Borrowings from other languages as adoptions of novel cultural influences

Nowadays, many Japanese terms enter the English economic lexicon, probably due to the commercial position of Japan in the world economy [Jackson and Ze Amvela There are many studies showing the English influence on Japanese marketing, especially in promotional materials [Usunier and Lee However, there are certain areas within the economic discourse where Japanese is of crucial importance.

Japanese terms are used in management and finance technical analysis and securities, mainly bonds. Let us discuss some examples. In particular, management philosophy employs such terms as genba-shugi , keiretsu and zaibatsu. This is a management philosophy that dictates that, as far as possible, the process of production of goods and services must be controlled at the shop-floor level by shop people. Kanban, which literally means signboard , is a synonym for demand scheduling. Its aim is to minimize the cost connected with holding inventory [Gross Another useful term for management and production is the expression Taguchi method.

In the seventeenth century, they traded empty rice contracts , which meant that they used rice in commercial contacts without handling rice physically [Nison It should be stated that these names are written in Romanji, which allows those not knowing Japanese to pronounce it in the right way [Morris and Litchfield To digress, their names are metaphorical in character. For example, as Shimizu [ Other Japanese terms, such as Marubozu close-cut and Doji simultaneous or concurrent , are used in technical analysis as well.

Japanese equivalents are also to be found in the instruments related to the Japanese market.

• Interference Cancellation Using Space-Time Processing and Precoding Design: 206 (Signals and Communication Technology).
• .
• Rethinking Chaucerian Beasts (The New Middle Ages)!
• !
• Wherever You Will Go.

For example, gensaki is. The rates of gensaki agreement are set in line with the yen certificates of deposit market rate.

Navigation menu

Gensaki refers only to repurchase agreement available in Japan, not in overseas market [Carew As Bien et al. Thousands more travelled directly from Greece, especially to France, and from there once again to England.

And of course medical science today continues to rely on Greek to name its procedures. The linguistic influence of Greek is connected with the history of investment possibilities.

For example, the first instruments similar to the modern term options can be found in the Code of Hammurabi. Twelve hundred years later, the Greek philosopher Thales invented an option contract that enabled him to purchase crops before they were planted [Taylor While these Greek letters tell us very little about the expected profitability of our option position, they are powerful, but imperfect, risk management tools [Powers For example, a banking word autarky or autarchy comes from the Greek word autarchia , meaning self-rule and in economic parlance it refers to national economic self-sufficiency [Carew Italian words can be found especially in trade and finance.

Let us discuss one term from securities — the term agio — which is an expression used in commercial relations to show the difference of price between the value of bank-notes [Bouvier and Rawle Mezzanine financing describes lenders that provide funding for the niche market, between secured debt and significant sale of equity [Alterowitz and Zonderman Thus, its metaphorical character, betweenness , is stressed in the financial terminology as well since mezzanine financing describes capital between ordinary shares and senior debt financing [Timmons, Spinelli and Zacharakis Many words which we use nowadays, not necessarily in business contacts, but in trade, are of Spanish origin: Spanish is widely spoken in the USA since more than 22,, people use this language and it is also an official language in New Mexico 1.

Consequently, its influence can be easily noticed in American English. The history of borrowing from Spanish is a long one, indeed. The last two words were also taken into consideration in the study. Bonanza, being a source of great wealth [Tottie Another common word in corporate discourse is gambit. We use it to describe risky maneuver or ploy used in any sort of conflict or competition.

This was originally a chess term. It seems to come from Spanish gambit , which is really from Italian and means sticking the leg out to trip someone up [ American Heritage Dictionaries North Germanic languages have influenced banking, general business and currency. One of the earliest borrowings is loan, which was incorporated into English from Old Norse in the 13th century.

Many words which have been borrowed from German into the standard lexicon are related to military terminology [Kaplan and Baldauf An example of this can also be found in the English economic lexicon — blitzkrieg tender offer — which is. Other German terms which are used very often are Bund and Bundesbank [Knapp It should be mentioned, however, that the history of some loanwords is very complicated, and the term bank is one such example.

What is even more complicated, it originally came from the French banque , which has some origins in the German Bank. Dollar is from the Low German dahler , whereas shilling comes from the German schellen — to sound, to tinkle [Greenough and Kittredge However, the origin of shilling is not clear since, according to some sources, it is of Scandinavian origin this approach has been taken into consideration in this study.

Words, like money, are tokens of value [Lippmann On the basis of the study conducted of terms, we can state that different languages influence the economic lexicon. Only some of them were presented in a more detailed way, by taking the criterion of loanword numbers. It should be stated, however, that this research suffers from some potential shortcomings since the covered terms are classified in different ways in many sources as far as their etymology is concerned.

Nevertheless, we are able to notice some language and domain peculiarities within the English language of economics. It is French which is the most visible language in the English economic lexicon, determining such economic sub-domains as administration, trade or accounting, whereas it is Latin which shapes business law. Japanese determines the lexicon of technical analysis, Spanish shapes trade, especially transport terminology, whereas Greek terms are used by option investors. Taking English into consideration, Euro English — a language strongly influenced by other community languages — is an example of how other languages shape English.

