Origine du nom de famille CADÈNE (French Edition)

The lesson explains how couriers carried messages along mountain-ridge roads, up and down stone steps, and over chasm-spanning footbridges. It states that couriers could pass a message from Quito Ecuador …. In a new archaeological site was discovered in the Peruvian tropical rain forest. The site is located in an area which has been occupied by the Chachapoya, a pre-Incan people, from about AD on.

The site comprises a large funerary place with several mausoleums built in the cliffs next to the Laguna de los Condores. More than human mummies and funerary bone-bundles together with numerous grave artefacts have been found there. Although the site has been ascribed to the Chachapoya, the mummification method used is very similar to the one applied by the Inca.

As part of an ongoing multidisciplinary project to explore the history of this site and of the Chachapoya people, twenty-seven 27 14 C-AMS age determinations were performed. Samples, bones and textile wrappings as well as samples from a funerary bone bundle plus associated grave artefacts were dated. The 14 C data show that the site originates from the Chachapoya pre- Inca period and that in addition, it was used as a funerary place during the subsequent Inca occupation era.

The radiocarbon results indicate that the Chachapoya may have changed their burial tradition due to the colonization by the Inca. Story Starters on the Aztecs, Incas , and Mayas. A Creative Writing Program. Designed to supplement an established language arts and social studies program, this books deals with the Aztecs, Incas , and Mayas of Latin America. All of the "Story Starter" books are intended to give a variety of vocabulary and story ideas to help with the writing process.

Each of the books is divided into four main sections: The Chachapoya people and their culture is not fully understood until now and some myths entwine around the origin of that South American ancient civilisation. The Chachapoya are described as people of warriors, which were finally subdued by the Incas. A typical characteristic of their culture is the special burial of their dead in funeral bundles containing the remains of the bodies.

At the Laguna de los Condores more that mummies have been found and transferred to Leymebamba. During the rescue work of the mummies, which were in danger to be destroyed by looters, it turned out that two different burial patterns could be detected. It is assumed, that after conquering of the Chachapoyas, the Inca people took over also the burial cliff houses and used it for their own burials. In order to shed light on the transition from the Chachapoya to the Inka dominance, which is connected with the history of the Laguna de los Condores funeral site, a multidisciplinary project between archaeologists, anthropologists and physicists has been started.

Overall, the results suggest that the profile of the mummy represents a very rare sub-clade that arose A Peruvian Inca origin for present-day C1bi haplotypes would satisfy both the genetic and paleo-anthropological findings. Stable isotope and DNA evidence for ritual sequences in Inca child sacrifice. Four recently discovered frozen child mummies from two of the highest peaks in the south central Andes now yield tantalizing evidence of the preparatory stages leading to Inca ritual killing as represented by the unique capacocha rite.

Our interdisciplinary study examined hair from the mummies to At 48, 72 and 96 h post-injection, tissues were harvested, and the antibody distribution was determined by measuring radioactivity. Biodistribution of the labeled antibody showed enriched activity in tumor, spleen and liver. Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that is the etiological agent of a variety of human diseases, including blinding trachoma and sexually transmitted infections. Chlamydiae replicate within a membrane-bound compartment, termed an inclusion, which they extensively modify by the insertion of type III secreted proteins called Inc proteins.

IncA is an inclusion membrane protein that encodes two coiled-coil domains that are homologous to eukaryotic SNARE soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor motifs. To verify the importance of IncA in homotypic fusion in Chlamydia, we generated an incA:: Insertional inactivation of incA resulted in the formation of nonfusogenic inclusions, a phenotype that was completely rescued by complementation with full-length IncA. Rescue of homotypic inclusion fusion was dependent on the presence of the functional core consisting of SLD-1 and part of SLD Collectively, these results confirm in vitro membrane fusion assays identifying functional domains of IncA and expand the genetic tools available for identification of chlamydia with a method for complementation of site-specific mutants.

Chlamydia trachomatis replicates within a parasitophorous vacuole termed an inclusion. The chlamydial inclusions are nonfusogenic with vesicles in the endocytic pathway but, in multiply infected cells, fuse with each other to form a single large inclusion. This homotypic fusion is dependent upon the presence of a chlamydial inclusion membrane-localized protein, IncA. Specificity of membrane fusion in eukaryotic cells is regulated by SNARE soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment receptor proteins on the cytosolic face of vesicles and target.

Full Text Available The proteins of the Inhibitor of Growth ING family are involved in multiple cellular functions such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and chromatin remodeling. For ING5, its actual role in growth suppression and the necessary partners are not known. In line, ING5 inhibited bone marrow colony formation upon retroviral transduction. Full Text Available The role of medical practitioners among the Incas is addressed, based on archeological findings and especially the writings of the Spanish chroniclers. In Inca medicine a large role was reserved for religion and magic but at the same time an extensive knowledge of medicinal plants was available.

As a consequence there were several types of healers who cured with a mixture of medicinal plants and religious-magic ceremonies. He relied largely but certainly not exclusively on the use of medicinal plants. There were also healers who cured mainly with religious-magic procedures. Surgery must have been important for the Inca healer but this is hardly reflected in the work of the Spanish chroniclers. New knowledge in determining the astronomical orientation of Incas object in Ollantaytambo, Peru.

This paper deals about astronomical orientation of Incas objects in Ollantaytambo, which is located about 35 km southeast from Machu Picchu, about 40 km northwest from Cusco, and lies in the Urubamba valley. Everybody writing about Ollantaytambo, shoud read Protzen He devoted his monograph to description and interpretation of that locality. Book of Salazar and Salazar deals, among others, with the orientation of objects in Ollantaytambo with respect to the cardinal direction.

Zawaski and Malville documented astronomical context of major monuments of nine sites in Peru, including Ollantaytambo. We tested astronomical orientation in these places and confirm or disprove hypothesis about purpose of Incas objects. For assessment orientation of objects we used our measurements and also satellite images on Google Earth and digital elevation model from ASTER.

The satellite images used to approximate estimation of astronomical orientation. The digital elevation model is useful in the mountains, where we need the really horizon for a calculation of sunset and sunrise on specific days solstices , which were for Incas people very important. By Incas is very famous that they worshiped the Sun. According to him they determined when to plant and when to harvest the crop. In this paper we focused on Temple of the Sun, also known the Wall of six monoliths. We tested which astronomical phenomenon is connected with this Temple.

First, we tested winter solstice sunrise and the rides of the Pleiades for the epochs , and A. According with our results the Temple isn't connected neither with winter solstice sunrise nor with the Pleiades. Then we tested also winter solstice sunset. We tried to use the line from an observation point near ruins of the Temple of Sun, to west-north, in direction to sunset.

