Aufbau und Funktionsweise von Shared Service Centern (German Edition)

Juli Maximal comfort versus minimal space — The challenge of aircraft seating. How are market leaders tackling the challenge of weight reduction while still maintaining passenger comfort? Conference delegates will hear presentations, first-hand experiences and best practices on the following issues: Ergonomic parameters and new designs to create maximal comfort in minimal space Weight reduction: Find out how to optimize the profitability of your aircrafts using lightweight materials and clever designs Legislation: The latest regulatory framework in aircraft seating In addition, delegate can participate in the following interactive workshops: How to adapt aircraft seats to accommodate a widening range of passenger segments - State of the art suspension seating surfaces - Parameters of seat comfort Further information, including articles, interviews and the full conference program, is available on the conference website.

Das gesamte Interview wurde als Podcast aufgezeichnet und kann hier abgerufen werden. Juli Prosecuting the unspeakable: A report by projectcounsel. Uncovering a mass grave near Srebrenica. Unarmed Bosnian Muslim males were rounded up and murdered and bulldozed into mass graves. But they have not seen such a cascade of events such as we have seen in the last two months. Today marks the 15 th anniversary of the massacre at Srebrenica.

The biggest event in the last few months was the capture at the end May of the former Bosnian Serb commander Ratko Mladic who engineered that massacre after 16 years on the run. Among its holdings, the appeals court ruled that corporations can be held liable under the Alien Tort Statute, a federal law that allows U. But there is a fascinating e-discovery element to these war crimes proceedings, and how the United Nations faces the need to manage the accumulation, organization, and access to evidence relating to war crimes.

The UN team that is responsible for gathering and handling the information to be used in such trials faces the challenge of making millions of documents in many formats and many languages available to prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, and other court stakeholders. This war crimes evidence originates in multiple formats from disparate sources, for example — TV program tapes, radio broadcasts, news and military photographs, home movies, home photos, recorded telephone communications, and other rich media formats in addition to masses of paper documents and the standard electronic text of emails and other natively electronic documents.

For those of us involved in the commercial sector of e-discovery it can be a most banal experience, having an irredeemable dullness. But the United Nations war crime tribunals work embody every extreme and special circumstance when it comes to eDiscovery challenges and requirements. It is thrilling — and gruesome — stuff, with every trial having its own complexities involving data formats, scalability, language support, rules of procedure, and confidentiality.

The tribunals face the daunting task of ensuring full and equitable access to all of this diverse evidentiary information by all parties to the trial. The process typically involves multiple professions, such as digital forensics specialists, lawyers, and IT professionals, all with slightly different objectives and requirements, which must ultimately ensure system operations protocols that can be certified by the governing authority, in this case, by the UN tribunal itself.

The e-discovery vendor they chose? Enabling Prosecution of the Unspeakable: The ability to recognize documents from different languages and to differentiate and process languages notated in multiple character sets was a system necessity e. The multilanguage query parsing capability supported system users working in one native language to achieve the same results as users working in a different native language. Such support is particularly important because of the complexity of the problems the UN team was facing and because of the foreshortened time frames within which the team needed to make the evidentiary information available to the prosecution and defense teams.

When you spend time with Mr de Cesare you realize human rights are not a vague or general ideal as far as he is concerned. Promoting them, pursuing them means defending each individual victim. At his request Project Counsel interviewed Mr. Just choose from the drop-down menu at the bottom of the screen.

Juli Aircraft Seating. Juli Outsourcing is people's business: Is outsourcing model something new for you? Do you have to deal with it — and think how to influence key employees? Or maybe you have problems with not clearly defined goals and objectives in an outsourcing engagement? She was paid more generously later in her life, but saved half of her salary to bequeath to her nephew, Gottfried E. Mostly unconcerned about appearance and manners, biographers suggest she focused on her studies.

A distinguished algebraist Olga Taussky-Todd described a luncheon, during which Noether, wholly engrossed in a discussion of mathematics, "gesticulated wildly" as she ate and "spilled her food constantly and wiped it off from her dress, completely unperturbed". Two female students once approached her during a break in a two-hour class to express their concern, but they were unable to break through the energetic mathematics discussion she was having with other students.

