Army Manual AP Cyberspace Ops Concept Capability Plan

The AFC-I describes extending the intelligence enterprise from national to tactical echelons, organizing the force to support the regionally aligned expeditionary Army forces, leveraging technology to enable Soldiers, and developing professionals to deliver information and intelligence to commanders as they execute joint combined arms operations. While technology is a central enabler to this effort, the Army must produce agile, adaptive, culturally aware, and innovative leaders and Soldiers who provide the intelligence commanders and units need to win against adaptive enemies.

The sources of these failures are simple, observable, and lamentably, often repeated. They are also preventable, and that is the point of 'red teaming'. Our methods and education involve more than Socratic discussion and brainstorming. We believe that good decision processes are essential to good outcomes. To that end, our curriculum is rich in divergent processes, red teaming tools, and liberating structures, all aimed at decision support. We educate people to develop a disposition of curiosity, and help them become aware of biases and behavior that prevent them from real positive change in the ways they seek solutions and engage others.

We borrow techniques, methods, frameworks, concepts, and best practices from several sources and disciplines to create an education, and practical applications, that we find to be the best safeguard against individual and organizational tendencies toward biases, errors in cognition, and groupthink. Red teaming is diagnostic, preventative, and corrective; yet it is neither predictive or a solution.

Our goal is to be better prepared and less surprised in dealing with complexity.

Army Capstone Concept' ACC describes our vision of the future operational environment, the role of the Army in the joint force, and the broad capabilities required by future Army forces. Greater speed, quantity, and reach of human interaction and increased access to military capabilities make the operational environment more unpredictable and complex, driving the likelihood and consequence of disorder. The ACC provides a guide to how the Army will apply available resources to overcome these challenges and prevent, shape and win in support of recent strategic guidance.

The ACC also serves as the foundation for a campaign of learning that will evaluate and refine its major ideas and required capabilities. Finally, the ACC provides a roadmap for development of a comprehensive investment strategy that will rebalance the Army's force structure, readiness, and modernization efforts in support of national strategy. TRADOC Pam establishes that, to meet the challenges of the future operational environment, the Army must maintain a credible capacity to 'win decisively' and support combatant commanders across a wide range of military operations at home and abroad. The credibility of our Army, robust, ready, and modernized, underpins our ability to prevent conflict, shape the operational environment, and win the Nation's wars as part of the joint force.

Army Profession Campaign, Annual Report []. It is based on feedback from members of the Army Profession through various mediums. This report assesses the status of the Profession after a decade of persistent conflict and provides recommendations to strengthen the Army Profession. This report also provides a baseline assessment of the Army Profession to be used in subsequent years' assessments.

This document "describes what the Army must do to develop forces capable of conducting intelligence collection, analysis, and dissemination in support of commanders and facilitate understanding of the operational environment, the enemy, terrain, and civil considerations in support of military operations. In addition to the warfighting challenges of the future, the Army also faces a number of institutional challenges. The rapid pace of technological change, prolonged acquisition timelines, and growing resource constraints make it necessary for the Army to adopt a more responsive approach to capabilities development.

This significant change will enable more effective input into the major budget and programming decisions across our Army. United States Army Operating Concept: This document "describes how future Army forces conduct operations as part of the joint force to deter conflict, prevail in war, and succeed in a wide range of contingencies in the future operational environment. It describes the employment of Army forces in the timeframe with emphasis on the operational and tactical levels of war.

In addition to describing broadly how Army headquarters organize and direct the employment of their forces, the concept describes the major categories of Army operations and identifies the capabilities required of Army forces to guide and prioritize future force development. The ideas discussed in this document will guide revisions in Army doctrine, organizations, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, and facilities.

These ideas will also enhance the integration of Army forces with a wide array of domestic and international partners. The challenges of future armed conflict make it imperative for the Army to produce leaders and forces that exhibit a high degree of operational adaptability. This document describes "the broad capabilities the Army will require in It provides a guide to how the Army will apply available resources to overcome adaptive enemies and accomplish challenging missions.

