Kevin And Noah Hatch An Egg

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Burrill Stem Cell Report: Links to sites with news and information about reproductive research: South Korea's prolonged heat wave is producing a number of unusual moments, including a chick hatching out of an egg reportedly without a mother hen or brooder lamp -- thanks to the blazing heat and continued tropical nights.

The country has been enduring unusually scorching weather for weeks since early July. Daytime highs exceeded 38 degrees Celsius in Seoul and other regions on Tuesday, while the temperature in Yeongcheon, North Gyeongsang Province, reached As of Wednesday morning, 14 people had died due to heat-related illness, while heat stress has killed at least 1.

More than 1, Koreans have been medically treated for health conditions caused by the hot weather, including heat stroke. A chick pictured was hatched Tuesday, without a mother hen or brooder lamp, from a carton of eggs that had been placed in an outdoor balcony for a few days, thanks to the scorching heat, according to a resident in Gangneung, Gangwon Province. Yonhap A series of rather unusual events have been attributed to the hot weather. So now, with a credit card and a computer, not only can you build your own jeans, you can build your own genes.

Our ability to build and manipulate the genes that control life means we now have the power to remake life. And this young scientist is trying to prove it, with one of the most daring genetic experiments on the planet. Kevin Esvelt wants to stop a growing menace on Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, beautiful island communities off the coast of Massachusetts.

On the surface, you wouldn't notice anything especially scary on Nantucket. Tourists flock here, and others live year-round, to enjoy the beauty, fun and comforts of island life. What they don't come for, but often get anyway, is Lyme disease. Timothy Lepore is a year veteran of treating Lyme disease on Nantucket.

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In the spring and summer on Nantucket, if I see something like that, that's Lyme disease. Lyme is a bacterial infection that often starts with a rash, where a person has been bitten by an infected tick. Most people can be cured with antibiotics that eliminate the rash, fever and joint pain within a few days. People that have had long-standing Lyme disease may have some persistent issues. If you wait, you can have delayed symptoms, like complete heart block, where your heart starts beating 20 to 30 times a minute.

Or you can have a facial palsy, where it looks like one side of your face is paralyzed. Lyme is the single most common infectious vector-borne disease in the United States. It's way more common than Zika, way more common than West Nile, anything like that. The areas of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard are number two and number three when it comes to incidence of tick-borne disease in the United States.

Kevin Esvelt is on a mission to eradicate Lyme disease, and, for him, these Massachusetts islands are the perfect places to start. This pocket of dense vegetation is typical of Nantucket and the rest of the northeast. Sam Telford is working with Kevin. An expert on ticks and tick-borne diseases, Sam's diving into this brush, because he knows it's literally crawling with ticks for him to study. Ticks are what we call "ambush" predators.

They sit there on a blade of grass, and they've got their front legs sticking out, and then as you walk by, they'll latch on to something that they think is furry. No one who gets Lyme disease recalls that they were bitten by a tick, simply because of their small size. How on earth are you going to see something that small? Humans get Lyme disease from ticks, but ticks are not born with Lyme bacteria. They get it by feeding on this innocent-looking critter, the white-footed mouse that carries Lyme bacteria in its blood. And another innocent-looking creature, the deer, is a crucial link in the chain of transmission to us.

Baby ticks will often feed on mice that are close to the ground, and this is when they get the Lyme bacteria. As the ticks grow, they will feed on other mice, deer or people, passing the Lyme bacteria with each bite. But only people get the disease. A single deer is like an all you can eat buffet.

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They live in the woods and can't easily scratch ticks off, so females ticks become engorged, drop off, lay eggs, and the cycle starts again. The typical deer has several thousand ticks attached to it. And the females will each lay several thousand eggs. So, when you see a deer wandering around through the woods, you can think, "That is the walking equivalent of a million ticks in the next generation. But we like seeing deer, so, because there are so many more deer than there have ever been before, historically, there are many more ticks than there have ever been before.

Now, deer shed ticks in our lawn clippings, garden plots, recreation areas. And if they carry the Lyme bacteria, they can give it to us. Here on Nantucket 40 percent of residents have caught Lyme disease. There's an infection called "Nantucket fever" or "human babesiosis," which was first identified here in It's a malaria-like infection, and it, it actually kills people. There are four serious tick-carried diseases on the island, with Lyme by far the most common. But it's not just these tiny islands. Mice, deer and ticks have spread Lyme disease throughout the northeast U.

Almost anyone in the region who ventures outdoors, not just into the woods, but in suburbs, too, is putting themselves at risk. I'm from the west coast, and there, we have ticks, but they're so rare that I spent my childhood running around through the woods and never once got bitten by a tick, not once. I have two kids, and it's just terrible that we have to be wary of them just running in the woods. So, the notion that you can wander out here through some of the worst areas and end up with lots of ticks on you is just, well, it's frankly horrifying.

He believes he can get rid of Lyme disease by genetically altering the white-footed mice that carry it. And if that goes well, he hopes to edit their D. Enlisting mice in the war against tick-borne disease would just be an amazing proposition.