From this results we found, that is possible to find another observation. Full Text Available This paper deals about astronomical orientation of Incas objects in Ollantaytambo, which is located about 35 km southeast from Machu Picchu, about 40 km northwest from Cusco, and lies in the Urubamba valley. The digital elevation model is useful in the mountains, where we need the really horizon for a calculation of sunset and sunrise on specific days solstices, which were for Incas people very important. From this results we found, that is possible to find another.

Two coiled-coil domains of Chlamydia trachomatis IncA affect membrane fusion events during infection. Chlamydia trachomatis replicates in a parasitophorous membrane-bound compartment called an inclusion. The inclusions corrupt host vesicle trafficking networks to avoid the degradative endolysosomal pathway but promote fusion with each other in order to sustain higher bacterial loads in a process known as homotypic fusion.

The Chlamydia protein IncA Inclusion protein A appears to play central roles in both these processes as it participates to homotypic fusion and inhibits endocytic SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. How IncA selectively inhibits or activates membrane fusion remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the spatial and molecular determinants of IncA 's fusogenic and inhibitory functions.

Domain swap and deletion experiments revealed that although both these domains are capable of independently inhibiting SNARE-mediated fusion, these two coiled-coil domains cooperate in mediating IncA multimerization and homotypic membrane interaction. Our results support the hypothesis that Chlamydia employs SNARE-like virulence factors that positively and negatively affect membrane fusion and promote infection.

Full Text Available Chlamydia trachomatis replicates in a parasitophorous membrane-bound compartment called an inclusion. Archaeological, radiological, and biological evidence offer insight into Inca child sacrifice. The high-resolution diachronic data presented here, obtained directly from scalp hair, implies escalating coca and alcohol ingestion in the lead-up to death.

These data, combined with archaeological and radiological evidence, deepen our understanding of the circumstances and context of final placement on the mountain top. We argue that the individuals were treated differently according to their age, status, and ritual role.

Self Portrait of a Courtier: Dynamic intensity-modulated non-coplanar arc radiotherapy INCA for head and neck cancer. To define the potential advantages of intensity-modulated radiotherapy IMRT applied using a non-coplanar dynamic arc technique for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Planning target volumes PTV1 of first order covered the gross tumor volume and surrounding clinical target volume treated with Gy, whereas PTV2 covered the elective lymph nodes with Gy using a simultaneous internal boost. For the parotid glands, a reduction of the mean dose of 2.

Dose delivery accuracy with IMRT using a non-coplanar dynamic arc beam geometry potentially improves treatment of head and neck cancer. Modelling nitrogen dynamics and distributions in the River Tweed, Scotland: The model was calibrated for the first four years' data record to and tested over the following three years to The model calibration and testing periods incorporated a high degree of variability in climatic conditions and river flows within the Tweed catchment. The ability of the INCA model to reproduce broad-scale spatial patterns and seasonal dynamics in river flows and nitrate concentrations suggests that the processes controlling first order variability in river water nitrate concentrations have been represented successfully within the model.

It is, therefore, suggested that consideration be given to incorporating a spatially and temporally variable in-stream plant uptake term for the application of INCA to lowland eutrophic rivers. Scenarios to examine possible impacts of environmental change on nitrate concentrations on the Tweed are examined. These include the effects of i implementing different recommendations for fertiliser use and land use change under the Nitrate Sensitive Areas NSA Scheme and the Scottish Code of Good Agricultural Practice, ii worst case scenario changes linked to a dramatic reduction in livestock numbers as a result of a crisis in UK livestock farming and iii changes in atmospheric nitrogen deposition.

Full Text Available At the beginning of the 18th Century the indigenous people of Lima were accorded permission to celebrate the Spanish kings in a segregated group. The criollo elites expected them to represent their old kings in the demostrations, thus taking part in the exaltation of the Peruvian history.

The costume played a basic role in the rehabilitation of the old Peruvian kings in the Colonial society. Putting the rise of the Inca Empire within a climatic and land management context. The rapid expansion of the Inca from the Cuzco area of highland Peru ca. AD produced the largest empire in the New World.

Although this meteoric growth may in part be due to the adoption of innovative societal strategies, supported by a large labour force and a standing army, we argue that it would not have been possible without increased crop productivity, which was linked to more favourable climatic conditions. Here we present a multi-proxy, high-resolution year lake sediment record from Marcacocha, located 12 km north of Ollantaytambo, in the heartland of the Inca Empire.

This record reveals a period of sustained aridity that began from AD , followed by increased warming from AD that lasted beyond the arrival of the Spanish in AD These increasingly warmer conditions would have allowed the Inca and their immediate predecessors the opportunity to exploit higher altitudes post-AD by constructing agricultural terraces that employed glacial-fed irrigation, in combination with deliberate agroforestry techniques.

There may be some important lessons to be learnt today from these strategies for sustainable rural development in the Andes in the light of future climate uncertainty. AD — produced the largest empire in the New World. Compatibility and entry exclusion of IncA and IncC plasmids revisited: IncA and IncC plasmids are compatible. In an early study, IncA and IncC plasmids that were reported to be compatible were grouped as the "A-C complex" based on similarities and on strong entry exclusion.

Granted that the supporting data was not included in the original reports and that the consensus iteron sequences have since been shown to be essentially identical, we have addressed the question again. The original IncA plasmid, RA1, and the IncC plasmid pRMH, were introduced into the same cell by transformation, and were found to be maintained stably for over generations in the absence of selection for either plasmid, i. In addition, RA1 and pRMH were shown to each completely prevent entry of the other via conjugative transfer into the cell they reside in.

New discoveries on astronomical orientation of Inca site in Ollantaytambo, Peru. Full Text Available This paper deals with astronomical orientation of Incas objects in Ollantaytambo, which is located about 35 km southeast from Machu Picchu, about 40 km northwest from Cusco, and lies in the Urubamba valley. Everybody writing about Ollantaytambo, shoud read Protzen. Book of Salazar and Salazar 2 deals, among others, with the orientation of objects in Ollantaytambo with respect to the cardinal direction. The satellite images were used to estimate the astronomical-solar-solstice orientation, together with terrestrial images from Salazar and Salazar 2.

The digital elevation model is useful in the mountains, where we need the actual horizon for a calculation of sunset and sunrise on specific days solstices, which were for Incas people very important. We tested which astronomical phenomenon is connected with objects in Ollantaytambo. First, we focused on Temple of the Sun, also known the Wall of six monoliths. We tested winter solstice sunrise and the rides of the Pleiades for the epochs , and A. From this results we found, that is possible to find another observation point.

By Salazar and Salazar 2 we found observation. Trends in food and nutritional intakes of French adults from to Food consumption was recorded through 7-d dietary records, and nutritional intakes were assessed using the French food composition database. After exclusion of under-reporters, analyses were performed on adults, aged years: In contrast, the consumption of fruits and vegetables, rice, ice cream and chocolate increased. Other food groups, like fish and snacking foods, remained stable. Food choices were mostly age specific. These age differences remained consistent over the years and underlined two opposite dietary trends: The overall trends in food consumption did not influence the mean energy intake, but did slightly modify the contribution of each macronutrient to energy intake.