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It provides a foundation for a campaign of learning and analysis that will evaluate and refine the concept's major ideas and required capabilities. Ultimately, prioritized capabilities that emerge from this concept and subordinate, more detailed concepts will guide changes in doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leader development and programs related to the human dimension for our Army.

The aim of Army operations is to set conditions that achieve or facilitate the achievement of policy goals and objectives. Future enemies will constantly adapt and seek ways to overcome Army strengths and capitalize on what they perceive as our vulnerabilities. We operate where our enemies, indigenous populations, culture, politics, and religion intersect and where the fog and friction of war persists. Army must maintain its core competency of conducting effective combined arms operations in close combat to employ defeat and stability mechanisms against a variety of threats. Army must also hone its ability to integrate joint and interagency assets, develop the situation through action, and adjust rapidly to changing situations to achieve what this concept defines as operational adaptability.

This concept incorporates the guiding principles active, layered defense in depth and situational awareness and command and control from the NMSCWMD. It serves as a reference guide for future combat development efforts designed to provide relevant and ready land power that is neither coerced nor attacked by enemies using WMD; able to rapidly mitigate effects of WMD across full spectrum operations. Kidnapping and Terror in the Contemporary Operational Environment. Understanding terrorism and kidnapping span foreign and domestic threats in a complex and uncertain array of threats in the contemporary operational environment COE.

This unclassified informational handbook supports operational missions, institutional training, and professional military education for US military forces in the War on Terrorism WOT. This document promotes an improved understanding of terrorist objectives, motivation, and behaviors in the conduct of kidnapping. Compiled from open source materials, this terrorism handbook promotes a 'Threats' perspective as well as enemy situational awareness of US actions to combat terrorism.

The capstone reference guide describes terrorism1 and its potential impacts on U. This supplemental handbook highlights the nature of terrorism present in a full spectrum contemporary operational environment COE 2 and terrorist intentions to use weapons of mass destruction. Terrorist intent to obtain and use weapons of mass destruction WMD is one of the most serious contemporary threats to our Nation. The means of attack can span from a highly sophisticated weapon system such as a nuclear bomb to a rudimentary improvised radiological device. The specter of chemical contamination or biological infection adds to the array of weapons.

On August 15, at The virus used to target the Saudi government by causing destruction to the state owned national oil company Saudi Aramco. The attackers posted a pastie on PasteBin. The attack was well staged according to Chris Kubecka , a former security advisor to Saudi Aramco after the attack and group leader of security for Aramco Overseas.

Kubecka also detailed in her Black Hat USA talk Saudi Aramco placed the majority of their security budget on the ICS control network, leaving the business network at risk for a major incident. Once a system is infected, the virus continues to compile a list of files from specific locations on the system, upload them to the attacker, and erase them. Finally the virus overwrites the master boot record of the infected computer, making it unusable. Saudi Aramco announced the attack on their Facebook page and went offline again until a company statement was issued on 25 August The statement falsely reported normal business was resumed on 25 August However a Middle Eastern journalist leaked photographs taken on 1 September showing kilometers of petrol trucks unable to be loaded due to backed business systems still inoperable.

On August 29, the same attackers behind Shamoon posted another pastie on PasteBin. The post contained the username and password on security and network equipment and the new password for the CEO Khalid Al- Falih [] The attackers also referenced a portion of the Shamoon malware as further proof in the pastie. According to Kubecka, in order to restore operations. Saudi Aramco used its large private fleet of aircraft and available funds to purchase much of the world's hard drives, driving the price up.

New hard drives were required as quickly as possible so oil prices were not affected by speculation.

Cyberwarfare

By September 1, gasoline resources were dwindling for the public of Saudi Arabia 17 days after the August 15th attack. RasGas was also affected by a different variant, crippling them in a similar manner. In March American Republican fundraiser Elliott Broidy filed a lawsuit against Qatar, alleging that Qatar's government stole and leaked his emails in order to discredit him because he was viewed "as an impediment to their plan to improve the country's standing in Washington.