According to van der Waerden's obituary of Emmy Noether, she did not follow a lesson plan for her lectures, which frustrated some students. Instead, she used her lectures as a spontaneous discussion time with her students, to think through and clarify important problems in mathematics. Some of her most important results were developed in these lectures, and the lecture notes of her students formed the basis for several important textbooks, such as those of van der Waerden and Deuring.

Noether spoke quickly — reflecting the speed of her thoughts, many said — and demanded great concentration from her students. Students who disliked her style often felt alienated. Her most dedicated students, however, relished the enthusiasm with which she approached mathematics, especially since her lectures often built on earlier work they had done together. She developed a close circle of colleagues and students who thought along similar lines and tended to exclude those who did not.

A regular student said of one such instance: Noether showed a devotion to her subject and her students that extended beyond the academic day. Once, when the building was closed for a state holiday, she gathered the class on the steps outside, led them through the woods, and lectured at a local coffee house. In the winter of — Noether accepted an invitation to Moscow State University , where she continued working with P. In addition to carrying on with her research, she taught classes in abstract algebra and algebraic geometry.

She worked with the topologists, Lev Pontryagin and Nikolai Chebotaryov , who later praised her contributions to the development of Galois theory. Although politics was not central to her life, Noether took a keen interest in political matters and, according to Alexandrov, showed considerable support for the Russian Revolution. She was especially happy to see Soviet advances in the fields of science and mathematics, which she considered indicative of new opportunities made possible by the Bolshevik project. This attitude caused her problems in Germany, culminating in her eviction from a pension lodging building, after student leaders complained of living with "a Marxist-leaning Jewess".

Noether planned to return to Moscow, an effort for which she received support from Alexandrov. Although this effort proved unsuccessful, they corresponded frequently during the s, and in she made plans for a return to the Soviet Union. Noether's colleagues celebrated her fiftieth birthday in , in typical mathematicians' style.

Helmut Hasse dedicated an article to her in the Mathematische Annalen , wherein he confirmed her suspicion that some aspects of noncommutative algebra are simpler than those of commutative algebra , by proving a noncommutative reciprocity law. She solved immediately, but the riddle has been lost. Apparently, Noether's prominent speaking position was a recognition of the importance of her contributions to mathematics. Antisemitic attitudes created a climate hostile to Jewish professors. One young protester reportedly demanded: Noether accepted the decision calmly, providing support for others during this difficult time.

Hermann Weyl later wrote that "Emmy Noether—her courage, her frankness, her unconcern about her own fate, her conciliatory spirit—was in the midst of all the hatred and meanness, despair and sorrow surrounding us, a moral solace. When one of her students appeared in the uniform of the Nazi paramilitary organization Sturmabteilung SA , she showed no sign of agitation and, reportedly, even laughed about it later. As dozens of newly unemployed professors began searching for positions outside of Germany, their colleagues in the United States sought to provide assistance and job opportunities for them.

Albert Einstein and Hermann Weyl were appointed by the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , while others worked to find a sponsor required for legal immigration. Noether was contacted by representatives of two educational institutions: After a series of negotiations with the Rockefeller Foundation , a grant to Bryn Mawr was approved for Noether and she took a position there, starting in late Another source of support at the college was the Bryn Mawr president, Marion Edwards Park, who enthusiastically invited mathematicians in the area to "see Dr.

She also worked with and supervised Abraham Albert and Harry Vandiver.

1. A Journey in Other Worlds (Annotated)?
2. Anna Adarsh Colleg for Women;
3. 41 Energy Drink Recipes.
4. Finance and Controlling BSC - Senior Financial Controller with German language in Košice.

Her time in the United States was pleasant, surrounded as she was by supportive colleagues and absorbed in her favorite subjects. Although many of her former colleagues had been forced out of the universities, she was able to use the library as a "foreign scholar".