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The number of ticks is astounding, especially on its ears. And if this mouse has the Lyme bacteria, all the ticks will become infected and can transmit the disease to us. Kevin's plan is to make the mice resistant to Lyme bacteria, with the help of genetic engineering's most exciting and powerful tool, CRISPR. They have two key parts: If the same virus were to invade again, the R. Now I have a broken gene, but it turns out I can insert a new sequence into the gap. It's much less expensive, and it's much easier to make those changes you want to make.

Animals like us, and also the mice, when we get sick with something, our immune systems evolve an antibody, often lots and lots of antibodies, that are really, really good at telling the immune system, "This is the enemy, kill it. But these antibodies do not get passed on to our children, so we need vaccines to give us antibodies against certain diseases. But there is no human Lyme vaccine. And even if there was one for mice, he couldn't just line them up for shots.

So, instead, Kevin wants to give them a genetic vaccine. Here's how that would work: These mice quickly develop robust, Lyme-resistant antibodies. Next, the team deciphers the genetic code that can create those antibodies. Now, if an engineered male mates with a wild female, roughly 50 percent of their babies, boys and girls, will inherit the Lyme-resistant gene and begin spreading it to future generations of mice. That is if Kevin's plan works.

But before he can even try, he'll need Nantucket residents to approve the release of genetically modified mice, something many people here worry might backfire, like the disastrous cane toad experiment. Cane toads were introduced to Australia in the s, to help kill off sugar cane beetles. But instead they became a biological wrecking ball. A foreign species with no natural predators, they quickly overran the country. Poisonous to animals, they've killed countless pets and native species, disrupted key parts of the country's ecosystem, and they are now almost impossible to get rid of.

The mice used in Kevin's experiment will be native, not foreign, but some people worry that genetically modifying animals could spell trouble. If you fool with Mother Nature, very often it doesn't turn out well.

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So, are we going to have mice the size of boxer dogs? As Kevin releases a wild mouse caught earlier, he hopes that someday the little creature jumping away will be resistant to Lyme disease. But to get that far, he will need the island's complete trust. And the jury is still out. Will people's fear of genetic engineering prevent Kevin from using this controversial science?

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You know, this is a, a technology too powerful for humankind to refuse. It's going to help us transform not only our bodies and our genes, but can give us a chance to actually play a role in our own evolution. George Church is certainly playing with evolution by attempting to de-extinct a woolly mammoth, but why does this gene giant even want to do this? George is one of those people in science who is just larger than life. He just wants to be doing those most exciting projects at the cutting edge of whatever it is. George's lab is renowned for stretching the limits of genetic engineering, from experiments using pigs to grow human organs for transplantation, to using bacterial D.

But the woolly mammoth would be his greatest accomplishment yet. Seeing a real mammoth again would be amazing, but what about saber-tooth tigers or giant dodo birds, even flocks of passenger pigeons. Bringing back extinct creatures wouldn't just be cool, we could see how these magnificent animals once lived and maybe find out how to save today's creatures from going extinct, which is exactly what George Church wants to do for the Asian elephant.

George's plan is to combine the genes of a woolly mammoth with those of Asian elephants, because making them mammoth-like might save them. Hunted for their tusks and chased from farmlands, Asian elephant numbers are shrinking. But George has a possible solution. If you gave them access to one of the largest ecosystems on the planet, which is the Arctic tundra, where their very close relatives used to roam, that would probably save the species.

There's plenty of open, fertile space in the tundra, but it's too cold for warm-weather elephants to survive here. So, George's resurrection plan begins with genetically winterizing Asian elephants to become more like woolly mammoths, who loved the cold. The team first identifies the specific genes in modern animals that code for things like fat or thick hair.

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Then they look for their genetic counterparts in decoded mammoth genomes. Once they identify the mammoth's "cold" genes, they make them synthetically and insert them into living cells taken from an Asian elephant to see if they work. What we're seeing here is green cells. These are elephant cells that we've introduced mammoth D. The brighter the green that we're seeing means the more D. In the lab, they've edited about 35 functioning woolly mammoth genes into the Asian elephant genome. This is a good start for making a semi-woolly mammoth, but it's the next step that will be the most challenging.

There is a huge difference, obviously, between a cell growing in a dish in a lab and a baby mammoth wandering around. They could try and fertilize the egg cell of a captive Asian elephant with Wooly Mammoth genes, but this is difficult. It's very hard for them to get pregnant in captivity. The pregnancies often don't go to term. And this is probably has to do with the psychology of being in captivity. And performing such an operation on an endangered species like this may simply be too great a risk. So, George is studying mammals like the platypus and spiny anteater whose babies develop outside a mother's body in an egg.

Could he possibly engineer a living mammoth this way? Can you imagine a baby woolly mammoth hatching out of an egg? Not even George has figured out how to do this. And then what would this sort of mammoth be like? I think you're going to get a creature that's sort of a pseudo-mammoth, not quite the same makeup. So, I think you're going to get a sort of echo of the animal that once was, but not a replica.

So, even if we could get to the point where we could transform this elephant to a living breathing baby mammoth, a question that I have really is, "Should we? We know that elephants are very social creatures. They live in herds, interacting with each other. Unless we can get this down in such a way that we can do many different individuals at a time, you're still just going to have one generation to start with, and that just seems kind of unfair.