While these hackers almost always obscured their location, some of their activity was traced to a telecommunication network in Qatar. Cyberwarfare in the United States is a part of the American military strategy of proactive cyber defence and the use of cyberwarfare as a platform for attack. In Cyberwarfare was, for the first time, considered a larger threat than Al Qaeda or terrorism, by many U. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , for instance, said that "We are in a cyber war in this country, and most Americans don't know it.

And we are not necessarily winning. We have got huge challenges when it comes to cybersecurity. Clarke , in his book Cyber War May , defines "cyberwarfare" as "actions by a nation-state to penetrate another nation's computers or networks for the purposes of causing damage or disruption.

Deputy Secretary of Defense , states that "as a doctrinal matter, the Pentagon has formally recognized cyberspace as a new domain in warfare. In , president Barack Obama declared America's digital infrastructure to be a "strategic national asset," and in May the Pentagon set up its new U. In February , top American lawmakers warned that the "threat of a crippling attack on telecommunications and computer networks was sharply on the rise. The Economist writes that China has plans of "winning informationised wars by the midst century". They note that other countries are likewise organizing for cyberwar, among them Russia, Israel and North Korea.

Iran boasts of having the world's second-largest cyber-army. Bush told the Reuters news agency that the U. In August , the U. The Pentagon also pointed to an alleged China-based computer spying network dubbed GhostNet that was revealed in a research report last year.

The People's Liberation Army is using "information warfare units" to develop viruses to attack enemy computer systems and networks, and those units include civilian computer professionals. Commander Bob Mehal, will monitor the PLA's buildup of its cyberwarfare capabilities and will continue to develop capabilities to counter any potential threat. The United States Department of Defense sees the use of computers and the Internet to conduct warfare in cyberspace as a threat to national security. Cyberspace technology is emerging as an "instrument of power" in societies, and is becoming more available to a country's opponents, who may use it to attack, degrade, and disrupt communications and the flow of information.

With low barriers to entry, coupled with the anonymous nature of activities in cyberspace, the list of potential adversaries is broad. Furthermore, the globe-spanning range of cyberspace and its disregard for national borders will challenge legal systems and complicate a nation's ability to deter threats and respond to contingencies. In February , the United States Joint Forces Command released a study which included a summary of the threats posed by the internet: With very little investment, and cloaked in a veil of anonymity, our adversaries will inevitably attempt to harm our national interests.

Cyberspace will become a main front in both irregular and traditional conflicts. Enemies in cyberspace will include both states and non-states and will range from the unsophisticated amateur to highly trained professional hackers. Through cyberspace, enemies will target industry, academia, government, as well as the military in the air, land, maritime, and space domains. In much the same way that airpower transformed the battlefield of World War II, cyberspace has fractured the physical barriers that shield a nation from attacks on its commerce and communication.

Indeed, adversaries have already taken advantage of computer networks and the power of information technology not only to plan and execute savage acts of terrorism, but also to influence directly the perceptions and will of the U. Government and the American population. On 6 October , it was announced that Creech AFB 's drone and Predator fleet's command and control data stream had been keylogged , resisting all attempts to reverse the exploit, for the past two weeks.

On 21 November , it was widely reported in the U. According to the Foreign Policy magazine, NSA's Tailored Access Operations TAO unit "has successfully penetrated Chinese computer and telecommunications systems for almost 15 years, generating some of the best and most reliable intelligence information about what is going on inside the People's Republic of China. On 24 November In June , the United States Office of Personnel Management OPM announced that it had been the target of a data breach targeting the records of as many as four million people.

Director of National Intelligence issued a joint statement accusing Russia of interfering with the United States presidential election. Obama is prepared to order — or has already ordered — some kind of covert action". The United States has used cyberattacks for tactical advantage in Afghanistan. In Barack Obama ordered an intensification of cyberwarfare against North Korea 's missile program for sabotaging test launches in their opening seconds. The confidential documents, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from —, include details on CIA's software capabilities, such as the ability to compromise cars , smart TVs , [] web browsers including Google Chrome , Microsoft Edge , Mozilla Firefox , and Opera Software ASA , [] [] [] and the operating systems of most smartphones including Apple 's iOS and Google 's Android , as well as other operating systems such as Microsoft Windows , macOS , and Linux.