These repeated surveys highlighted the fact that trends in French food habits have moved towards an average European diet at the crossroads between Mediterranean and Northern diets, and that food consumption changes impacted, to a lesser extent, nutritional intake. The function of female and male ornaments in the Inca Tern: Inca Terns Larosterna inca are medium-size seabirds that breed along the Peruvian and Chilean coast.

They are monogamous and both sexes incubate and contribute to chick provisioning. The sexes are similar in appearance and have elaborate ornaments, including a long white moustache of feathers and. Leaching from urban and agricultural areas was found to control nitrogen dynamics in reaches unaffected by effluent discharges and abstractions; the occurrence of minimal flows resulted in an upward trend in nitrate concentration. Sewage treatment works STW discharging into the River Lee raised nitrate concentrations substantially, a problem which was compounded by abstractions in the Lower Lee.

The average concentration of nitrate NO3 for the simulation period was 7. Ammonium NH4 concentrations were simulated less successfully. However, concentrations of ammonium rarely rose to levels which would be of environmental concern. Scenarios were run through INCA to assess strategies for the reduction of nitrate concentrations in the catchment. The conversion of arable land to ungrazed vegetation or to woodland would reduce nitrate concentrations substantially, whilst inclusion of riparian buffer strips would be unsuccessful in reducing nitrate loading. An assessment of the fine sediment dynamics in an upland river system: INCA -Sed modifications and implications for fisheries.

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There is a need for better links between hydrology and ecology, specifically between landscapes and riverscapes to understand how processes and factors controlling the transport and storage of environmental pollution have affected or will affect the freshwater biota. INCA -Sed is a dynamic, process-based, daily time step model. Excess suspended sediment can negatively affect salmonid health. The Lugg has a large and potentially threatened population of both Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and Brown Trout Salmo trutta.

With the exception of the extreme sediment transport processes, the model satisfactorily simulated both the hydrology and the sediment dynamics in the catchment. Model results indicate that diffuse soil loss is the most important sediment generation process in the catchment. In the River Lugg, the mean annual Guideline Standard for suspended sediment concentration, proposed by UKTAG, of 25 mg l -1 is only slightly exceeded during the simulation period , indicating only minimal effect on the Atlantic salmon population.

However, the daily time step simulation of INCA -Sed also allows the investigation of the critical spawning period. It shows that the sediment may have a significant negative effect on the fish population in years with high sediment runoff. It is proposed that the fine settled particles probably do not affect the salmonid egg incubation process, though suspended particles may damage the gills of fish and make the area unfavourable for spawning if the conditions do not improve.

Copyright Elsevier B. Our interdisciplinary study examined hair from the mummies to obtain detailed genetic and diachronic isotopic information. This approach has allowed us to reconstruct aspects of individual identity and diet, make inferences concerning social background, and gain insight on the hitherto unknown processes by which victims were selected, elevated in social status, prepared for a high-altitude pilgrimage, and killed. Such direct information amplifies, yet also partly contrasts with, Spanish historical accounts.

A method INCA is described by which signals from fixed in-core detectors are related to estimates of the three dimensional power distribution in an operating reactor core and to the maximum linear heat rate in the core. A description of the large library of data accompanying the method is provided. A detailed examination of the analytical verifications performed using the method is presented, and a summary of the uncertainty associated with the method is given.

The uncertainty assigned to the maximum linear heat rate inferred by the method from operating reactor data is found to be 5. Here we present a multi-proxy, high-resolution year lake sedimen New paleoparasitological investigations from the pre- inca to hispanic contact period in northern Chile. Paleoparasitological studies have demonstrated that changes in environment or culture are reflected in the patterns of parasitic infection diseases in populations worldwide.

The advent of agriculture and animal domestication, with its accompanying reduction in human mobility and expanding population involves changes in or emergence of, parasites, the so-called first epidemiological transition. Cultural processes related to territory occupation contribute to both loss and acquisition of parasites.

The aim of this study was to conduct a paleoparasitological investigation of to gain insight into the dynamics of parasitism in Lluta people throughout the Inca expansion. Fourteen human coprolites from the three periods were rehydrated, submitted to spontaneous sedimentation, and examined by light microscopy for the presence of intestinal parasite eggs, pollen grains, and micro-remains.

Eggs of four parasites: Enterobius vermicularis, Trichostrongylus sp. Frequency, diversity, and number of parasite eggs per sample increased over the studied time period. The presence of E. The paleobotanical analysis revealed ten families of pollen grains, as well as phytoliths and floral remains. In contrast to parasitological results, a diachronic pattern was not detected. Evolution of the settlements, with the advent of larger. Water quality improvements from afforestation in an agricultural catchment in Denmark illustrated with the INCA model. Full Text Available Intensive agricultural land use across Europe has altered nitrogen N budget of catchments substantially, causing widespread N pollution of freshwater.

Although the N cycle in forests has changed due to increased N deposition, most forest soil waters in Europe have low nitrate concentrations. The protective function of forests on water quality has led to increasing interest in the planting of new forests on arable land as a measure to protect valuable or sensitive freshwater resources. The dynamics of nitrate concentrations in the stream water were simulated successfully by INCA over a three-year period. The simulation of the dynamics of nitrate concentrations in the soil water is closely linked to the simulation of the hydrological dynamics and especially to the rainfall.

The best fit was achieved for both arable and forest land during the wettest year of the study period. The model was then used to simulate the effect of afforestation of a catchment dominated by agriculture on N fluxes with seepage and runoff. Scenarios of whole catchment conversion to forest were run, based on observations of evapotranspiration and N deposition from other Danish sites. The simulated effect of afforestation on N leaching was an almost direct reflection of the change in the N input: To simulate the N dynamics over longer time-scales, appropriate for the study of afforestation, it is suggested that the INCA model be run.

N fluxes in two nitrogen saturated forested catchments in Germany: Full Text Available The N cycle in forests of the temperate zone in Europe has been changed substantially by the impact of atmospheric N deposition. Here, the fluxes and concentrations of mineral N in throughfall, soil solution and runoff in two German catchments, receiving high N inputs are investigated to test the applicability of an Integrated Nitrogen Model for European Catchments INCA to small forested catchments.

The Steinkreuz catchment 55 ha with European beech Fagus sylvatica L. The mean annual N fluxes with throughfall were slightly higher at the Lehstenbach In both catchments the N fluxes in the soil are dominated by NO3. At Lehstenbach, the N output with seepage at 90 cm soil depth was similar to the N flux with throughfall. In both catchments, the NO3 fluxes with runoff were lower than those with seepage.