Operations research

In April doctors discovered a tumor in Noether's pelvis. Worried about complications from surgery, they ordered two days of bed rest first. During the operation they discovered an ovarian cyst "the size of a large cantaloupe ". For three days she appeared to convalesce normally, and she recovered quickly from a circulatory collapse on the fourth. Noether", one of the physicians wrote. A few days after Noether's death her friends and associates at Bryn Mawr held a small memorial service at College President Park's house.

Hermann Weyl and Richard Brauer traveled from Princeton and spoke with Wheeler and Taussky about their departed colleague. In the months that followed, written tributes began to appear around the globe: Her body was cremated and the ashes interred under the walkway around the cloisters of the M. Carey Thomas Library at Bryn Mawr. Noether's work in abstract algebra and topology was influential in mathematics, while in physics, Noether's theorem has consequences for theoretical physics and dynamical systems. She showed an acute propensity for abstract thought, which allowed her to approach problems of mathematics in fresh and original ways.

In the first epoch — , Noether dealt primarily with differential and algebraic invariants , beginning with her dissertation under Paul Gordan. Her mathematical horizons broadened, and her work became more general and abstract, as she became acquainted with the work of David Hilbert , through close interactions with a successor to Gordan, Ernst Sigismund Fischer. In the second epoch — , Noether devoted herself to developing the theory of mathematical rings.

In the third epoch — , Noether focused on noncommutative algebra , linear transformations , and commutative number fields. Although the results of Noether's first epoch were impressive and useful, her fame among mathematicians rests more on the groundbreaking work she did in her second and third epochs, as noted by Hermann Weyl and B.

In these epochs, she was not merely applying ideas and methods of earlier mathematicians; rather, she was crafting new systems of mathematical definitions that would be used by future mathematicians. In particular, she developed a completely new theory of ideals in rings , generalizing earlier work of Richard Dedekind. She is also renowned for developing ascending chain conditions, a simple finiteness condition that yielded powerful results in her hands.

Such conditions and the theory of ideals enabled Noether to generalize many older results and to treat old problems from a new perspective, such as elimination theory and the algebraic varieties that had been studied by her father. In the century from to Noether's death in , the field of mathematics — specifically algebra — underwent a profound revolution, whose reverberations are still being felt.

Mathematicians of previous centuries had worked on practical methods for solving specific types of equations, e. Noether's most important contributions to mathematics were to the development of this new field, abstract algebra. A group consists of a set of elements and a single operation which combines a first and a second element and returns a third.

The operation must satisfy certain constraints for it to determine a group: It must be closed when applied to any pair of elements of the associated set, the generated element must also be a member of that set , it must be associative , there must be an identity element an element which, when combined with another element using the operation, results in the original element, such as adding zero to a number or multiplying it by one , and for every element there must be an inverse element.

A ring likewise, has a set of elements, but now has two operations.

Operations research | Websites ebook free download!

The first operation must make the set a group, and the second operation is associative and distributive with respect to the first operation. It may or may not be commutative ; this means that the result of applying the operation to a first and a second element is the same as to the second and first — the order of the elements does not matter. A field is defined as a commutative division ring.

Groups are frequently studied through group representations. In their most general form, these consist of a choice of group, a set, and an action of the group on the set, that is, an operation which takes an element of the group and an element of the set and returns an element of the set. Most often, the set is a vector space , and the group represents symmetries of the vector space. For example, there is a group which represents the rigid rotations of space. This is a type of symmetry of space, because space itself does not change when it is rotated even though the positions of objects in it do.

Noether used these sorts of symmetries in her work on invariants in physics. A powerful way of studying rings is through their modules. A module consists of a choice of ring, another set, usually distinct from the underlying set of the ring and called the underlying set of the module, an operation on pairs of elements of the underlying set of the module, and an operation which takes an element of the ring and an element of the module and returns an element of the module.

The underlying set of the module and its operation must form a group. A module is a ring-theoretic version of a group representation: Ignoring the second ring operation and the operation on pairs of module elements determines a group representation. The real utility of modules is that the kinds of modules that exist and their interactions, reveal the structure of the ring in ways that are not apparent from the ring itself. An important special case of this is an algebra. The word algebra means both a subject within mathematics as well as an object studied in the subject of algebra. An algebra consists of a choice of two rings and an operation which takes an element from each ring and returns an element of the second ring.

