Cartagena; Or, The Lost Brigade

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Cartagena; or, The lost brigade; a story of heroism in the British war with Spain, 1740-1742,

It was the capital of the province of Cartagena and had significant fortifications that had been recently repaired, enlarged and improved with outlying forts, batteries and works. The city faces the Caribbean to the west; to the south its bay has two entrances: Boca Chica historically was the deep water entrance and was so narrow it allowed the passage of only one ship at a time. This entrance was defended on one side by the Fort San Luis with a couple of small outworks on the peninsula of Terra Bomba, and on the other side by the fascine battery Baradera. Beyond Boca Chica was the lagoon of the outer harbor with an entry channel into the inner harbor between two peninsulas, each defended by a fort.

The walls of the city itself mounted some cannon, while the suburbs had guns.

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The city was surrounded by a moat and its gates were guarded by recently built bastions. The suburbs were also surrounded by a moat. On a hill about a quarter mile south of the city stood Fort San Lazaro, a square fifty feet on a side with three demi- bastions. The fort's position commanded the city itself and the plain around the hill. The road from the best landing point, the beach at Texar de Gracias, ran three miles to Fort Lazaro. The battle pitted a British invasion force of ships [50] including: There were at least 27, military personnel, of which the land force totaled 12, [53] including: The expedition was very slow leaving Britain.

Initially, contrary winds delayed the sailing until most of the shipboard provisions were consumed and a steep increase of sickness [59] occurred among the ship crews. Then news of the sailing of the French squadrons and a Spanish squadron caused further delay while the British fleet was reinforced in response. The 3, Americans were transported to Jamaica from New York on 40 transports escorted by some British men of war and arrived much sooner on December 3, The Americans were originally under the command of General Spotswood , Governor of Virginia, who was to be second-in command under Cathcart, however Spotswood died and was replaced by Gooch as commander of the Americans.

They found on their arrival that no arrangements had been made by the British government for their provisions. In Jamaica, African slaves were added to the expedition as a work battalion. Additional delays before and after embarking from Jamaica cost more precious time, including a brief skirmish with a French squadron. Both the British and the Spanish were well aware that with onset of the two-month rainy season in May, the so-called 'sickly season', which would last from May to November, [64] would also begin.

The Spanish had received reinforcements but were already suffering severely from diseases as well. Similar to the British, but not as disruptive to operations, there was dissension between Lezo and Eslava. In particular, Lezo favored a very strong, all-out defense of Boca Chica channel; Eslava's opposition led to an under-manning of some of the forward defenses, allowing the British an easier initial landing.

The British expedition arrived off Cartagena on March 13 with no overall commander but with decisions being made by councils of war, with General Wentworth commanding the land forces and Vernon the sea forces. The navy had lost so many sailors by this time as a result of the epidemics that one third of the land forces were needed to fill out the crews. The other access channel, Boca Grande, was too shallow to allow the passage of ocean-going ships.

The channel of Boca Chica was the only deep-draft passage into the harbor of Cartagena. It ran between two narrow peninsulas and was defended on one side by the fort of San Luis, Boca Chica Castle , with four bastions having some 49 cannons, 3 mortars and a garrison of soldiers under the command of the chief engineer, Carlos Desnaux. A boom stretched from the island of La Bomba to the southern peninsula on which was Fort San Jose with 13 cannon and soldiers. Also supporting the entrance were the 6 Spanish line ships. Before settling to disembark, Vernon silences the batteries of the fortresses of Chamba, San Felipe and Santiago defended by Lorenzo Alderete from Malaga.

The Spanish defenders of two small, nearby forts, San Iago and San Philip, were driven off by a division of three ships of the fleet under Chaloner Ogle which suffered some casualties with the Shrewsbury alone losing killed and wounded as well as taking serious damage from cannon fire from Fort San Luis. After the army made camp, the Americans and the Jamaicans constructed a battery in two weeks [74] and its twenty 24 pounder guns began battering the fort. A squadron of five ships, consisting of the Boyne , Prince Frederick , Hampton Court , Tilbury , and Suffolk , led inshore by Commodore Lestock , also attempted to batter the fort into submission for two days but had the worst of it, making no impression on the fort and having many men killed and three ships heavily damaged and disabled.

The British artillery on land, after three days of firing night and day, made a breach in the main fort [76] while part of the fleet assisted.

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Another part of the fleet engaged the Spanish ships, two of which Lezo scuttled and another, the Galicia , he set on fire. The two scuttled Spanish ships partially blocked the channel and the Galicia was captured by the British before it could sink. The infantry advanced on the breach; however, the Spanish had already retreated to fortifications in the inner harbor. Over the following week, the landing force re-embarked and entered the harbor.

The operation against Boca Chica cost the British army killed and wounded, additionally died from the diseases of yellow fever and malaria , and sick were hospitalized. The next council of war decided to attempt to isolate Cartagena from the land side by an assault of Fort San Lazaro , called in some accounts San Felipe de Barajas. With the capture of San Luis and other outlying defensive works, the fleet passed through the Boca Chica channel into the lagoon that made up the harbor of Cartagena.