The average annual NO3 concentrations in runoff in both catchments were between 0. The N budgets at the catchment scale indicated similar amounts of N retention Lehstenbach: The parameter settings of the INCA model were simplified to reduce the model complexity. In both catchments, the NO3 concentrations and fluxes in runoff were matched well by the model. The seasonal patterns with lower NO3 runoff concentrations in summer at the Lehstenbach catchment were replicated.

INCA underestimated the increased N3 concentrations during short periods of rewetting in late autumn at the Steinkreuz catchment. The model will be a helpful tool for the. On the human capital of Inca Indios before and after the Spanish conquest: Was there a "pre-colonial legacy"? Not only the colonial period, but also the pre-colonial times might have influenced later development patterns. In this study we assess a potential pre-colonial legacy hypothesis for the case of the Andean region. In order to analyze the hypothesis, we study the human capital of Inca Indios, using age-heaping-based techniques to estimate basic numeracy skills.

We find that Peruvian Inca Indios had only around half the numeracy level of the Spanish invaders. The hypothesis holds even after adj Mechanical analysis of the dry stone walls built by the Incas. In this paper, the retaining walls in the agricultural terraces built by the Incas are analyzed from a mechanical point of view. Then, these walls were digitalized and their mechanical stability was evaluated.

Firstly, it was found that these retaining walls are characterized by two distinctive features: Secondly, it was found that, thanks to the large span of the block size distribution, the factor of safety of the Inca retaining walls is remarkably close to those that are recommended in modern geotechnical design standards. This suggests that these structures were not only functional but also highly optimized, probably as a result of a careful trial and error procedure. Frozen Mummies from Andean Mountaintop Shrines: Bioarchaeology and Ethnohistory of Inca Human Sacrifice.

These finds provide bioarchaeological data from mountaintop sites that has been recovered in scientifically controlled excavations in the northwest of Argentina, which was once part of the southern province of the Inca Empire. Numerous interdisciplinary studies have been conducted on the Llullaillaco mummies, including radiological evaluations by conventional X-rays and CT scans, which provided information about condition and pathology of the bones and internal organ, as well as dental studies oriented to the estimation of the ages of the three children at the time of death. Ethnohistorical sources reveal interesting aspects related to the commemorative, expiatory, propitiatory, and dedicatory aspects of human sacrifice performed under Inca rule.

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The selection of the victims along with the procedures followed during the performance of the capacocha ceremony will be discussed, based on the bioarchaeological evidences from frozen mummies and the accounts recorded by the Spanish chroniclers. Full Text Available Information Technologies can provide the basis for new directions in cancer research, supplying tools that identify subtle but important signs from the analysis of clinical, behavioral, environmental and genetic data.

It is a qualitative empirical theoretical paper, descriptive and exploratory in nature, based on the single case study method and on participant observation. The results show the importance of good practices in information management for the full operation of a biobank in a research-oriented pharmaceutical company. There is also evidence that the implementation of SISBNT has contributed to the improvement of cancer treatment quality and to the support of efforts towards the organization of the integration of clinical, translational and basic research.

The non-use of data mining techniques for the identification of molecular patterns and structures associated with the different types of cancer undergoing study at INCA seems to occur due to the early stage of Bioinformatics and translational research, as well as the National Tumor Bank, in the institution. Due to the optimal obtained results the program becomes a part of the INCA National Programs and his activities were extended to all radiotherapy services which attend the Health Unique Systems SUS , approximately institutions corresponding to 90 percent of the radiotherapy services available in Brazil.

The PQRT main objective is to make the radiotherapy to be evaluated as planned, in accordance with quality assurance international standards. The principal activities of the PQRT are: The Local Evaluation System has already evaluated 85 teletherapy equipment 38 Co and 47 linear accelerators , executing dosimetric, electric, mechanic and safety tests. Five evaluations has already been performed with this simply system. Since , the postal evaluation of the PQRT is using his own system, developed for reference and non-reference conditions, applied to 58 beams 18 Co and 40 linear accelerators.

The PQRT ras already performed evaluations under reference conditions Co and linear accelerators. In addition, some studies and research has been performed. An enhanced corrosion occurs on the zirconium alloy with the appearance of a 'shadow' of the metallic object. The magnitude of the shadow corrosion can be significant, and is potentially limiting for the lifetime of certain zirconium alloy components in BWRs and other reactors with a similar water chemistry.

In order to evaluate the suitability of the In-Core Autoclave INCA in the Studsvik R2 materials testing reactor as an experimental facility for studying shadow corrosion, a demonstration test has been performed. A number of test specimens consisting of Zircaloy-2 tubing in contact with Inconel were exposed in an oxidising water chemistry. Some of the specimens were placed within the reactor core and some above the core.

The conclusion of this experiment after post irradiation examination is that it is possible to use the INCA facility in the Studsvik R2 reactor to develop a significant level of shadow corrosion after only hours of irradiation. Written to fulfill the requirements for a University of Minnesota College of Education off-campus Indian education course for public school teachers, this Native American curriculum unit for middle and high school reflects the mathematical achievements of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca Indians.

The number systems, notation, and calendar techniques of…. These obligate intracellular bacteria are distinguished by a unique biphasic developmental cycle, which includes proliferation in a membrane-bound compartment termed inclusion. Using fluorescence microscopy, the localization of G3BP1 near the inclusion membrane of Cp. Notably, infection of Hep-2 cells with Cp. We hypothesize that lowering the host cell c-Myc protein concentration may be part of a strategy employed by Cp.

Long-term modelling of nitrogen turnover and critical loads in a forested catchment using the INCA model. Full Text Available Many forest ecosystems in Central Europe have reached the status of N saturation due to chronically high N deposition. In consequence, the NO3 leaching into ground- and surface waters is often substantial. Critical loads have been defined to abate the negative consequences of the NO3 leaching such as soil acidification and nutrient losses.

The steady state mass balance method is normally used to calculate critical loads for N deposition in forest ecosystems. However, the steady state mass balance approach is limited because it does not take into account hydrology and the time until the steady state is reached.

The aim of this study was to test the suitability of another approach: Long-term scenarios of either increasing or decreasing N deposition indicated that, in this catchment, the response of nitrate concentrations in runoff to changing N deposition is buffered by a large groundwater reservoir. The critical load simulated by the INCA model with respect to a nitrate concentration of 0. Under conditions of lower precipitation mm the resulting critical load was 7. The INCA model seems to be suitable to calculate critical loads for N in forested catchments under varying hydrological conditions e.

Trekking is an activity that forms part of the increasing adventure and outdoor tourism. High altitude trekking in the Himalayas or Andes has been popular for some time. For longer treks, porters are employed to carry necessary equipment. Porters' working conditions are unfortunate and subsequent health problems considerable. Although Himalayan porters have received some attention in the press and research literature, porters on the popular Inca Trail in Peru have been neglected. In light of the growing awareness of health problems of local tourism employees, the purpose of this study was to describe Inca Trail porters' working conditions and their reports on their related health status to provide baseline information for further research and strategies for improvement.