This operation makes the second ring into a module over the first. Often the first ring is a field. Words such as "element" and "combining operation" are very general, and can be applied to many real-world and abstract situations. Any set of things that obeys all the rules for one or two operation s is, by definition, a group or ring , and obeys all theorems about groups or rings. Integer numbers, and the operations of addition and multiplication, are just one example.

HS Bremerhaven

For example, the elements might be computer data words , where the first combining operation is exclusive or and the second is logical conjunction. Theorems of abstract algebra are powerful because they are general; they govern many systems. It might be imagined that little could be concluded about objects defined with so few properties, but precisely therein lay Noether's gift to discover the maximum that could be concluded from a given set of properties, or conversely, to identify the minimum set, the essential properties responsible for a particular observation.

Unlike most mathematicians, she did not make abstractions by generalizing from known examples; rather, she worked directly with the abstractions. The maxim by which Emmy Noether was guided throughout her work might be formulated as follows: This is the begriffliche Mathematik purely conceptual mathematics that was characteristic of Noether. This style of mathematics was consequently adopted by other mathematicians, especially in the then new field of abstract algebra. The integers form a commutative ring whose elements are the integers, and the combining operations are addition and multiplication.

Any pair of integers can be added or multiplied , always resulting in another integer, and the first operation, addition, is commutative , i. The second operation, multiplication, also is commutative, but that need not be true for other rings, meaning that a combined with b might be different from b combined with a. Examples of noncommutative rings include matrices and quaternions. The integers have additional properties which do not generalize to all commutative rings.

An important example is the fundamental theorem of arithmetic , which says that every positive integer can be factored uniquely into prime numbers. Unique factorizations do not always exist in other rings, but Noether found a unique factorization theorem, now called the Lasker—Noether theorem , for the ideals of many rings. Much of Noether's work lay in determining what properties do hold for all rings, in devising novel analogs of the old integer theorems, and in determining the minimal set of assumptions required to yield certain properties of rings.

Much of Noether's work in the first epoch of her career was associated with invariant theory , principally algebraic invariant theory. Invariant theory is concerned with expressions that remain constant invariant under a group of transformations. Invariant theory was an active area of research in the later nineteenth century, prompted in part by Felix Klein 's Erlangen program , according to which different types of geometry should be characterized by their invariants under transformations, e. A, B, and C are linear operators on the vectors — typically matrices.

These substitutions form the special linear group SL 2. One can ask for all polynomials in A, B, and C that are unchanged by the action of SL 2 ; these are called the invariants of binary quadratic forms and turn out to be the polynomials in the discriminant. One of the main goals of invariant theory was to solve the " finite basis problem ". The sum or product of any two invariants is invariant, and the finite basis problem asked whether it was possible to get all the invariants by starting with a finite list of invariants, called generators , and then, adding or multiplying the generators together.

For example, the discriminant gives a finite basis with one element for the invariants of binary quadratic forms. Noether's advisor, Paul Gordan, was known as the "king of invariant theory", and his chief contribution to mathematics was his solution of the finite basis problem for invariants of homogeneous polynomials in two variables.

In , David Hilbert proved a similar statement for the invariants of homogeneous polynomials in any number of variables. Galois theory concerns transformations of number fields that permute the roots of an equation. There may or may not be choices of x , which make this polynomial evaluate to zero. Such choices, if they exist, are called roots. If the field is extended , however, then the polynomial may gain roots, and if it is extended enough, then it always has a number of roots equal to its degree. More generally, the extension field in which a polynomial can be factored into its roots is known as the splitting field of the polynomial.

The Galois group of a polynomial is the set of all transformations of the splitting field which preserve the ground field and the roots of the polynomial. In mathematical jargon, these transformations are called automorphisms. Since the Galois group does not change the ground field, it leaves the coefficients of the polynomial unchanged, so it must leave the set of all roots unchanged.

Each root can move to another root, however, so transformation determines a permutation of the n roots among themselves. The significance of the Galois group derives from the fundamental theorem of Galois theory , which proves that the fields lying between the ground field and the splitting field are in one-to-one correspondence with the subgroups of the Galois group.