Passagens baratas para Cartagena (CTG) a partir de R$ - KAYAK

The Spanish withdrew to concentrate their forces at Fort San Lazaro and the city. Vernon goaded Wentworth into an ill-considered, badly planned assault on the fort, an outlying strong-point of Cartagena, which Vernon refused to support with the fleet making specious excuses about the depth of the harbor.

The ships cleared the beach with cannon fire and Wentworth landed on April 16 at Texar de Gracias. After the British gained the inner harbor and captured some outlying forts, de Lezo strengthened the last main bastion of Fort San Lazaro by digging a trench around it and clearing a field of fire on the approach. He had to hold the fort as it commanded the city [79] and, in British hands, a bombardment would force Cartagena to surrender in a short time. Lezo defended the trench with some soldiers and garrisoned the fort with another , while keeping in hand a reserve of marines and sailors.

The British advanced from the beach and had to pass a narrow defile. There they met a Spanish force that briefly contested that passage before giving way. The only British engineer with the expedition had been killed at fort San Luis ; no one could construct a battery to breach the walls. The British decided to storm the fort outright in a coup de main , walls unbreached, during a night attack. The night attack would allow the assault of the northern side of the fort facing Cartagena because, in the dark, the guns of Cartagena would not be able to give supporting fire.

The southern side had the lowest and most vulnerable walls and the grenadiers would attempt to quickly storm and carry the parapets.

But the attack started late and the initial advance on Lazaro was made near dawn at 4 am April 20 by a forlorn hope of 50 picked men followed by grenadiers commanded by Colonel Wynyard. The main body was 1, men of the 15th and 24th regiments commanded by Colonel Grant, then a mixed company from the 34th and 36th regiments [81] and some unarmed Americans carrying scaling-ladders for the fort's high walls and wool packs [82] to fill in the trench. Finally, there was a reserve of marines under Colonel Wolfe.

The column was led by two Spanish deserters as guides who misled the British on the southern low walled side. Wynyard was led to a steep approach and, as the grenadiers scrambled up the slope, they were received with a deadly volley of musket fire at thirty yards from the Spanish in the entrenchments. The grenadiers deployed into line and advanced, slowly trading fire. On the north face, Grant fell early and the leaderless troops traded fire with the Spanish. Most of the Americans dropped the ladders they carried and took cover. Those ladders brought forward were too short by ten feet.

At eight o'clock, when a column of Spanish infantry coming from the gates of Cartagena threatened to cut the British off from their ships, Wentworth ordered a retreat.

The assault failed, with a loss of casualties from a force of approximately 2, Sickness and disease increased the casualties of the expedition. During the period surrounding the attack on Fort San Lazaro, Wentworth's land forces were reduced from 6, effectives to 3, Don Blas de Lezo's plan had been that, given the overwhelming force against him, he would attempt to conduct a fighting withdrawal and delay the British long enough until the start of the rainy season at the end of April.

The tropical downpours would delay campaigning for another 2 months. Further, the longer the enemy had to remain mostly crowded on ships at sea and in the open on land, the more likely that insufficient supply, discomfort and especially disease would become his allies and the deadly enemies of the British. De Lezo was aided by the contempt that Vernon and Wentworth had for each other, which prevented their cooperation after the initial landing.

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Another important factor in the defeat of the British force was the fact that Cartagena's defensive fortifications had been repaired and improved over the past year. Although De Lezo was pressed to the limit, his plan worked and the Spanish prevailed. The interior did not seemed to be very clean there were food stains on the pull out tray and no in flight magazine in my seat pocket. The same group spent a lot of time burping and then spending an inordinate length of time picking their teeth with wooden toothpicks which did not make for a pleasant scene.

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I almost lost my appetite seeing which what vigor they went at it, what were they expecting to find? They would then spit the residue in the air making me a bit nauseous. The main lunch ravioli meal served earlier was not bad. The bottom line is that the flight was uneventful with nothing to note, but there is definite room for improvement. There should be tv screens on each chair and the choice to choose what we want to watch. I know is just economy class but still for such a long flight it should be a bit more comfortable. Flight number changed with no notification until check in.

Electronic check in system was not working twice, perhaps due to international minors, had to wait in line in order to check in. The boarding pass for our connection from Rio to Miami was not given to us in Sao Paulo when we had to manually check in. As a result, we had to exit the secured area in Rio to go check in manually again for our connection and then go through security and customs again. Amazing service from every staff member I met! Super polite and professional! A shout to Adriana and Matheus for making me feel so welcome!!

Thank you and the whole crew for a great experience! The plane was destroyed, everything broken and dirty , The most uncomfortable I have ever been on a plane and I was in business class. What I did not like is that after being in line too long to check in, they did not give me my boarding pass, I had to go and wait long time in another line to pay for my checked bag and to get my boarding pass. I have never seen that at any other airline, once you check in, you should be ready to go.

The fight got delay. They made me loose my connection and then made me wait 9 hour at the airport just to make a change on my schedule. The people from the Avianca counter in Miami is the worst. Also, when I arrive to Lima, got my luggage an one of them was terrible broken with the things that were inside. Should able to provide extra food upon request.

Crew should speak English well as it is a tourist destination. A qualidade do atendimento da equipe foi excelente. Por conta da fila em GRU, o voo demorou uns min pra decolar.