Historia de las clases populares en la Argentina: Desde 1516 hasta 1880 (Spanish Edition)

Biographical Note Robert A. He has published extensively on the history of Jesuits, including Saint Cicero and the Jesuits: The Journal of Ecclesiastical History Vol. Theological Studies , Vol.

This is about as solid a piece of historical argumentation as I have ever seen. Despite the detail and erudition of the text, Maryks keeps the story moving from one point to the next". Renaissance Quarterly , 63 Winter , pp. Argentina's exports were largely agricultural wheat and beef and expanded nine times between and The labor demanded for this expansion came largely from abroad; immigrants from Spain and Italy flooded the country between and Agricultural employment in the pampas, the grain and cattle-producing prairie of central Argentina, was often temporary, and a significant number of the immigrants who stayed in the nation settled in the cities.

In , three-quarters of the adult population in Buenos Aires was foreign-born. Forty-six percent of the nation's total population lived in the federal capital and the province of Buenos Aires. Chile's exports were mineral. Rich nitrate fields in the desertic north had been acquired after a war with neighboring Bolivia and Peru, and they allowed a significant expansion of the economy between and Unlike Argentina, Chile did not receive vast numbers of immigrants.

Its labor force was largely native-born. Like Argentina, Chile experienced a significant urban expansion between and , reflected in the fact that by the end of the s almost 50 percent of the population was urban in character. If you would like to authenticate using a different subscribed institution that supports Shibboleth authentication or have your own login and password to Project MUSE, click 'Authenticate'.

View freely available titles: Book titles OR Journal titles. Most of the newer immigrants learn Spanish quickly and assimilate into city life. Lunfardo uses words from Italian dialects, from Brazilian Portuguese , from African and Caribbean languages and even from English. Lunfardo employs humorous tricks such as inverting the syllables within a word vesre.

Today, Lunfardo is mostly heard in tango lyrics; [] the slang of the younger generations has been evolving away from it.

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Buenos Aires was also the first city to host a Mundo Lingo event on 7 July , which have been after replicated in up to 15 cities in 13 countries. According to the Harvard Dictionary of Music , "Argentina has one of the richest art music traditions and perhaps the most active contemporary musical life" in South America. A contemporary trend is neotango also known as electrotango , with exponents such as Bajofondo and Gotan Project. On 30 September , UNESCO's Intergovernmental Committee of Intangible Heritage declared tango part of the world's cultural heritage, making Argentina eligible to receive financial assistance in safeguarding tango for future generations.

The city hosts several music festivals every year. The popularity of local cinema in the Spanish-speaking world played a key role in the massification of tango music. Carlos Gardel , an iconic figure of tango and Buenos Aires, became an international star by starring in several films during that era. In response to large studio productions, the "Generation of the 60s" appeared, a group of filmmakers that produced the first modernist films in Argentina during that early years of that decade. One of the most notable films of these movement is La hora de los hornos by Fernando Solanas.

During the period of democracy between and , the local cinema experienced critical and commercial success, with titles including Juan Moreira , La Patagonia rebelde , La Raulito , and La tregua — which became the first Argentine film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. However, because of censorship and a new military government, Argentine cinema stalled until the return of democracy in the s.

This generation — known as "Argentine Cinema in Liberty and Democracy" — were mostly young or postponed filmmakers, and gained international notoriety. Buenos Aires' inhabitants have been historically characterized as "fashion-conscious". According to Global Language Monitor , as of [update] the city is the 20th leading fashion capital in the world, ranking second in Latin America after Rio de Janeiro. The neighbourhood of Palermo, particularly the area known as Soho , is where the latest fashion and design trends are presented.

Buenos Aires architecture is characterized by its eclectic nature, with elements resembling Paris and Madrid. In , the Basilica del Santisimo Sacramento was opened to the public. Totally built by the generous donation of Mrs. Mercedes Castellanos de Anchorena, Argentina's most prominent family, the church is an excellent example of French neo-classicism. The altar is full of marble, and was the biggest ever built in South America at that time. In , the construction of Palacio Barolo began. This was South America's tallest building at the time, and was the first Argentine skyscraper built with concrete — A ,candela beacon was installed at the top m , making the building visible even from Uruguay.