Solutions for Plasma Centers. Solutions for Plasma Centers Contact Us. Leadership in plasma management As the demand for the life-saving plasma used in pharmaceutical manufacturing continues to grow, the regulatory requirements for plasma collection are stringent and costs are increasing. Working with Haemonetics provides you and your staff with a one-stop shopping solution that includes: Rigorous and extensive testing of components as part of an overall collection system, rather than each component as a stand-alone piece, helps us build better systems and eliminates safety issues.

Adherence to global regulatory bodies and quality systems helps to ensure the safety of our products. Business continuity model built on a worldwide distribution network with manufacturing in multiple factories, with multiple sources for components, and multiple distribution facilities, helps to ensure we can meet your high product demands. I have narrated this to you that the kindly dispositions of providence may be recognized, and that you may understand how God [ i. The reason for this was, that these Islands are inhabited by Catholic Portuguese, so the English judged that, in anchoring there, they would have to allow the ship to be visited; and if in this visit the priests were discovered, it would be all over with them, for the Jesuits, as Catholics, would be liberated, and they [the English] would be hanged, or at least condemned to the chain and ball, as robbers of Priests.

Nostre Seigneur en fin, qui les [ i. The remedy for this evil was an easy one; namely, to make the Jesuits take a leap into the sea. Nevertheless, 61 as I have shown you, the fear of God was awakened, and this contended for them. Our Lord indeed who [ i. LA main de Dieu estoit euidemment sur les Iesuites pour les proteger, ainsi que vous auez peu apperceuoir par cy deuant: Et fut manifeste en vn autre danger, qu'ils passerent; que nous ne racontons pas icy, pour n'estre longs, auquel neantmoins [ i.

Ceste protection diuine se monstra encores clairement en ce quell'osta l'apprehension du peril au Capitaine. GOD'S hand was evidently stretched over the Jesuits for their protection, as you have been able to see heretofore. It was also manifest in another danger through which they passed, and which we do not relate here, lest we be tedious, in which, nevertheless, [ i.

This divine protection was even more evident in removing all apprehensions of danger from the Captain. For if he had foreseen the great risks which he ran afterwards, I am not sure that he or his crew would have been so conscientious as not to have resolved upon murder, before falling into the perplexities to which they were in this way reduced.

La chose estoit si hazardeuse, que nos Anglois en transissoyent de [ i. In this way it was quite easy [ i. This was the reason why the Captain so readily resolved not to use cruelty. But fate found other ways and means, which he had not considered; 65 for he was obliged to enter the harbor and remain in full view of the town, and of other ships. There, by an unlucky accident, our ship ran foul of a Spanish caravel, loaded with sugar, and broke its bowsprit; the Spaniards thought this was a ruse by means of which to surprise their vessel and rob it, just as a French ship had done in the same port five weeks before; and so they began to cry "pirates!

There was great commotion and noise in the town, and considerable alarm throughout all the ships in the harbor. The Captain had to go on shore, and remain there as a hostage and security; and even then, no one could believe that he was other than a Pirate.

They came to visit and revisit the ship, and the Jesuits played, as the saying is, at hide and seek, from top to bottom, from dungeon to hold, always finding some new hiding place. Now during the liveliest and fiercest suspicions, and disputes, the Spaniards came to visit the ship, and the poor Fathers and the French boy were huddled behind a boat, still and breathless; for if they had even breathed a little loud, or moved hand or foot, they would have been discovered.

The thing was so dangerous that our English were seized with a [ i. But the Jesuits wished to continue to keep faith with them for several reasons, and among others to make the slanderers of the Catholic Church really see that they ascribed to it wrongfully and untruthfully the doctrine that it is not necessary to keep faith with heretics; which is totally false and contrary to its belief.

But let us return to the Spaniards. They never discovered the said fathers in their visit, and went away with a very high 67 opinion of the English. The latter, when they saw them outside, recovering from the panic into which they had been thrown, began to embrace the Fathers as effusively, and to make as great a celebration in acknowledgment of their sincerity, as a company of kind kindred and friends would make at a peaceful reunion after a very long [ i. These same English have often since then praised the Fathers for this their fidelity, in the presence of their Ministers in England; and the Ministers have thereupon made great demonstrations of astonishment and admiration.

Now as these English were in need of money, they could not fit themselves out there, and this made them firmly [ i. Now on our way to England the tempest cast us out of la ma[n]che 6 as it is called ; that is, out of the Channel between France and England, and we were obliged to take refuge in the Harbor of Milfier [Milford], in the Province of Wales. There again all provisions failed us, which compelled our Captain to go to Pembroch [Pembroke], the principal city of this place, and a Vice-admiralty.

But at Pembroke he was taken prisoner, as they suspected him of being a Pirate. The suspicion arose from the fact that he and his crew were English, yet their ship was made after French [ i. The Captain justified himself as well as he could, by telling the truth; but they did not believe him, inasmuch as 71 he had no Commission, and could not have had, because being nothing but a Lieutenant he followed his Captain, from whom he was accidentally separated by the storm, as you have heard. For this reason he was obliged to produce, as witnesses of his honesty, the two Jesuits whom he had in his ship, irreproachable men, as he said, and said truly.

Immediately, by command of the Magistrate, the Jesuits were summoned to come on shore, where they were very respectfully interrogated in a Court of Justice. They stated the real facts of the case, and upon their testimony the Captain was [ i. Nevertheless, we had to make a very long sojourn at Pembroke, awaiting an answer from London, for it was necessary to send there, partly to obtain money, partly to make known the affair to the high Admiral, and the company of Merchants who have charge of Virginia. And here admiration makes me pause and hold my breath, to cry out with the Wise Man, That the dispensations of Divine providence are truly arranged by compass, joined harmoniously, and measured by weight and balance even to the half of a grain.

For this call of the Jesuits was without doubt a contrivance of this paternal providence, which everywhere assisted them; inasmuch as, [ i. Or pendant ce sejour toute [ i. L'imposition Episcopale des mains en la creation des Prestres, [ i. Now during this sojourn [ i. Ministers, Justices, Gentlemen, and others came to confer with them; even a Lord of the great Council wished to have the pleasure of pitting four Ministers against them in debate.

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I say Ministers, to make myself intelligible to the French, for in England they call them Priests. And those who condemn all these things, as the Calvinists 75 of France and of Scotland do, and call them damnable superstitions, and inventions of the Antichrist, are by the English called Puritans, and are detested by them as abominable plagues. When at last an answer came from London, it was learned that the Ambassador of France 7 had heard about the arrival of this ship, and was negotiating its surrender, [ i.