For a global perspective of countries and other actors engaged in cyber warfare, see the George Washington University-based National Security Archive's CyberWar map. If signed into law, this controversial bill, which the American media dubbed the " Kill switch bill ", would grant the president emergency powers over parts of the Internet. However, all three co-authors of the bill issued a statement that instead, the bill "[narrowed] existing broad presidential authority to take over telecommunications networks".

The rise of cyber as a warfighting domain has led to efforts to determine how cyberspace can be used to foster peace. The topics of cyber peacekeeping [] [] and cyber peacemaking [] have also been studied by researchers, as a way to restore and strengthen peace in the aftermath of both cyber and traditional warfare. Cyber counter-intelligence are measures to identify, penetrate, or neutralize foreign operations that use cyber means as the primary tradecraft methodology, as well as foreign intelligence service collection efforts that use traditional methods to gauge cyber capabilities and intentions.

One of the hardest issues in cyber counterintelligence is the problem of attribution. Unlike conventional warfare, figuring out who is behind an attack can be very difficult.

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Eugene Kaspersky , founder of Kaspersky Lab , concludes that " cyberterrorism " is a more accurate term than "cyberwar". He states that "with today's attacks, you are clueless about who did it or when they will strike again. It's not cyber-war, but cyberterrorism. In October the Journal of Strategic Studies , a leading journal in that field, published an article by Thomas Rid , "Cyber War Will Not Take Place" which argued that all politically motivated cyber attacks are merely sophisticated versions of sabotage, espionage, or subversion [] — and that it is unlikely that cyber war will occur in the future.

Howard Schmidt , an American cybersecurity expert, argued in March that "there is no cyberwar I think that is a terrible metaphor and I think that is a terrible concept. There are no winners in that environment. Other experts, however, believe that this type of activity already constitutes a war.

The warfare analogy is often seen intended to motivate a militaristic response when that is not necessarily appropriate. Ron Deibert, of Canada's Citizen Lab, has warned of a "militarization of cyberspace". The European cybersecurity expert Sandro Gaycken argued for a middle position. He considers cyberwar from a legal perspective an unlikely scenario, due to the reasons lined out by Rid and, before him, Sommer , [] but the situation looks different from a strategic point of view. States have to consider military-led cyber operations an attractive activity, within and without war, as they offer a large variety of cheap and risk-free options to weaken other countries and strengthen their own positions.

Considered from a long-term, geostrategic perspective, cyber offensive operations can cripple whole economies, change political views, agitate conflicts within or among states, reduce their military efficiency and equalize the capacities of high-tech nations to that of low-tech nations, and use access to their critical infrastructures to blackmail them. Oxford academic Lucas Kello proposed a new term — "unpeace" — to denote highly damaging cyber actions whose non-violent effects do not rise to the level of traditional war. Such actions are neither warlike nor peacelike. Although they are non-violent, and thus not acts of war, their damaging effects on the economy and society may be greater than even some armed attacks.

The idea of a cyber Pearl Harbor has been debated by scholars, drawing an analogy to the historical act of war. Various parties have attempted to come up with international legal frameworks to clarify what is and is not acceptable, but none have yet been widely accepted. The Tallinn Manual , published in , is an academic, non-binding study on how international law, in particular the jus ad bellum and international humanitarian law , apply to cyber conflicts and cyber warfare. It was written at the invitation of the Tallinn -based NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence by an international group of approximately twenty experts between and The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation members of which include China and Russia defines cyberwar to include dissemination of information "harmful to the spiritual, moral and cultural spheres of other states".

In September , these countries proposed to the UN Secretary General a document called "International code of conduct for information security". In contrast, the United States' approach focuses on physical and economic damage and injury, putting political concerns under freedom of speech. This difference of opinion has led to reluctance in the West to pursue global cyber arms control agreements. Alexander did endorse talks with Russia over a proposal to limit military attacks in cyberspace.