In , the Barolo Palace went under an exhausive restoration, and the beacon was made operational again. In , the Kavanagh building was inaugurated, with metres feet height, 12 elevators provided by Otis and the world's first central air-conditioning system provided by north-American company "Carrier" , is still an architectural landmark in Buenos Aires. The construction of skyscrapers proliferated in Buenos Aires until the s. Primary education comprise grades 1—7. Most primary schools in the city still adhere to the traditional seven-year primary school, but kids can do grades 1—6 if their high schools lasts 6 years, such as ORT Argentina.

Secondary education in Argentina is called Polimodal "polymodal", that is, having multiple modes , since it allows the student to choose their orientation. Polimodal is usually 3 years of schooling, although some schools have a fourth year. Before entering the first year of polimodal, students choose an orientation, among these five: Nevertheless, in Buenos Aires, secondary education consists of 5 years, called from 1st year to 5th year, as opposed to primary education's 1st to 7th grade.

Most schools don't require students to choose their orientation, as they study the basic such as maths, biology, art, history and technology, but there are schools that do, whether they are orientated to a certain profession or they have orientations to choose from when they reach a specific year. Some high schools depend on the University of Buenos Aires , and these require an admission course when students are taking the last year of high school.

The last two do have a specific orientation. In December the Chamber of Deputies of the Argentine Congress passed a new National Education Law restoring the old system of primary followed by secondary education, making secondary education obligatory and a right, and increasing the length of compulsory education to 13 years. The government vowed to put the law in effect gradually, starting in There are many public universities in Argentina, as well as a number of private universities. The University of Buenos Aires , one of the top learning institutions in South America, has produced five Nobel Prize winners and provides taxpayer-funded education for students from all around the globe.

Buenos Aires is home to several private universities of different quality, such as: Visitors have many options such as going to a tango show, an estancia in the Province of Buenos Aires , or enjoying the traditional asado.

Jesuits of Jewish Ancestry and Purity-of-Blood Laws in the Early Society of Jesus

The exchange rate today has hampered tourism and shopping in particular. Notable consumer brands such as Burberry and Louis Vuitton have abandoned the country due to the exchange rate and import restrictions. The most popular tourist sites are found in the historic core of the city, in the Montserrat and San Telmo neighborhoods. Buenos Aires was conceived around the Plaza de Mayo , the colony's administrative center. To the east of the square is the Casa Rosada , the official seat of the executive branch of the government of Argentina.

Other important colonial institutions were Cabildo , to the west, which was renovated during the construction of Avenida de Mayo and Julio A. Lastly, to the northwest, is City Hall. Buenos Aires has over parks and green spaces, the largest concentration of which are on the city's eastern side in the Puerto Madero, Recoleta, Palermo and Belgrano neighbourhoods.

Some of the most important are:. Buenos Aires Botanical Garden. Parque Tres de Febrero. Buenos Aires has over theatres, more than any other city in the world. Upon legalising same-sex marriage on 15 July , Argentina became the first country in Latin America , the second in the Americas , and the tenth in the world to do so. Its Gender Identity Law , passed in , made Argentina the "only country that allows people to change their gender identities without facing barriers such as hormone therapy , surgery or psychiatric diagnosis that labels them as having an abnormality".

In , the World Health Organization cited Argentina as an exemplary country for providing transgender rights. Despite these legal advances, however, homophobia continues to be a hotly contested social issue in the city and the country. Buenos Aires has various types of accommodations, from luxurious five star to quality budget located in neighborhoods that are further from the city centre, although the transportation system allows easy and inexpensive access to the city. In all, nearly 27, rooms were available for tourism in Buenos Aires, of which about 12, belonged to four-star, five-star, or boutique hotels.