This was another effect of divine Providence, since it caused this our arrest in the Province of Wales to the end that it might be known to all; for we have strong proofs, and you will soon see some of them, that if the Merchants in whose hands lay the administration of Virginia, had been able to have their own way, not one foreigner who was to be found in Virginia, would ever have returned to his own country. To finish our story as quickly as possible, note that the Jesuits were taken by a long roundabout way to the Harbor of Sanduicts [Sandwich], and from there sent to Dover by order of the King, and from Dover to Calais, where they rendered thanks to God for such signal blessings [ i.

Sieur d'Arquien, Governor of Calais, and Monsieur la Baulaye, Dean, gave them a very warm reception and provided them with means to return to their College at Amiens. The boy who was with the Jesuits, called Guillaume Crito, [ i. At the same time sieur de la Mote also returned to England in a vessel from the Bermudas, which had stopped at Virginia. Captain Argal generously contended with Marshal Thomas Deel[4] of whose great asperity of temper you have heard us speak to obtain from him permission for sieur de la Mote to return, and at last it was granted. Now this sieur la Mote was very much astonished when suddenly, on arriving in England, no one spoke to him any more, nor looked at him, and he found himself forsaken by all; and the worst of it was that he was taken sick on board the ship.

He immediately suspected the nature of the danger which threatened him, and whence it came; namely, from the Virginia merchants, [ i. Therefore he tried by secret means, and finally succeeded 79 in having his story made known to Monsieur de Bisseaux, worthy Ambassador of his most Christian Majesty, who immediately sent to him two Gentlemen who had him liberated and well treated, as he deserved to be for his courage and his valor. At the same time also Madame la Marquise de Guercheville sent la Saussaye to London, to request the surrender of the ship, and reparation for the wrongs involved in this iniquitous robbery.

The ship has been given up, but, up to the present, nothing else has been obtained. And now, just as our ship, having been set free, was about to wing her way to France, her native land, behold, Captain Flory, her Master, [ i. Captain Argal, about to return to England, had rescued him and two other Frenchmen from the hands of the Marshal. Certainly this Argal has shown himself such a person that we have reason to wish for him that, from now on, he may serve a better cause and one in which his nobility of heart may appear, not in the ruin, but in the preservation of honest men. Of all our number, three died in Virginia, and four still remain there, for whose liberation everything possible is being done.

May God in his mercy give them patience, and may he derive from our affliction whatever good is acceptable to his providence and mercy. N'auez-vous couru que pour ainsi vous lasser? Car si Canada ne rend point autre reuenu, nous vous dirons, qu'aucun, s'il n'est fol, ne trauaille pour seulement patir; [ i. Quel fruict doncques nous apportez-vous de vos trauaux. NOW some one, having heard all our story, with good reason will say: Have you run, only to thus weary yourselves?

For if Canada does not furnish any other revenue, we can tell you that no one, unless he be a fool, works simply for the sake of suffering, [ i. But very truly says the holy Apostle, That he who planteth hopeth to gather fruit. What fruit then do you bring us from your labors?

Car il [ i. To this I answer, that everywhere, in France as well as in Canada, it is necessary to sow before reaping, and to plant before gathering, and not to be so avaricious or impatient as to wish, like usurers, the profit at the same time as the loan. How true it is that, in the service of God, there should be nothing but expense and labor, these of themselves being a great enough reward and salary; not because they are expenses and labors, but because they are proofs and exercises of our duty and pious willingness towards the liberal donor of all gifts, our all-powerful 83 God.

For he [ i. He arranges events as it pleases him, often rendering them the more happy and the more fruitful, the less one recognizes them as such. For he that planteth is nothing, nor he that watereth; but he who giveth the increase ; and this increase is first made under the ground, and out of the sight of men. For my part, I consider it a great advantage that we have learned more and more about the nature of these territories and lands, the character of the inhabitants, the means of helping them, [ i. The architect who makes and unmakes his plans and models even to the fifth and sixth time, does not think, for all that, that he has not accomplished anything in his first and second trials, which he has destroyed to stop at the sixth; for he will say that the perfection of the last, lies only in the imperfections of the first.

It is thus also with the orator, who erases and scratches out twice and three times what he has written in his first enthusiasm, because the beauty and force of the ideas and words, which he substitutes for the fourth time, come to him from his rejection of, and dissatisfaction with, the preceding ones. So, in truth, it is not otherwise that God usually gives us prudence and the better management of things, only [ i.

We have done, then, a part of what we intended to do; we have experimented, we know what is necessary and what is harmful, and wherein lies the principal part of the work. The means which have been employed have not been so great, nor so proportioned to a higher purpose, that we should be greatly dissatisfied with what God gives us. Pareillement, sur la fin de l'an But yet, on the other hand, it is a great result that the French have won the confidence and friendliness of the Savages, through the great familiarity and frequent intercourse which they have had with them.

For the foundation must always be laid before raising the capital; that is, we must make them citizens, or good hosts and friends, before making them brothers. Now this confidence and this [ i. For in Paris we can not sleep without having the doors well bolted; but there we close them against the wind only, and sleep no less securely for keeping them open. At first they fled from us, and feared us; now they wish us with them. When we first disembarked and visited St. Sauveur, and pretended that we did not like the place, and that we thought of going elsewhere, these simple natives wept and lamented.

On the other hand, the Sagamore of Kadesquit, called "Betsabes," 8 came to persuade us, with a thousand promises, to go to his place, having heard that we had some intention of making a settlement there. Is it a small thing to have such a foundation of Justice in our colonies, and this so [ i. And we must not conclude that other nations have borne this 87 friendship as well as we, for we are eyewitnesses to the fact that these Savages, having as they supposed, some advantage over the English, threw themselves upon them with fury, thinking, I believe, to get revenge for the injury that had been done us; but they were not successful in their attack.

Likewise, towards the end of the year , the Hollanders merely wishing to land at Cap de la Heve to take in some fresh water, our Savages assailed them fiercely, and made away with six of them, among whom was the Captain of the ship. It seems to me that we will be unworthy of this friendliness, if we do not so act that it may avail them in learning to love him, from whom we [ i. Furthermore, although the Jesuits have not usually baptized adults, for the reasons heretofore stated, yet they have catechized them as well as they could, both through the eyes and the ears.

Through the eyes, I say, making them see our usages and ceremonies and accustoming them thereto. In our Processions we had the little children march before the Cross, and perform some service, such as carrying the lights, or other things; and both they and their fathers take pleasure in this, as if they were really Christians.

Thank God this much has already been accomplished, that they do not wish to die without baptism, believing that they will be forever miserable, if they pass away without it, or at least a strong desire for it, and without sorrow for their sins. Nous dressions vne nouuelle peuplade fort commode: Le victorieux Iesus de sa puissante main: We had composed our Catechism in the Savage language, and had begun to be able to talk some kind of a jargon with our Catechumens.

We were founding a new and very pleasant colony, it was our Autumn, our time of harvest. And lo, at this moment, the one who is jealous of all good, and particularly of human salvation, came and, wickedly setting fire to all our work, bore us away from the field. May the victorious Jesus, with his powerful hand, and invincible [ i. BUT as God, being merciful and gentle, calls this nation of Savages according to their capacity and needs, so he has been pleased to show himself kind and helpful to them. I shall call to your attention here three proofs of this, very evident and sure, which were shown in the cure of bodily ills.

La premiere soit ceste-cy. Il n'en fut pas de besoin: Let the first be this one. Father Biard having gone to the river of Smelts 9 as has been said before , was told, that two leagues [ i. Marie, there was a woman very near death, who had a strong desire to see and speak with him.

The Father begged a certain man named Pierre to accompany him thither, which he did. They found this woman, who had been afflicted by disease for three weeks, stretched out by the fire, according to the custom of their sick people. The Father Catechized her as well as he could, and encouraged her, offering some prayers: There was no need, for the next day this woman arose healthy and happy, and, laden with a heavy bag, went to find her husband four leagues away, with her cross 93 hanging around her [ i.

The one who first saw her was a huguenot of Dieppe, called Jean Bachelard, who came to bring the news to the Jesuit. Or ce que Dieu fit en son absence apparoit, de ce que nous vismes vn iour apres. The second was at Pentegoet; Father Biard being there in company with Sieur de Biencourt, and, according to his custom, visiting the sick people of the place, and reciting over them passages from the holy Gospels, they showed him a certain one who was not expected to live, having been sick for three months.

He was then having a violent attack, speaking only with great difficulty, and bathed in a cold perspiration, the forerunner of death. The Jesuit had him kiss a cross several times, which he attached to his neck, announcing as well as he could the good tidings of the salvation acquired thereby; there were a number of Savages present, who listened, and, by their countenances, showed [ i.

The Father left them thus kindly disposed, and returned to the barque. Now what God did in his absence was apparent from what we saw a day later. For when Sieur de Biencourt was trading in his barque, this Savage, with several others, came there healthy and happy, parading his cross, and, with great demonstrations of joy, expressed his gratitude to Father Biard before them all. Sauueur, pour recognoistre s'il seroit bon pour leur demeure. Les Sauuages attendants quelque grand effect, se 96 presserent pour voir ce qu'en aduiendroit. Le Pere leur dit quelques paroles d'edification, puis leur signifia de se retirer en leurs Cabanes.

The third is very remarkable and therefore I shall tell it at length. As we have related above, Sieur de la Mote, Simon the interpreter, and Father Biard had gone to visit the place called St. Sauveur, to find out whether it would be suitable for a settlement. Now coming back from this visit, and returning to the Cabins of the Savages, they heard two or three times 95 cries and [ i.

Now as we were already within easy hearing distance of the voice, lo, this howling begins anew; and, by chance, a young Savage boy being met upon the way, curiosity impelled Father Biard to ask him who this dead person was that was being mourned. The boy answered that no one was dead, but that some one was dying, and added, of his own accord, "Run fast, perhaps you can baptize him before he really dies;" then, as if God had said this with his own lips, we began to run with all our might.

When we arrived we [ i. Now when the child happened to sob, the Father, supposing that its Life was departing, began to groan pitifully; and the whole company followed him in the same tone, for such is their custom. The Father cried that they should bring him some water immediately, which was done, and putting the child in the arms of Sieur de la Mote who was very [ i.

The Savages, expecting some great results, crowded round to see what would 97 happen. Now Father Biard, after having recited some prayers to the effect that God might be pleased to enlighten these poor Heathen, took the baptized child from the hands of Sieur de la Mote, and gave him to his mother, who was there; she, as Mother, immediately offered the child the breast, and he received nourishment with great eagerness.

When the Savages saw this child thus hanging upon the mother's breasts, if the earth had sunk beneath their feet, I do not think they could have been more astonished. They remained there, fixed and immovable, without saying a word, and as if Frozen. The Father uttered a few words of instruction to them and then motioned to them to return to their Cabins.

Do you [ i. These good people looked upon him as though he were more than man, trembling before him, and seeming to have been strongly touched by God. This child was still healthy and active a month after this, its recovery, a little while before we were taken by the English; for the mother brought him to our tents, and was seen by the greater part of our people.

See now that God does not leave his law without authentic testimonies, nor his goodness without admirable results. NOW as I have fulfilled the first two [ i. For the curious Reader, I believe, will be glad to learn just what the point of contention is, and the arguments which are advanced by both parties; it is even due to the honor of the French people, to make known to all nations how just are the titles, how suitable the reasons, and in what sincerity of conscience our Kings have made themselves Masters, and have taken possession of these lands up to the present.

For they dare not refuse what everybody grants us, but they only contest some of the boundaries. They grant us then a new France, but bound it by the shores of the Gulf and great river saint Lawrence, and restrict us within the 47th, 48th, and 49th degrees of north latitude.

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At least they do not allow us to go farther south than the forty-sixth degree, claiming all that country from Florida and the 33rd degree up to Campseau and the Islands of Cape Breton. Les fondements de ceste leur pretension sont parce que enuiron l'an The reasons for these their pretensions are, that about the year [ sic ], twenty-two years ago, having entered that great gulf [ i. Nevertheless since the Most Serene King James, now reigning, came to the throne, they resolved to reconquer and cultivate it.

The King, favoring this project, granted some important Privileges to those who undertook this colony, and, among other things, extended their right of occupation from the 33rd degree of north latitude up to the 45th, giving them power to attack all foreigners whom they might find within [ i. These patents of the King were drawn up during the fourth year of his reign, and in the year of grace on the 10th of April, seven years ago, for I am writing this in Voicy ce que nous leur repartissons legalement.

So that is what I have been able to learn from all the charters and instructions which our contestants bring forth to support them in their rights and claims; and, while we are being confined within the limits of old Canada, they are holding themselves at large with plenty of elbow room, giving us our share at their good pleasure.

Now this is how we would answer them according to law:. En premier lieu, que par vne prouidence admirable de Dieu leurs propres lettres Royaux sur lesquelles ils se fondent, les desdisent de leur pretention: Parce qu'il est dit expressement dans [ i. Nous leur donnons toutes les terres iusques au In the first place, as by an admirable providence of God, their own Royal patents, upon which they found their claims, contradict them in their pretensions. Because it is said expressly in these, [ i. We give them all the lands up to the 45th degree, which do not actually belong to any Christian Prince.

Now it happens that at the time of the date of these letters, the King of France actually and really possessed the said lands at least up to the 39th degree. Every one knows this through the voyages of Champlain, for he relates in these that, in the year , sieur de Monts was at port Royal, and, through his people and authority, ruled all the country to the 39th degree as Lieutenant of his most Christian Majesty. Again, if the English wish to say that they did not begin to take possession of their Virginia from the year only, but from the year , when they discovered it as we have said , we answer that the river, which they began [ i.

