Man, Woman, Transexual

Transsexuals constitute a subset of transgender people. Alegria, Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation , in the Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners , volume 23, issue 4 , pages — Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity Meyerowitz, In Stryker and S. Archived from the original on Transsexualism is often included within the broader term 'transgender', which is generally considered an umbrella term for people who do not conform to typically accepted gender roles for the sex they were assigned at birth.

The term 'transgender' is a word employed by activists to encompass as many groups of gender diverse people as possible. However, many of these groups individually don't identify with the term. Many health clinics and services set up to serve gender variant communities employ the term, however most of the people using these services again don't identify with this term. The rejection of this political category by those that it is designed to cover clearly illustrates the difference between self-identification and categories that are imposed by observers to understand other people.

Archived from the original on September 21, See also the neo-Latin term "psychopathia transexualis". Archived at the Wayback Machine. A History of Transsexuality in the United States. Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment. Retrieved September 30, Archived from the original on November 20, Filmed in Ibiza, Spain Produced in England.: As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas.

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There are some transsexual individuals[,] however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Medical Law Review Transsexual and Transgender Rights. A Practical Consideration of the Possibilities of Butler". Journal of International Women's Studies. Archived from the original PDF on Retrieved 28 May Treatment of UK Transsexed Individuals Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity. Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Anna Livia, Kira Hall eds.

Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males. Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State. Retrieved 1 April Journal of Homosexuality 6 ed. Understanding and Treating Sexual Anomalies in Men. Volume 29, Issues , p. Forensic and medico-legal aspects of sexual crimes and unusual sexual practices. The Praeger handbook of transsexuality: Changing gender to match mindset. She's not the man I married: My life with a transgender husband , p.

Beyond Women and Men. University Press of New England. Retrieved 15 March Becoming a Visible Man. Retrieved 19 June Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation". International Journal of Transgenderism. Retrieved 14 June J Clin Endocrinol Metab.

A Simple Guide to a Complex Issue. Retrieved August 20, Historically, many transmen who have had phalloplasty have not been satisfied with the results. Doctors continue to make improvements to this surgery, but many surgeons in the United States choose not to perform it because of the high risk of complications severe scarring or fistulas for example , the significant risk of never regaining sensation in the penis or donor sites, and the chance that the result will not be aesthetically pleasing.

However, some transmen are satisfied with their results and would choose to do it again if given the choice. The Transgender Studies Reader. In addition, phalloplasty 'cannot produce an organ rich in the sexual feeling of the natural one. Penises made from phalloplasty cannot achieve a natural erection, so penile implants of some kind are usually used we will discuss these implants in more detail in Chapter Overall, metoidioplasty is a simpler procedure than phalloplasty, which explains its popularity.

It also has fewer complications, takes less time, and is less expensive e. Ever' , The Age , May 31, Sex reassignment surgery from a biopsychosocial perspective". During the year period of the study, requests for sex reassignment were processed, and the incidence data were calculated on the basis of this group. This means that the average annual frequency was The number of inhabitants in Sweden over 15 years of age increased during the study period from 6. The sex ratio male: To resolve the question of whether transsexualism increases or decreases, we divided the group into two year periods.

As can be seen from Table 1, not only do our results agree with the Swedish incidence data published in the s, but also they remain remarkably stable over time. Separating from all applications the group with primary transsexualism yielded cases, i. As is shown in Table 2, this corresponds to an incidence of primary transsexualism of 0. It should also be noted that primary transsexualism is equally common in women and men M; Henk Asscheman, Jos A.

J Megens, Louis J. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. Presentation on prevalence of transsexual people in the UK. National Center for Transgender Equality. Retrieved 6 March Retrieved December 10, Retrieved December 2, Injustice at Every Turn: Retrieved 19 January Retrieved 23 December Retrieved 29 August From prison to transgender role model". Beyond Pink or Blue. Gooren and Dick F.

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Social attitudes Prejudice Violence. Retrieved from " https: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: Archived copy as title CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter CS1 maint: After we excluded duplicates and surveys that did not meet our eligibility criteria, 5 surveys remained for analysis, spanning to Figure 1. Accounting for data from multiple waves of recurring surveys 4 out of 5 , our final analysis included 20 samples.

Table 1 describes each of these samples in more detail. Questions used to collect data on transgender identity varied greatly. The estimated proportion of transgender individuals based on surveys that categorized transgender as gender identity was 0. Leave-one-out analysis of these surveys showed a marked effect on the population estimate when the NCHA was left out 0. Figure 2 shows a forest plot with the individual survey contributions.

To assess the effect of including recurring surveys, we reanalyzed the data while including only the latest wave and leaving out the NCHA as a potential outlier. The estimated proportion of transgender individuals when we used this reduced data set spanning to was 0.

