Lebensmittelanalytik (Springer-Lehrbuch) (German Edition)

This resulted after 2 weeks of supplementation in an almost 1. Between 4 and 6 weeks after delivery the DHA content in the supplemented group increased in four of five women, whereas it decreased in four of five women in the placebo group. A comparison within the group related samples of the supplemented women showed a nonsignificant increase, from 0.

DHA content before and after tracer ingestion. DHA levels in the supplemented group remained higher than in the placebo group at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after the oral tracer ingestion Fig. At 24 h and onward the DHA content remained below the value at 0 h in the supplemented women. In the placebo group the DHA content in human milk peaked at 12 h after tracer application and remained above the basal value also at 24, 36, and 48 h.

Other fatty acids in human milk from the supplemented and the placebo group did not differ significantly at any time point. Absolute amounts of fatty acids secreted per day.

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Women from both groups secreted comparable amounts of fatty acids per day. The only significant difference was the higher amount of DHA secreted in the supplemented [0. The three fatty acids secreted in largest amounts were oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acid, 8. These fatty acids were also those most abundant in the diet Table 3.

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Relationship between dietary DHA intake and its content in human milk. Isotopic enrichment in milk fatty acids. We measured the enrichment patterns of seven fatty acids as a function of time after the tracer ingestion. The enrichment patterns of six fatty acids, myristic C Peak DOB for these fatty acids ranged from 5. The peak DOB for stearic acid was in the range from 0. In addition to the fatty acids contained in the tracer we measured the 13 C enrichment for pentadecanoic C To correct for the amounts of tracer fatty acids ingested we calculated the enrichments of single fatty acids secreted into human milk as a percentage of the ingested dose Fig.

These two measures allowed for a direct comparison of the secretion pattern of single fatty acids into human milk. There was no difference in the secretion pattern of labeled fatty acids between the placebo and the supplemented group within the 48 h of observation.

There was no difference in the transfer of fatty acids between the two groups. The biggest proportion of the ingested tracer dose was secreted into milk at 12 h for palmitic acid 2. Figure 4 presents the cumulative recovery of the four labeled fatty acids secreted into human milk at 48 h after tracer ingestion in the supplemented and the placebo group.

Tracer recovery was defined as the percentage of the ingested tracer fatty acid that was secreted into milk.

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No significant difference was found for the secretion patterns of a specific fatty acid between the supplemented and the placebo group. Similar cumulative recoveries in human milk were found for palmitic [7. Eminently lower recovery in milk was found for myristic acid [0. The in vivo secretion pattern of labeled fatty acids into human milk showed that the transfer of DHA from the diet into human milk is not preferential compared to palmitic and oleic acids. At study entry there were no differences between subjects from the two groups.

Dietary intakes, milk fatty acid composition, and milk fat secretion of the women were within the range reported in other studies 15 , 30 , 32 , We speculate that the observed increase of DHA in the supplemented group did not reach significance in our study because of the small sample size. Further, our data are in agreement with previous supplementation studies with dietary changes over longer periods of time, which resulted in similar and significant changes in human milk DHA levels 5 , 19 , As in other studies 5 , 20 , dietary treatments had no effect on milk fat content and fatty acids other than DHA.

In this study we estimated the percentage of DHA derived directly from the diet. Women from the supplemented group secreted an average of ml of milk with a fat content of 3. The excess DHA content of 0. This result is in agreement with the results of Makrides, Neumann, and Gibson 5 , who supplemented lactating women from day 5 to 12 weeks postpartum with a placebo, 0.

We obtained the same results, although we used a shorter duration of the supplementation period 14 vs. These findings support the conclusion that stable levels of human milk fatty acids are achieved already within 1 week of supplementation Furthermore, we found in agreement with their study 5 a linear relationship between maternal DHA intake and DHA content in human milk.

In addition to the previous studies here we also monitored the women's dietary DHA intake Table 3 , which strengthens the results of this relationship. In studies supplementing fish oil, which in contrast to our supplement contains not only DHA but also eicopentaenoic acid EPA and docosapentaenoic acid, increased contents of DHA, EPA, and docosapentaenoic acid were observed in human milk 19 , Although DHA can be retroconverted to docosapentaenoic acid and EPA, the degree of retroconversion in humans has been reported to be low.

The results of our study support the hypothesis of Makrides, Neumann, and Gibson 5 , that increased levels of EPA and docosapentaenoic acid in human milk after fish oil supplementation 19 , 20 are the result of the direct intake of these fatty acids with the diet rather than the result of a retroconversion from DHA. The maximal 13 C enrichment maximal DOB of myristic, palmitic, oleic, and DHA occurred 12 h after tracer ingestion in human milk, which also is in good agreement with the data on linoleic acid transfer from Demmelmair et al.

Moreover, Hachey et al. In that study milk samples were collected more frequently than in our study. The simultaneous comparison of secretion patterns of different fatty acids in the same subject and at the same time points after ingestion carried out in our study and in that of Hachey et al. From estimated dietary intakes, dose of tracer ingestion, fatty acid composition of the milk, and isotopic enrichments in milk we calculated the proportions of fatty acids in human milk that were transferred directly from the diet during the last 48 h.

This calculation is reasonable only for those fatty acids that fulfill the following two conditions: Tracer ingested on study day 14 represented only a minor additional consumption of the major fatty acids. Expressed as a percentage of total dietary intake, the contribution of the tracer was 0.



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Thus, all these three fatty acids were ingested mainly through the diet. The kinetics and the cumulative recovery of the 13 C-labeled fatty acids secreted into human milk over a h period were similar for palmitic, oleic, and docosahexaenoic acids, but differed for myristic acid. Because our measurements were close to baseline at 48 h, prolonged measurements in our study would probably also have resulted in similar values compared with those of Hachey et al.

There has also been a controversial discussion for several years concerning whether transfer of DHA from diet into human milk would also follow a selective mechanism. Makrides, Neumann, and Gibson 5 , on the basis of their DHA supplementation study in breastfeeding women, proposed that there is no selective transfer of DHA from the diet into human milk. In our study we measured for the first time the transfer of DHA from the diet into human milk simultaneously with the transfer of other long-chain and medium-chain fatty acids in vivo.

Our results also suggest that the transfer of DHA is comparable to the transfer of linoleic acid, which was previously reported The substantially lower transfer of the medium-chain myristic acid from the diet into human milk could possibly be due to differences in metabolic pathways, possibly faster absorption 37 and a higher rate of oxidation 38 , Explore the Home Gift Guide. Amazon Music Stream millions of songs. Amazon Advertising Find, attract, and engage customers.

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Klinische Chemie und Mikroskopie Springer Lehrbuch German Edition

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