In , Noether published a paper on the inverse Galois problem. She reduced this to " Noether's problem ", which asks whether the fixed field of a subgroup G of the permutation group S n acting on the field k x 1 , She first mentioned this problem in a paper, [] where she attributed the problem to her colleague Fischer. The inverse Galois problem remains unsolved. Hilbert had observed that the conservation of energy seemed to be violated in general relativity, because gravitational energy could itself gravitate. Noether provided the resolution of this paradox, and a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics , with Noether's first theorem , which she proved in , but did not publish until Upon receiving her work, Einstein wrote to Hilbert:.

Yesterday I received from Miss Noether a very interesting paper on invariants. I'm impressed that such things can be understood in such a general way. She seems to know her stuff. For illustration, if a physical system behaves the same, regardless of how it is oriented in space, the physical laws that govern it are rotationally symmetric; from this symmetry, Noether's theorem shows the angular momentum of the system must be conserved.

Rather, the symmetry of the physical laws governing the system is responsible for the conservation law.

Navigation menu

As another example, if a physical experiment has the same outcome at any place and at any time, then its laws are symmetric under continuous translations in space and time; by Noether's theorem, these symmetries account for the conservation laws of linear momentum and energy within this system, respectively. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics , both because of the insight it gives into conservation laws, and also, as a practical calculation tool. Conversely, it facilitates the description of a physical system based on classes of hypothetical physical laws.

For illustration, suppose that a new physical phenomenon is discovered. Noether's theorem provides a test for theoretical models of the phenomenon:. If the theory has a continuous symmetry, then Noether's theorem guarantees that the theory has a conserved quantity, and for the theory to be correct, this conservation must be observable in experiments. In this epoch, Noether became famous for her deft use of ascending Teilerkettensatz or descending Vielfachenkettensatz chain conditions.

A sequence of non-empty subsets A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , etc. Conversely, a sequence of subsets of S is called descending if each contains the next subset:. A collection of subsets of a given set satisfies the ascending chain condition if any ascending sequence becomes constant after a finite number of steps. It satisfies the descending chain condition if any descending sequence becomes constant after a finite number of steps.

Ascending and descending chain conditions are general, meaning that they can be applied to many types of mathematical objects—and, on the surface, they might not seem very powerful. Noether showed how to exploit such conditions, however, to maximum advantage.

• Forgot Password?.
• Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700 "Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood"!
• Karl Barth on the Filioque (Barth Studies).
• LET’S CREATE THE DIGITAL WORLD OF TOMORROW – APPLY NOW!.
• Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Rosenstiel.

These conclusions often are crucial steps in a proof. Many types of objects in abstract algebra can satisfy chain conditions, and usually if they satisfy an ascending chain condition, they are called Noetherian in her honor. By definition, a Noetherian ring satisfies an ascending chain condition on its left and right ideals, whereas a Noetherian group is defined as a group in which every strictly ascending chain of subgroups is finite.

A Noetherian module is a module in which every strictly ascending chain of submodules becomes constant after a finite number of steps. A Noetherian space is a topological space in which every strictly ascending chain of open subspaces becomes constant after a finite number of steps; this definition makes the spectrum of a Noetherian ring a Noetherian topological space. The chain condition often is "inherited" by sub-objects.

For example, all subspaces of a Noetherian space, are Noetherian themselves; all subgroups and quotient groups of a Noetherian group are likewise, Noetherian; and, mutatis mutandis , the same holds for submodules and quotient modules of a Noetherian module. All quotient rings of a Noetherian ring are Noetherian, but that does not necessarily hold for its subrings.

The chain condition also may be inherited by combinations or extensions of a Noetherian object. For example, finite direct sums of Noetherian rings are Noetherian, as is the ring of formal power series over a Noetherian ring. Another application of such chain conditions is in Noetherian induction —also known as well-founded induction —which is a generalization of mathematical induction.

It frequently is used to reduce general statements about collections of objects to statements about specific objects in that collection. Suppose that S is a partially ordered set.