Establishments of a higher category typically enjoy the city's highest occupation rates. Las Nereidas font by Lola Mora. The Water Company Palace. This airport handles most international air traffic to and from Argentina as well as some domestic flights. The Aeroparque Jorge Newbery airport, located in the Palermo district of the city next to the riverbank, serves primarily domestic traffic within Argentina and some regional flights to neighboring South American countries. A smaller San Fernando Airport serves only general aviation. Buenos Aires is based on a square, rectangular grid pattern, save for natural barriers or the relatively rare developments explicitly designed otherwise notably, the neighbourhood of Parque Chas.

The rectangular grid provides for square blocks named manzanas , with a length of roughly metres feet. Pedestrian zones in the city centre , like Florida Street are partially car-free and always bustling, access provided by bus and the Underground subte Line C. Buenos Aires, for the most part, is a very walkable city and the majority of residents in Buenos Aires use public transport.

Two diagonal avenues in the city centre alleviate traffic and provide better access to Plaza de Mayo. Most avenues running into and out of the city centre are one-way and feature six or more lanes, with computer-controlled green waves to speed up traffic outside of peak times. In the s and s the General Paz Avenue beltway that surrounds the city along its border with Buenos Aires Province , and the freeways leading to the new international airport and to the northern suburbs, heralded a new era for Buenos Aires traffic.

Toll motorways opened in the late s by mayor Osvaldo Cacciatore provided fast access to the city centre and are today used by over a million vehicles daily. Most major avenues are, however, gridlocked at peak hours. Following the economic mini-boom of the s , record numbers started commuting by car and congestion increased, as did the time-honored Argentine custom of taking weekends off in the countryside.

The Buenos Aires commuter network system is very extensive: There are four principal terminals for both long-distance and local passenger services in the city centre: Since , there has been a series of large investments on the network, with all lines with the exception of the Urquiza Line receiving new rolling stock , along with widespread infrastructure improvements, track replacement, electrification work, refurbishments of stations and building entirely new stations.

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There are also three other major projects on the table. The third and most ambitious is to build a series of underground tunnels between three of the city's railway terminals with a large underground central station underneath the Obelisk , connecting all the commuter railway lines in a network dubbed the Red de Expresos Regionales. In December , the city government launched a bicycle sharing program with bicycles free for hire upon registration. Located in mostly central areas, there are 31 rental stations throughout the city providing over bicycles to be picked up and dropped off at any station within an hour.

Opened in , it is the oldest underground system in the Southern Hemisphere and oldest in the Spanish-speaking world. The system has six underground lines and one overground line, named by letters A to E, and H and there are stations , and Daily ridership on weekdays is 1. The most recent expansions to the network were the addition of numerous stations to the network in Current works include the completion of Line H northwards and addition of three new stations to Line E in the centre of the city. The PreMetro or Line E2 is a 7. The official inauguration took place on 27 August However, plans to extend the line and acquire a fleet of trams did not come to fruition, and declining patronage led to the line's closure in October There are over city bus lines called Colectivos , each one managed by an individual company.

These compete with each other, and attract exceptionally high use with virtually no public financial support.

Colectivos in Buenos Aires do not have a fixed timetable, but run from four to several per hour, depending on the bus line and time of the day. With inexpensive tickets and extensive routes, usually no further than four blocks from commuters' residences, the colectivo is the most popular mode of transport around the city. Buenos Aires has recently opened a bus rapid transit system, the Metrobus.

The system uses modular median stations that serve both directions of travel, which enable pre-paid, multiple-door, level boarding. The first line, opened on 31 May , runs across the Juan B. Justo Ave has 21 stations. A fleet of 40, black-and-yellow taxis ply the streets at all hours.

License controls are not enforced rigorously. Low-fare limo services, known as remises , have become popular in recent years. Buenos Aires is also served by a ferry system operated by the company Buquebus that connects the port of Buenos Aires with the main cities of Uruguay, Colonia del Sacramento , Montevideo and Punta del Este. According to data released by Moovit in July , the average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Buenos Aires, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 79 min.