Transgender

These respondents were not included in our population-size estimates. To test the hypothesis for changes over time, we conducted a meta-regression with the estimated proportion of transgender individuals as a dependent variable for surveys that categorized transgender as gender identity, but leaving out the NCHA as a potential outlier. A meta-regression model that included the year of the survey as predictor, centered with respect to , explained Figure 3 visualizes the results of this meta-regression. The NCHA was omitted as a potential outlier. Data points are scaled, with larger circles indicating smaller standard errors.

The estimated proportion of transgender individuals based on surveys that categorized transgender as sexual orientation was 0. It should be noted that presenting transgender in the context of sexual orientation does not reflect our current understanding of what it means to be transgender. We include these data for comparison only and doing so should not be taken as validation that presenting transgender as a sexual orientation is in any way appropriate.

Leave-one-out analysis showed no disproportionate effect of single surveys. A direct comparison of estimates showed that the proportion for transgender categorized as sexual orientation was significantly lower than the overall proportion for transgender categorized as gender identity 0.

Our meta-regression of US population-based surveys indicated a substantial annual increase in the number of transgender adults in the United States. As a consequence, meta-analyses that pool data across several years, including our own, will likely underestimate their numbers. A conservative estimate extrapolating our meta-regression results, while excluding the latest NCHA wave of data as a potential outlier, suggests that the proportion of transgender adults in the United States is 0.

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It should be noted that this estimate may be more indicative for younger adults and that national surveys in the near future may observe higher numbers of transgender people. We speculate that the observed annual increase is not an increase of the true population size, but the result of people feeling freer to report that they are or identify as transgender. This may result from societal changes, such as increased public visibility, awareness, and acceptance of transgender individuals. Comparison of our population-size estimate with international numbers is not straightforward because, even within a single country, differences in social acceptance affect the number of individuals who are willing to self-report a transgender identity.

Our estimate of 0. Other surveys that were not included in our analysis because they specifically recruited LGBT individuals also indicated a sizable proportion of respondents who endorsed other gender options.

The available evidence suggests that the size of the gender-nonconforming or gender-variant population may be twice as large as our best estimate for the transgender population size. According to our analysis, surveys that considered transgender a sexual orientation resulted in at least a 4-fold underestimate of the number of transgender individuals. This underestimate should not come as a surprise, because transgender as sexual orientation does not reflect current understanding of transgender as gender identity.

This practice misrepresents the number of transgender people in the United States and sustains misconceptions about what it means to be transgender. Of note, as of , the NHIS no longer lists transgender as an option under sexual orientation. Several considerations should be made when one is interpreting the results of our study. First, transgender people differ greatly and not all transgender individuals desire or have the resources to seek surgeries, hormone therapy, or change their name or sex designation on legal documents.

Second, only about a quarter of the included surveys reported on the general population.

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More than half of the surveys on which our population-size estimate was based reported on younger adults college and university students , and research has shown that individuals aged 18 to 24 years are more likely to identify as transgender. Both aspects may lead to higher population size estimates and may not generalize to US adults as a whole. Third, evidence from surveys that asked about sex assigned at birth suggested that the number of adults whose sex assigned at birth differs from their current gender identity could be as large as our current estimate of the transgender population size.

Also, survey errors with respect to data recording, although they are expected to be small, may have affected our estimate, especially because the base rate of the transgender population is small. Lastly, our analysis indicated significant amounts of residual heterogeneity, which can potentially be explained by differences in respondent characteristics e.

The small number of surveys in our analysis did not allow for testing more than 1 model predictor. We aimed to estimate the current transgender population size in the United States. Our analysis also found that surveys use a variety of questions to ask about transgender identity and may still miscategorize transgender as a sexual orientation. This categorization does not reflect current understanding of transgender as a gender identity, and we recommend using standardized questions to identify respondents with transgender and nonbinary gender identities in future population surveys.

Best practices regarding questions that can be used for transgender-inclusive data collection have already been published. Institutional review board approval was not required because the study did not involve human participants. See also Landers and Kapadia, p. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Am J Public Health. Published online February. Meerwijk , PhD and Jae M. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. At the time of the study, Esther L.

Reprints can be ordered at http: Accepted November 13, This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Open in a separate window. Survey Questions Questions used to collect data on transgender identity varied greatly. Transgender Population Size The estimated proportion of transgender individuals based on surveys that categorized transgender as gender identity was 0. What do doctors do now when they encounter a patient with intersex?

Is a person who is intersex a hermaphrodite? Does having a Y chromosome make someone a man? Is intersex the same as "ambiguous genitalia"? Show me how intersex anatomy develops What is the current policy of the American Academy of Pediatrics on surgery? What's the difference between being transgender or transsexual and having an intersex condition?

How can you assign a gender boy or girl without surgery? What evidence is there that you can grow up psychologically healthy with intersex genitals without "normalizing" surgeries? Does ISNA advocate doing nothing when a child is born with intersex?