According to this project, cyberwar is defined as the use of Internet and related technological means by one state against the political, economic, technological and information sovereignty and independence of another state. Professor Merezhko's project suggests that the Internet ought to remain free from warfare tactics and be treated as an international landmark. He states that the Internet cyberspace is a "common heritage of mankind".

On the February RSA Conference Microsoft president Brad Smith suggested global rules — a "Digital Geneva Convention" — for cyber attacks that "ban the nation-state hacking of all the civilian aspects of our economic and political infrastructures". He also stated that an independent organization could investigate and publicly disclose evidence that attributes nation-state attacks to specific countries. Furthermore, he said that the technology sector should collectively and neutrally work together to protect Internet users and pledge to remain neutral in conflict and not aid governments in offensive activity and to adopt a coordinated disclosure process for software and hardware vulnerabilities.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Cyberwar disambiguation. Not to be confused with Electronic warfare. Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early modern Late modern industrial fourth-gen. Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver Operational manoeuvre group. Military recruitment Conscription Recruit training Military specialism Women in the military Children in the military Transgender people and military service Sexual harassment in the military Conscientious objection Counter recruitment. Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management.

Cyber-arms industry and Market for zero-day exploits. Cyberwarfare in the People's Republic of China. Chinese intelligence activity abroad , Chinese intelligence operations in the United States , and Chinese Information Operations and Information Warfare. National Cyber Security Policy Sri Lanka Signals Corps. Sony Pictures hack and WannaCry ransomware attack.

Cyberwarfare in the United States. Documentary films about cyberwarfare. A huge challenge from China, Russia and organised crime". Archived from the original on 6 June Retrieved 6 June Ethics and Information Technology. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism.

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Retrieved 1 February Retrieved 21 May Retrieved 26 May Organized Cyber Threat Counter-Exploitation. Retrieved 5 June More defense needed in cyberspace" HometownAnnapolis. What Everyone Needs to Know. Spies 'infiltrate US power grid'. Retrieved 8 November The Wall Street Journal. China denies intruding into the U. China Daily 9 April The Raw Story 8 April Unprepared For Cyber Threats. Archived 23 February at the Wayback Machine.. Computerworld 17 February Archived 27 March at the Wayback Machine. The ethics of cyber conflict. The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics.

Network World 29 November China uses access to Microsoft source code to help plot cyber warfare, US fears". Retrieved 31 December Readies Crackdown on Beijing". The New York Times. Retrieved January 15, Archived from the original on 17 February Retrieved 15 January Retrieved 3 August Can cyber attacks on India's critical infrastructure be thwarted? The Times of India. Retrieved 18 October Retrieved 2 January The Evolution of Cyber War.

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Retrieved 25 November Strategists must be aware that part of every political and military conflict will take place on the internet, says Kenneth Geers. Archived from the original on 17 August Retrieved 1 August Security Log Visualization with a Correlation Engine". Retrieved November 4, Command Five Pty Ltd. Retrieved 24 September Retrieved 6 April Korean military to prepare with U. Are the mouse and keyboard the new weapons of conflict? Retrieved 2 July Important thinking about the tactical and legal concepts of cyber-warfare is taking place in a former Soviet barracks in Estonia, now home to NATO's "centre of excellence" for cyber-defence.

It was established in response to what has become known as "Web War 1", a concerted denial-of-service attack on Estonian government, media and bank web servers that was precipitated by the decision to move a Soviet-era war memorial in central Tallinn in The Christian Science Monitor. June 17, "Cyber-war a growing threat warn experts". Archived from the original on January 25, Sweden's armed forces were recently exposed to an extensive cyber attack that prompted them to shut down an IT system used in military exercises, daily newspaper Dagens Nyheter reported on Wednesday.

The attack that affected the Caxcis IT system was confirmed to the Swedish newspaper by armed forces spokesman Philip Simon. Retrieved 26 December But who did it? The Chris Science Monitor. The Globe and Mail 13 October Retrieved 18 March Stuxnet worm brings cyber warfare out of virtual world.

Cracking Stuxnet, a 21st-century cyber weapon Video on.

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