The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.

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The Guardia Urbana de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Urban Guard was a specialized civilian force of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina , that used to deal with different urban conflicts with the objective of develop actions of prevention, dissuasion and mediation, promoting effective behaviors that guarantee the security and the integrity of public order and social coexistence.

The unit continuously assisted the personnel of the Argentine Federal Police , especially in emergency situations, events of massive concurrence, and protection of tourist establishments. Urban Guard officials did not carry any weapons in the performing of their duties.

Their basic tools were a HT radio transmitter and a whistle. The force was created in and was composed of 1, officers. Security in the city is now the responsibility of the Buenos Aires City Police. The police is headed by the Chief of Police who is appointed by the head of the executive branch of the city of Buenos Aires.

Geographically, the force is divided into 56 stations throughout the city. All police station employees are civilians. Football is a passion for Argentines. Buenos Aires has the highest concentration of football teams of any city in the world featuring no fewer than 24 professional football teams , [] with many of its teams playing in the major league. Watching a match between these two teams was deemed one of the "50 sporting things you must do before you die" by The Observer.

Argentina has been the home of world champions in professional boxing. Carlos Monzon was a hall of fame World Middleweight champion, and the current undisputed linear Middleweight champion Sergio Martinez hails from Argentina. Buenos Aires has been a candidate city for the Summer Olympic Games on three occasions: Buenos Aires bid to host the Summer Youth Olympics. The track features various local categories on most weekends. The , , , Dakar Rally started and ended in the city.

The first rugby union match in Argentina was played in in the Buenos Aires Cricket Club Ground , located in Palermo neighbourhood, where the Galileo Galilei planetarium is located today. Rugby enjoys widespread popularity in Buenos Aires, most especially in the north of the city, which boasts more than eighty rugby clubs. The city is home to the Argentine Super Rugby franchise, the Jaguares. The Argentina national rugby union team competes in Buenos Aires in international matches such as the Rugby Championship. Argentines' love for horses can be experienced in several ways: Polo arrived in our country right along with the English, largely landlords, who arrived in our territory in the second half of the 19th century.

With the hand of these immigrants, polo was able to find the men and horses in Argentina to bring it to its top level. Buenos Aires native Guillermo Vilas who was raised in Mar del Plata and Gabriela Sabatini were great tennis players of the s and s [] and popularized tennis Nationwide in Argentina. Other popular sports in Buenos Aires are golf , basketball , rugby and field hockey. Norma Aleandro , actress, screenwriter, theatre director [].

Martha Argerich , classical concert pianist. Daniel Barenboim , pianist and conductor []. Jorge Luis Borges , writer. Carlos Gardel , singer-songwriter born in France; immigrated to Buenos Aires as a child. Lalo Schifrin , musician and composer []. Luis Scola , basketball player. People awarded the honorary citizenship of Buenos Aires are:. Kearney and the Chicago Council on Global Affairs. See " Global city " for the top 30 in the list. Buenos Aires is twinned with the following cities: Buenos Aires is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities [] from 12 October establishing brotherly relations with the following cities:.

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The Jesuit Order as a Synagogue of Jews

This article is about the capital city of Argentina. For the broader conurbation, see Greater Buenos Aires. For the province, see Buenos Aires Province. For other uses, see Buenos Aires disambiguation.

Buenos Aires - Wikipedia

Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Names of Buenos Aires. Timeline of Buenos Aires. Argentine War of Independence. Climate of Buenos Aires. Climate of Argentina and Climatic regions of Argentina. Port of Buenos Aires. Headquarters of the National Bank of Argentina , the national bank and the largest in the country's banking sector.

Argentine painting and Museums in Buenos Aires. Music of Argentina , Argentine tango , and Argentine rock. University Revolution and List of Argentine universities. Tourism in Buenos Aires. Landmarks in Buenos Aires. Rail transport in Argentina. Trams in Buenos Aires. Campo Argentino de Polo , home of the Argentine Open Polo Championship , the most important global event of this discipline.