With globalization gaining in importance, we can predict that the role of other languages in shaping English will be more visible. We can also predict that languages whose linguistic influence on other tongues is not very remarkable now may well become stronger due to their better economic position. Damir Eds , Languages in contact and contrast: Barber Charles Laurence, The English language: Katamba Francis, English Words: Structure, History, Usage , Abingdon, Routledge, Lerer Seth, Inventing English: English Vocabulary Practice Volume 1 , Lulu.

L, The New Englishes: Van , French-English Contrastive Lexicology: An Introduction , Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, Smith Kenneth and Keenan Denis J. Treat John Elting, Energy Futures: Trading Opportunities , Tulsa, Pennwell Corp. Tribe Keith, Strategies of Economic Order: Walter Henriette and Fawcett Peter, French inside out: Davidson Alexander, How to understand the financial pages. Crosscurrents of National Culture , London, Routledge, Keller David, Breakthroughs in Technical Analysis: Levinson Jay Conrad, Guerrilla marketing for free: Dean and Shank P.

Nison Steve, Beyond Candlesticks: Ohmae Kenichi, The Mind of the Strategist: Peterson Nora, Wall Street Lingo: Smith Courtney, Option Strategies: The silver lake editors , Insurance Dictionary: Understanding cultures through their key words: Black Henry Campbell, A dictionary of law: Lexis Journal in English Lexicology. Contents - Previous document - Next document. Outline Introduction - characteristics of the language of economics.

Borrowings from other languages as adoptions of novel cultural influences

Loanwords in the English language of economics. Loanwords from North Germanic languages. Full text PDF k Send by e-mail. Introduction - characteristics of the language of economics 1 The language of economics serves many purposes. Loanwords 6 With respect to the emergence of loanwords, Platt et al. The process as such depends on the following factors: The most popular words are: Loanwords in the English language of economics 3.

Linguistic Borrowing in the English Language of Economics

Research methods 12 Many studies of the language of economics show the importance of English in the process of acquiring loanwords from other languages [e. Words used in religious contexts, like Sabath , kosher , hallelujah , amen , and jubilee or words that have become slang like schmuck , shmooze , nosh , oy vey , and schmutz. Trade items such as borax , coffee , cotton , hashish , henna , mohair , muslin , saffron ; Islamic religious terms such as jihad , hadith and sharia ; scientific vocabulary borrowed into Latin in the 12th and 13th centuries alcohol , alkali , algebra , azimuth , cipher , nadir ; plants or plant products originating in tropical Asia and introduced to medieval Europe through Arabic intermediation camphor , jasmine , lacquer , lemon , orange , sugar ; Middle Eastern cuisine words couscous , falafel , hummus , kebab , tahini.

Cardinal numbering in English follows two models, Germanic and Italic. The basic numbers are zero through ten. The numbers eleven through nineteen follow native Germanic style, as do twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, and ninety. Standard English, especially in very conservative formal contexts, continued to use native Germanic style as late as World War I for intermediate numbers greater than 20, viz.

But with the advent of the Industrial Revolution , the Latin tradition of counting as "twenty-one," "thirty-five," "ninety-seven," etc.

1. Vieillissement et alzheimer: Comprendre pour accompagner (French Edition).
2. A Book of Saint Patricks Day.
3. Foreign language influences in English - Wikipedia.
4. Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting climate change - Human solidarity in a divided world.
5. Forgot Password?.
6. Research materials!

Linguistic purism in the English language is the belief that words of native origin should be used instead of foreign-derived ones which are mainly Romantic, Latin and Greek. In its mild form, it merely means using existing native words instead of foreign-derived ones such as using "begin" instead of "commence". This dates at least to the inkhorn term debate of the 16th and 17th century, where some authors rejected the foreign influence, and has continued to this day, being most prominent in Plain English advocacy to avoid Latinate terms if a simple native alternative exists.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Lists of English words of Celtic origin. English words of French origin. Latin influence in English.

Account Options

English words of Greek origin and List of Greek morphemes used in English. List of English words of Dutch origin , List of place names of Dutch origin , Dutch linguistic influence on naval terms , and List of English words of Afrikaans origin. List of English words of Spanish origin. List of English words of Italian origin. List of English words of Hindi origin. List of German expressions in English. List of English words of Old Norse origin. List of English words of Arabic origin. Linguistic purism in English. A history of English.

Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon. Willams, Origins of the English Language at". Retrieved 8 June Origins of the English Language. Retrieved from " https: English language Cultural exchange Global culture.



• The Stinky Sneakers Mystery (Cul-de-sac Kids Book #7): Book 7.
• Loanword - Wikipedia;
• Astrid’s Wish [Warriors of the Light 2] (Siren Publishing Classic ManLove) (Warriors of the Light series);
• Yahweh.
• IT-Outsourcing (German Edition)!
• If I Die, Please Bring Cheesecake To My Funeral!
• Lesson Plans Dogeaters;

All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October Articles with permanently dead external links Articles to be expanded from May All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes.