A horse has come and upon it was my brother for us to bury'" There is apparently some uncertainty about the reading, though. The Expositor's Bible Commentary vol.

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In 1 Sam 5: The Philistines were the still formidable remnants of a powerful and sophisticated sea peoples from more ancient times. They were skilled at smelting iron and using chariots in warfare. As all or part of the "Sea Peoples", they were defeated in a naval battle off of the coast of Egypt about B. They may have been the same people who destroyed the Hittite capital of Khattushah.

An interesting piece of trivia is that while dogs were often not thought of very highly in the Mideast, the Biblical Archaeology Review Jan. We are not aware of any warfare of the Philistines among themselves. They had many powerful warriors, and after defeating them, David enlisted some of their soldiers as his elite guard.

Baal was said to be the son of Dagon in the Ugaritic religion. The Babylonians as well as the Philistines worshipped Dagon. Dagon was worshipped in Canaan prior to both the Israelites and Philistines, and as late as B. In 1 Sam 6: Scripture does not say, but a skeptical work, Asimov's Guide to the Bible p. Though Beth-Shemesh was far from Philistia proper, it was still under Philistine influence. Archaeologists have found numerous Philistine artifacts from Beth-Shemesh from this time.

Perhaps the Philistines did not mind Israelites under their influence to have it, but they did not want to give it back to the Ephraimites. Most Hebrew manuscripts have 50,, and a few Hebrew manuscripts have Scholars disagree as to which was the original number. Gleason Archer in Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties p. Archer points out that neither pattern is followed in the translation "70 man 50, man". This is probably why Green's Literal Translation says "70 among the people, [including] 50 chief men".

Archer also mentions that textual errors are more frequent in 1 Samuel than in any other Old Testament book. A few Hebrew manuscripts do not have 50,, and Josephus in Antiquities of the Jews 6. The Expositor's Bible Commentary p. Changing the spacing before one letter to after the letter changes the meaning from "He struck down among the people seventy men [and] fifty thousand men" to "He struck down the people for seven days, men for five days, a thousand men" This was suggested by R. Ending or Noun in Isaiah 3: The Hebrew does not necessarily mean males, but can refer to men and women.

Beth-Shemesh was an ancient town, first settled before Abraham's time. While the New Bible Dictionary p. An estimate of the population of both the town and surrounding farms is only 20, people. The number here is not necessarily 50, but only 70, or possibly 1, See the previous question for the arguments pro and con for this point. If it was in fact 50, people, this number would undoubtedly include people who came from other towns to gawk at the ark. In 1 Sam 7: The Bible Knowledge Commentary: The liberal Dummelow's Bible Commentary p.

The New Bible Dictionary p. The liberal Harper's Bible Dictionary p. Until this century, the Hebrew word here "pim" was not known elsewhere, so the translators of the King James Version and the New American Standard Bible could not have known what it meant. However, the New International Bible Dictionary p. The NKJV leaves the word "pim" untranslated, but says in a footnote that it is two-thirds of a shekel. The Massoretic text says six cubits and a span, or roughly 9 feet 9 inches. The Liberal Harper's Bible Dictionary p. Regardless of whether he was the size of a professional football linebacker or even taller, he would be menacing to a young teenage boy.

As a side note, modern people are significantly taller than ancient people are, and scientists are not sure why.

Apis the Bull God - Biblical Archaeology in Egypt (Bible History Online)

One view was that since Americans eat animals that have been given drugs that make them grow larger, people are larger. The problem with the view is that European farmers must obey laws against using these drugs. Europeans today are as tall as Americans today. A coat of mail is not the uniform a postal worker wears! Rather, it is a heavy suit of armor. David as a youth was unable to wear Saul's heavy armor in 1 Samuel For reference, armor for knights in the Middle Ages weighed over pounds. In 2 Sam 5: Scholars are not certain what Millo was, but the Wycliffe Bible Dictionary p.

Regardless, it had strategic importance, as David built it up, Solomon strengthened it 1 Kings 9: This town was east of the Jordan and south of the Sea of Galilee. Lo-Debar would be a safe place far from Jerusalem, across the Jordan River, and close to the desert where David could make an escape to the desert if he needed to do so. Lo-Debar also means "no thing". The Expositor's Bible Commentary volume 6 p. Uzziah died between and B. The word "earth" here can mean either "earth" or else the "land", i.

The other Mideast Kingdoms were in disarray, and Solomon was even wealthier than Egypt. Thus, Solomon was the most prosperous ruler in the land of the Mideast, the world that they knew, at this time. He was also at the least, one of the more prosperous rulers in the world. In the Americas, besides the Olmecs in Mexico and a few Mayans, American civilizations were very primitive around B. In China, this was the time of King Khao B. King Khao died in a battle on the Han River. In India, until about A. The Aryans were not just one kingdom, though, but a number of tribes. The Aryans spread east and south to the great valley of the Ganges River and beyond, clearing forests with fire, whenever necessary, to create space for their settlements.

Their chronically feuding little states evolved into fewer and larger kingdoms and republics with permanent capitals and sprawling bureaucracies. Thus China had the only king to vie with Solomon as the richest ruler in the world. Here is the chronology, taken from The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Start of reign King ca.

While scripture does not say, we can see a few specific details and speculate on the general reason. However, possibly temporary repentance for an action does not necessarily mean the person has come to God. However, Jehoshaphat might just have been optimistic here.

According to the Biblical Archaeology Review Jan. In general , Jehoshaphat was careful to follow God himself, but this and 2 Chronicles My father was king of Moab for thirty years and I became king after my father: Omri was king of Israel and oppressed Moab many days, for Chemosh was angry with his land.

And his son succeeded him and he also said, I will oppress Moab. In my days he said this: I have had the ditches of Qerihoh dug by Israelite prisoners The Moabite stone says the Israelites were defeated. Yes, Assyrian records called this god "Ramanu" the thunderer. See The Expositor's Bible Commentary volume 4 p. According to the Expositors Bible Commentary volume 4 p.

Both are true, since it depends on the counting system in use. Ahaziah succeeded Jehoram in B.