Radioduranz

It was nearly 50 years ago that the American scientist Arthur W. Anderson eyed an irradiated can of ground meat and made an intriguing discovery. Growing on the meat, seemingly unaffected by the intense ionizing radiation that had killed the other microorganisms around it, was a curious red bacterium. Follow-up studies confirmed that this organism, later named Deinoccocus radiodurans, not only was radiation resistant, it brought a whole new meaning to the term.

At 1 million rads of radiation energy—or 1, times the dose of radiation energy dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki—the growth of D. The secret behind its incredible radioresistance lies in its ability to repair double strand breaks in its DNA, a hallmark of radiation damage.

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Whereas the much-studied bacterium E. Despite more than 40 years of research, how D.

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However, the answer may finally be coming into focus. A team of scientists, led by Yuejin Hua, Ph. Flip this control switch, the scientists say, and multiple, still-undefined signaling pathways kick into gear to provide extreme radiation resistance. If, as many scientists contend, human cancer frequently involves a breakdown in DNA repair, what might a well-characterized D. This soil-dwelling prokaryote is unicellular, nonmotile, and contains four to 10 duplicate copies of its genome. Moreover, of its proposed 3, genes, more than half are of unknown function and roughly 1, are totally unique, suggesting that humans and D.

But, from the increasingly influential perspective of comparative genomics—the study of DNA structure and its evolution across species—a well-characterized D.

These include the evolution of various DNA repair pathways involved in excision repair, mismatch repair, and recombinational repair, all of which have direct application to cancer. And that's where radiation resistance comes in handy. While radiation issues are usually associated with nuclear power or exposure to the space environment, it is not commonly recognized as being inescapable.

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We are exposed through our entire lives to potassium, radon, carbon and other radioactive sources. Living in the mountains or flying also increases exposure slightly. Surviving a long winter's nap But the total dosage from these is small during our lifespans, so the impact normally is insignificant. However, for an organism in hibernation for a million years or so, the cumulative exposure can be like sitting inside a reactor for several minutes. That's why crawling under a rock to escape solar ultraviolet light on Mars is not a perfect strategy.

The rock itself emits trace quantities of radiation over time. The best hope is that life got started some billions of years ago when conditions were more hospitable, and that a few microbes adapted to extreme conditions or learned how to hibernate below the surface. Whatever water is left on Mars, though, is in polar ice caps and subsurface ice. So even if something like D. Altering the human genome to take on survival characteristics like D.

With a little help from the tiniest of organisms, humans one day may explore and then colonize Mars. Other engineered versions of D. Mars, too, is considered to be an extreme environment.

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But with a little help from D. After all, a Seabee's motto is, "The difficult we do now. The impossible takes a little longer. An Intersection of Art and Science on the Station.

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Public Health Service Guidelines, it is the responsibility of the customer to ensure that their facilities comply with biosafety regulations for their own country. Nomenclature for "Micrococcus radiodurans" and other radiation-resistant cocci: Karrenberg FH, et al.

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Surface structure variants in Deinococcus radiodurans. Mattimore V, Battista JR. Radioresistance of Deinococcus radiodurans: