Fear

While they learned to avoid pressing on them, they did not distance themselves from these shock-inducing levers. Several brain structures other than the amygdalae have also been observed to be activated when individuals are presented with fearful vs. In threatening situations insects, aquatic organisms, birds, reptiles, and mammals emit odorant substances, initially called alarm substances, which are chemical signals now called alarm pheromones "Schreckstoff" in German.

This is to defend themselves and at the same time to inform members of the same species of danger and leads to observable behavior change like freezing, defensive behavior, or dispersion depending on circumstances and species. For example, stressed rats release odorant cues that cause other rats to move away from the source of the signal. After the discovery of pheromones in , alarm pheromones were first described in in ants [52] and earthworms, [53] and four years later also found in mammals, both mice and rats.

Earlier, in , a link between odors released by stressed rats and pain perception was discovered: By using the forced swimming test in rats as a model of fear-induction, the first mammalian "alarm substance" was found.

In a connection between alarm chemosignals in mice and their immune response was found. In , it was demonstrated that rats' alarm pheromones had different effects on the "recipient" rat the rat perceiving the pheromone depending which body region they were released from: Pheromone production from the face modified behavior in the recipient rat, e. It was not until that a link between severe pain, neuroinflammation and alarm pheromones release in rats was found: The neurocircuit for how rats perceive alarm pheromones was shown to be related to the hypothalamus , brainstem , and amygdalae , all of which are evolutionary ancient structures deep inside or in the case of the brainstem underneath the brain away from the cortex, and involved in the fight-or-flight response , as is the case in humans.

Alarm pheromone-induced anxiety in rats has been used to evaluate the degree to which anxiolytics can alleviate anxiety in humans. For this the change in the acoustic startle reflex of rats with alarm pheromone-induced anxiety i. Pretreatment of rats with one of five anxiolytics used in clinical medicine was able to reduce their anxiety: Faulty development of odor discrimination impairs the perception of pheromones and pheromone-related behavior, like aggressive behavior and mating in male rats: The enzyme Mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 MAPK7 has been implicated in regulating the development of the olfactory bulb and odor discrimination and it is highly expressed in developing rat brains, but absent in most regions of adult rat brains.

Conditional deletion of the MAPK7gene in mouse neural stem cells impairs several pheromone-mediated behaviors, including aggression and mating in male mice. These behavior impairments were not caused by a reduction in the level of testosterone, by physical immobility, by heightened fear or anxiety or by depression. Using mouse urine as a natural pheromone-containing solution, it has been shown that the impairment was associated with defective detection of related pheromones, and with changes in their inborn preference for pheromones related to sexual and reproductive activities.

Lastly, alleviation of an acute fear response because a friendly peer or in biological language: The term is in analogy to the "buffering" hypothesis in psychology, where social support has been proven to mitigate the negative health effects of alarm pheromone mediated distress. A bee colony exposed to an environment of high threat of predation did not show increased aggression and aggressive-like gene expression patterns in individual bees, but decreased aggression.

That the bees did not simply habituate to threats is suggested by the fact that the disturbed colonies also decreased their foraging. Biologists have proposed in that fear pheromones evolved as molecules of "keystone significance", a term coined in analogy to keystone species. Pheromones may determine species compositions and affect rates of energy and material exchange in an ecological community. Thus pheromones generate structure in a food web and play critical roles in maintaining natural systems. Evidence of chemosensory alarm signals in humans has emerged slowly: Although alarm pheromones have not been physically isolated and their chemical structures have not been identified in humans so far, there is evidence for their presence.

Androstadienone , for example, a steroidal, endogenous odorant, is a pheromone candidate found in human sweat, axillary hair and plasma. The closely related compound androstenone is involved in communicating dominance, aggression or competition; sex hormone influences on androstenone perception in humans showed a high testosterone level related to heightened androstenone sensitivity in men, a high testosterone level related to unhappiness in response to androstenone in men, and a high estradiol level related to disliking of androstenone in women.

A German study from showed when anxiety-induced versus exercise-induced human sweat from a dozen people was pooled and offered to seven study participants, of five able to olfactorily distinguish exercise-induced sweat from room air, three could also distinguish exercise-induced sweat from anxiety induced sweat.

The acoustic startle reflex response to a sound when sensing anxiety sweat was larger than when sensing exercise-induced sweat, as measured by electromyograph analysis of the orbital muscle, which is responsible for the eyeblink component. This showed for the first time that fear chemosignals can modulate the startle reflex in humans without emotional mediation; fear chemosignals primed the recipient's "defensive behavior" prior to the subjects' conscious attention on the acoustic startle reflex level.

In analogy to the social buffering of rats and honeybees in response to chemosignals, induction of empathy by "smelling anxiety" of another person has been found in humans. A study from provided brain imaging evidence that human responses to fear chemosignals may be gender-specific. Researchers collected alarm-induced sweat and exercise-induced sweat from donors extracted it, pooled it and presented it to 16 unrelated people undergoing functional brain MRI. While stress-induced sweat from males produced a comparably strong emotional response in both females and males, stress-induced sweat from females produced a markedly stronger arousal in women than in men.

Statistical tests pinpointed this gender-specificity to the right amygdala and strongest in the superficial nuclei. Since no significant differences were found in the olfactory bulb , the response to female fear-induced signals is likely based on processing the meaning, i. An approach-avoidance task was set up where volunteers seeing either an angry or a happy cartoon face on a computer screen pushed away or pulled toward them a joystick as fast as possible. Volunteers smelling anandrostadienone, masked with clove oil scent responded faster, especially to angry faces, than those smelling clove oil only, which was interpreted as anandrostadienone-related activation of the fear system.

Androstadienone is known to influence activity of the fusiform gyrus which is relevant for face recognition. A drug treatment for fear conditioning and phobias via the amygdalae is the use of glucocorticoids. The glucocorticoid receptors were inhibited using lentiviral vectors containing Cre-recombinase injected into mice. Results showed that disruption of the glucocorticoid receptors prevented conditioned fear behavior.

The mice were subjected to auditory cues which caused them to freeze normally. However, a reduction of freezing was observed in the mice that had inhibited glucocorticoid receptors.

Cognitive behavioral therapy has been successful in helping people overcome their fear. Because fear is more complex than just forgetting or deleting memories , an active and successful approach involves people repeatedly confronting their fears. By confronting their fears in a safe manner a person can suppress the "fear-triggering memories" or stimuli. Another psychological treatment is systematic desensitization, which is a type of behavior therapy used to completely remove the fear or produce a disgusted response to this fear and replace it.

The replacement that occurs will be relaxation and will occur through conditioning. Through conditioning treatments, muscle tensioning will lessen and deep breathing techniques will aid in de-tensioning. Other methods for treating or coping with one's fear was suggested by life coach Robin Sharma. A person could keep a journal in which they write down rational thoughts regarding their fears. Journal entries are a healthy method of expressing one's fears without compromising their safety or causing uncertainty.

Another suggestion is a fear ladder. To create a fear ladder, one must write down all of their fears and score them on a scale of one to ten. Next, the person addresses their phobia, starting with the lowest number. Finding solace in religion is another method to cope with one's fear.

Having something to answer your questions regarding your fears, such as, what happens after death or if there is an afterlife, can help mitigate one's fear of death because there is no room for uncertainty as their questions are answered.

How Fear Works

Religion offers a method of being able to understand and make sense of one's fears rather than ignore them. The fear of the end of life and its existence is in other words the fear of death. The fear of death ritualized the lives of our ancestors. These rituals were designed to reduce that fear; they helped collect the cultural ideas that we now have in the present. The results and methods of human existence had been changing at the same time that social formation was changing. One can say [ by whom? The result of this fear forced people to unite to fight dangers together rather than fight alone.

When people are faced with their own thoughts of death, they either accept that they are dying or will die because they have lived a full life or they will experience fear.

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A theory was developed in response to this, which is called the Terror Management Theory. The theory states that a person's cultural worldviews religion, values, etc. To help manage their terror, they find solace in their death-denying beliefs, such as their religion. Another way people cope with their death related fears is pushing any thoughts of death into the future or by avoiding these thoughts all together through distractions.

How Fear Works | HowStuffWorks

People who have lived a full life, typically do not fear death because they believe that they have lived their life to the fullest. Religions are filled with different fears that humans have had throughout many centuries. The fears aren't just metaphysical including the problems of life and death but are also moral. Death is seen as a boundary to another world. That world would always be different depending on how each individual lived their lives.

The origins of this intangible fear are not found in the present world. In a sense we can assume that fear was a big influence on things such as morality. This assumption, however, flies in the face of concepts such as moral absolutism and moral universalism — which would hold that our morals are rooted in either the divine or natural laws of the universe, and would not be generated by any human feeling, thought or emotion.

From a theological perspective, the word "fear" encompasses more than simple fear. Strimple says that fear includes the ". Fear in religion can be seen throughout the years, however, the most prominent example would be The Crusades. However, the message was misinterpreted and as a result, innocent people were slaughtered. Although the Crusades were meant to stay between the Muslims and the Christians, the hate spread onto the Jewish culture. Jewish people who feared for their lives, gave into the forced conversion of Christianity because they believed this would secure their safety.

