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Vulgar Latin had five vowels in unstressed syllables: The final schwa was eventually lost as well, but leaves its mark in the spelling, as well as in the pronunciation of final consonants, which normally remain pronounced if a schwa followed but are often lost otherwise: As noted above, stressed vowels developed quite differently depending on whether they occurred in an open syllable followed by at most one consonant or a closed syllable followed by two or more consonants.
These latter two changes occurred unconditionally, i. Latin N that ended up not followed by a vowel after the loss of vowels in unstressed syllables was ultimately absorbed into the preceding vowel, producing a series of nasal vowels. There are two separate cases, depending on whether the N originally stood between vowels or next to a consonant i. See the article on the phonological history of French for full details. Latin S before a consonant ultimately was absorbed into the preceding vowel, producing a long vowel indicated in Modern French spelling with a circumflex accent.
In most cases, the formerly long vowel is pronounced identically to the formerly short vowel e. Late Vulgar Latin of the French area had a full complement of palatalized consonants, and more developed over time. During the Old French period, l before a consonant became u , producing new diphthongs, which eventually resolved into monophthongs , e. See the article on phonological history of French for details. The sound changes involving consonants are less striking than those involving vowels.
In some ways, French is actually relatively conservative.
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For example, it preserves initial pl- , fl- , cl- , unlike Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, e. Consonants between vowels were subject to a process called lenition a type of weakening. In French, this was more extensive than in Spanish, Portuguese or Italian. The following table shows the outcomes:. As described above , Late Vulgar Latin of the French area had an extensive series of palatalized consonants that developed from numerous sources. Latin E and I in hiatus position i. All consonants could be palatalized in this fashion.
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The resulting consonants developed as follows sometimes developing differently when they became final as a result of early loss of the following vowel:. In Old French , however, all underlying voiced stops and fricatives were pronounced voiceless when word-final. This was clearly reflected in Old French spelling, e. Most of these alternations have since disappeared due partly to morphological reshaping and partly to respelling once most final consonants were lost, as described below , but the adjectival alternation vif vs.
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Starting in the Middle French period, most final consonants were gradually lost. This proceeded in stages:. The restored consonant may stem either from the liaison pronunciation or the spelling and serves to reduce ambiguity: French is noticeably different from most other Romance languages. Some of the changes have been attributed to substrate influence — i.
In practice, it is difficult to say with confidence which sound and grammar changes were due to substrate and superstrate influences, since many of the changes in French have parallels in other Romance languages, or are changes commonly undergone by many languages in the process of development. However, the following are likely candidates.
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Phonological history of French. This article possibly contains original research.
Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. October Learn how and when to remove this template message. French language and French-speaking world portal History portal. This probably stems from the consonant originally being pronounced geminated , as it still is in modern Italian. This may stem from the consonant originally being pronounced geminated , as it still is in modern Italian. Ellipses Edition Marketing S. From Dialect to Standard Routledge, Rebecca Posner et al.
Mouton de Gruyter, , Environment hazards on Clipperton Island French Pacific: On the uninhabited atoll of Clipperton, the fourth French Pacific territory, the land and lagoon ecosystems are in drastic degradation while natural hazards are severe. Since the sixties, occurred a desertification process due apparently to the elimination of pigs introduced by the end of the 19 th century, and consequently to the proliferation of millions of omnivorous crabs and thousands of birds.
The lack of vegetal cover was already the natural stage before human presence showing therefore a positive human impact on this exceptional environment.
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Considering these environmental stakes, and enlighten by economic and geopolitical issues of the region, the author proposes, after a limited planning, a land partition between a fully protected area and a human settlement sector which would guarantee French sovereignty on this zone lusted for its resources. Les deux premiers cocotiers ainsi que deux porcs furent introduits en vraisemblablement par les Etats-uniens Fig.
Figures 5a et 5b: Over four decades, Bouffier continues to plant trees, and the valley is turned into a kind of Garden of Eden. By the end of the story, the valley is vibrant with life and is peacefully settled. The valley receives official protection after the First World War the authorities mistakenly believe that the rapid growth of this forest is a bizarre natural phenomenon, as they are unaware of Bouffier's selfless deeds , and more than 10, people move there, all of them unknowingly owing their happiness to Bouffier.
The narrator tells one of his friends in the government the truth about the natural forest, and the friend also helps protect the forest. The narrator visits the now very old Bouffier one last time in In a hospice in Banon , in , the man who planted trees peacefully passes away. Certainly, Giono lived during this time. While he was alive, Giono enjoyed allowing people to believe that the story was real, and considered it as a tribute to his skill.
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His daughter, Aline Giono, described it as "a family story for a long time". However, Giono himself explained in a letter to an official of the city of Digne:. The goal was to make trees likeable, or more specifically, make planting trees likeable. In the letter, he describes how the book was translated in a multitude of languages, distributed freely, and therefore was a success.
He adds that, although "it does not bring me a cent", it is one of the texts of which he is most proud. Lurtsema as the narrator. It was made into a book-on-tape in by Earth Music Productions.