But let us suppose it could be done. Quoy que, si pour estre en vn lieu, lon possede aussi tost selon la presupposition des Anglois huict ou neuf degrez plus auant; Pourquoy est-ce, qu'eux estants au Quel droict y ont-ils plus que nous? Voila donc ce que nous respondons aux Anglois. Yet if being in a place gives possession as the English presuppose of eight or nine degrees farther on, why is it that they, being at the 36th, can advance to the 45th, better than we as they acknowledge being at the 46th, can go down to the 37th?

What greater rights have they than we? So thus we answer the English. Ceste inuention fut faicte l'an But to better declare the justice of our cause, what we have explained above most be recalled; namely, that his most Christian Majesty took possession of these lands before any other Christian Prince, by right of first discovery. For it is true, and is acknowledged by [ i. This discovery was made in the year , one hundred and ten years ago. Ce fut par deux voyages desquels le dernier fut faict l'an Furthermore, all acknowledge that, by the command of the great King Francis, Jean Verazan took possession of these countries in the name of France, beginning at the 33rd degree of north latitude up to the 47th.

This was done in two voyages, the last of which was made in the year , ninety years ago. Son dernier voyage fut l'an Donc c'est merueille [ i. Qu'on regarde la charte. In addition to this, Jacques Cartier 13 first entered the great river in two voyages that he made, and discovered the lands of Canada. His last voyage was in the year Now it is a wonder [ i. And the great river is so situated that the possession of these lands is almost useless to any one who does not possess at least as far as the 40th degree.

Look at the map. Also it is wonderful how these English say they have granted us Newfoundland, and nevertheless went there to live four years ago, near the 48th or 49th degree. Or est-ce le commun consentement de toute l'Europe, que de depeindre la nouuelle France, l'estendant au moins iusques au Et despuis l'an Now, by the common consent of all Europe, new France is represented as extending at least as far as the 38th or 39th degree, as it appears [ i.

And it was in the forty-third degree that the Marquis de la Roche went to settle, establishing his colony in the year And, since the year , sieur de Monts received as a gift all the lands from the 40th degree to the 46th degree, from the late Henry the Great, of happy memory, who also declared by express letters, that nothing which was brought away from there, or taken there, was liable to foreign custom duty, as that country was a just part and legitimate outgrowth of this Kingdom, and in no wise a foreign one.

And surely, in addition to the reasons here given, common justice favors this declaration; for those lands are parallel to our France, and not to England. They are, I say, contiguous with us, so that having been found unoccupied by us and beyond our shores they accrue to our inheritance, as the law of Alluvions determines. Finally the late Comte de Soyssons was invested with the government of the said countries, 17 and bore the title to it in his lifetime; and to-day the Prince places this in the rank of his other prerogatives and principal honors.

HERE, before finishing, I am obliged to set down some reasons which agitate my soul, when I consider how we are letting this poor new France lie fallow, both as to the temporal and the spiritual, in savagery and paganism. I know well that I may accomplish much more by advancing these reasons to the ear of our Lord in earnest prayer, than by presenting them to the eyes of men in cold letters.

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Nevertheless, the more ardently I cry to God in considering them, so much the more I feel myself [ i. And first, if the temporal is considered, this country is another France in the influences and conditions of the heavens and of the elements; in extent of country, ten or twelve times larger, if you wish; in quality, as good if it be cultivated, at least there is no reason why it should be worse; in situation, upon the shore opposite to ours, to give us the knowledge and mastery of the sea, and of navigation; I say there are a thousand blessings and advantages.

In a word, as it were, another France and another Spain to be cultivated. Next, the attempts which we have already made so many times for a hundred and ten years, oblige us to continue, unless we wish, to the scorn of strangers, to yet lose the fruit of [ i. Et certes en cas que nous n'y faisions [ i. If we give up or become indifferent, we have before our eyes many others, who have shown us that they have courage. And certainly, in case we did not do [ i. Now let us consider whether it is very advantageous to lose the profit, which is brought from these countries every year by more than five hundred of our ships, which go there, either on whaling expeditions, or for cod and other fish, or for trade in furs of the Beaver, Elk, Marten, Seal, Otter, etc.

Voila pour le temporel: O que [ i. So much for the temporal; but as to the spiritual, in which the inexpressible grace of God raises us to the surname and glory of "most Christian," let us calculate and sum up the benefits which accompany and favor us [ i. Such chastisement has been wisely commented upon by the venerable Bede. For, shortly before his age, the Scotch were illuminated by a divine light, so that they saw themselves fallen into heterodoxy by delusions and inadvertence; while the Bretons, or those people of the Province of Wales, were cast into the abyss and shadows of the outskirts of Hell, the heresies; of these two so contrary and opposite effects this great and Saintly Man, [ i.

While the Bretons, either through negligence or other lack of spiritual moderation, were quite indifferent when they saw the English perishing miserably in their infidelity; therefore they deserved, as ungrateful servants, to lose the talent of the Catholic faith, which they had not deigned to profit by, either for others or for themselves. May it please him to grant us mercy, and to receive from us and from all his creatures, praises and blessings forever and ever.

Done at Lyons, this 23rd of January, Three Letters by Charles Lalemant. Nostre Seigneur sera leur recompence. Ioseph, c'est pourquoy ie me contente de vous asseurer que ie suis,. Thanks to God, here we are in the district of your Lieutenancy, where we arrived after having one of the most successful voyages [] ever yet experienced.

Monsieur the General, 21 after having told us that was impossible to give us lodging either in the settlement or in the fort, and that we must either return to France, or withdraw to the Recollect Fathers' 22 obliged us to accept the latter offer. The Fathers received us with so much charity, that we feel forever under obligations to them.

Our Lord will be their reward. One of our Fathers, together with the Recollect Father who came from France, 23 went to the trading station 24 with the intention of going to the Hurons or to the Hiroquois, as they should think best after consulting Father Nicolas, who was to be at this station to confer with them. But it happened that poor Father Nicolas was drowned in the last of the rapids, 25 for which reason they returned, as they knew no one there, and had no knowledge of the language or of the country.

We are therefore awaiting your arrival, to determine what it will be well to do. You will hear all you wish to know of this country from Father Joseph, 26 therefore I am content to assure you that I am,. It would be altogether too ungrateful not to write to your Reverence to thank you, both for the letters which were recently written in our behalf to the Fathers who are here in [] new France, and for the kindness which we have received from these Fathers, who have placed us under everlasting obligations to them.

I pray our good Lord that he may be an ample recompense for both. As to me I write to our Superiors that I am so grateful for this that I shall lose no opportunity to show my appreciation of it; and I implore them, although they are already very much attached to your Fathers, to express the same gratitude to all your holy Order. Father Joseph will tell your Reverence the purpose of his voyage, 27 for the success of which we shall not cease to offer prayers and sacrifices to God.