Other Jewish people feared betraying their God by conceding to a conversion, and instead, secured their own fate, which was death. It can also be argued that Christians feared their religion not being the primary religion, and this is why they committed mass murder. Fear may be politically and culturally manipulated to persuade citizenry of ideas which would otherwise be widely rejected or dissuade citizenry from ideas which would otherwise be widely supported. In contexts of disasters, nation-states manage the fear not only to provide their citizens with an explanation about the event or blaming some minorities, but also to adjust their previous beliefs.

Fear can alter how a person thinks or reacts to situations because fear has the power to inhibit one's rational way of thinking. As a result, people who do not experience fear, are able to use fear as a tool to manipulate others. People who are experiencing fear, seek preservation through safety and can be manipulated by a person who is there to provide that safety that is being sought after. Words become more real than reality" [83] By this, a manipulator is able to use our fear to manipulate us out the truth and instead make us believe and trust in their truth.

Politicians are notorious for using fear to manipulate the people into supporting their will. Through keywords and key phrases such as, "it is for your safety," or "it is for the safety of this country," politicians invoke fear within people that their safety is at stake, and people will ultimately follow in line in order for their safety to be restored.

Fear is found and reflected in mythology and folklore as well as in works of fiction such as novels and films. Works of dystopian and post apocalyptic fiction convey the fears and anxieties of societies.

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The fear of the world's end is about as old as civilization itself. Such might constructively provoke discussion and steps to be taken to prevent depicted catastrophes. Many stories also include characters who fear the antagonist of the plot. One important characteristic of historical and mythical heroes across cultures is to be fearless in the face of big and often lethal enemies.

In the world of athletics fear is often used as a means of motivation to not fail. In this case the fear that is being created is initially a cognitive state to the receiver.

Fear of failure as described above has been studied frequently in the field of sport psychology. Tim Ferriss Why you should define your fears instead of your goals Posted Jun Caroline Paul To raise brave girls, encourage adventure Posted Mar Carrie Poppy A scientific approach to the paranormal Posted Mar Erika Gregory The world doesn't need more nuclear weapons Posted Jan Dena Simmons How students of color confront impostor syndrome Posted Dec Isaac Lidsky What reality are you creating for yourself? Exclusive articles about Fear. He's got a transmitter embedded in his head that'll lead us right to him.

Well, this confirms the point of Perseus was to train telepathic commanders to work with cloned soldiers, although Paxton Fettel was the only commander of the program. The weird thing is they refer to him as the second prototype. More info on Origin: If you want a telepathic commander, you need a telepath.

And it was a woman. Says here she gave live birth to the prototypes. Seems Wade wasn't convinced the psychic characteristics were genetic. He figured there was better chance they'd be passed along if the fetus gestated inside the subject.

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So they put her in a coma, made her carry a genetically engineered baby to term, then induced labor. Here's some more info about Fettel: It says the first prototype didn't work out, Fettel was the second, and there was never a third. They just pulled the plug a few years after he was born.

I figured out what a synchronicity event is. There was an incident when they lost control of Fettel, he just suddenly started freaking out. He was only about ten years old at the time, but I guess he killed a few people.

In the investigation, they discovered that there had been a telepathic link between Fettel and Alma even though she was in a coma. They concluded that she was influencing him. That's must've been why they pulled the plug on Origin. It's starting to make sense. The name of the woman they used for Origin is Alma. That's who Fettel's looking for. She was just a kid. Says here Alma was eight years old when Origin started up. They used a little girl. No wonder they're so fucking anxious to keep a lid on this mess.

We are brothers, you and I. They want to destroy her. But I think she's suffered enough. We put her in there two days before her eighth birthday. She died six days after we pulled the plug. You have to destroy this facility, before he lets her out. There are four pylons. Damage the reactor cells and you'll trigger a chain reaction. Blow the whole place to hell, where it belongs. We still don't know the extent of the damage. We haven't been able to get through to anyone since the explosion.

What happened to her? After a loud crash is heard What was that sound? I just wanted to assure you that the Origin situation has been resolved. But so much for discretion. There is some good news, however: Updated Hands-On - Single-Player". Official for Xbox ". Archived from the original on October 11, Archived from the original PDF on Retrieved 25 June Retrieved April 26, Retrieved 26 June Review for Xbox ".

Computer Games Magazine Retrieved January 25, Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association. Archived from the original on February 21, Archived from the original on September 18, Perseus Mandate Announced; Screenshots". Extraction Point Perseus Mandate F. Plasma Pak Blood II: The Chosen The Nightmare Levels. A Spy in H. Criminal Origins Condemned 2: