História Vulgar (Portuguese Edition)

Old Portuguese, also known as Galician-Portuguese , began to diverge from other Romance languages after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Germanic invasions, also known as barbarian invasions in the 5th century and started appearing in written documents around the 9th century. By the 13th century, Galician-Portuguese had become a mature language with its own literature and began to split into two languages.

However, the debate of whether Galician and Portuguese are nowadays varieties of the same language, much like American English or British English, is still present. In all aspects— phonology , morphology , lexicon and syntax —Portuguese is essentially the result of an organic evolution of Vulgar Latin with some influences from other languages, namely the native Gallaecian and Lusitanian languages spoken prior to the Roman domination.

The language was spread by arriving Roman soldiers, settlers and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous civilizations.

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Later, the inhabitants of the cities of Lusitania and the rest of Romanized Iberia were recognized as citizens of Rome. Roman control of the western part of Hispania was not consolidated until the campaigns of Augustus in 26 BC. Although the western territories to the south of the Tagus River were only conquered after the victory of Licinius Crassus in the year 93 BC, [1] only an estimated four hundred words of the native languages [2] persist in modern Portuguese. After years of wars first with the Carthaginians in the Eastern part of the peninsula, and then the local inhabitants, emperor Augustus conquered the whole peninsula, which was named Hispania.

He then divided it into three provinces , Hispania Tarraconensis , Hispania Baetica , and Lusitania , the latter of which included most of modern Portugal. In the 3rd century, emperor Diocletian split Tarraconensis into three, creating the adjacent province of Gallaecia , which geographically enclosed the remaining part of Portugal, and modern-day Galicia in the northwestern region of Spain.

The Barbarians mainly Suevi and Visigoths largely absorbed the Roman culture and language of the peninsula; however, since the Roman schools and administration were closed and Europe entered the Early Middle Ages , the Vulgar Latin language of ordinary people was left free to evolve on its own and the uniformity of the language across the Iberian Peninsula broke down. In the north-western part of the Peninsula today's Northern Portugal and Galicia , Vulgar Latin began gaining a growing number of local characteristics, leading to the formation of what linguists today call Galician-Portuguese.

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The Germanic languages influenced Galician-Portuguese by introducing words often linked to the military like guerra war or laverca lark , placenames such as Resende , animals like ganso goose , texugo badger , human feelings such as orgulho pride , verbs like brigar to fight , suffixes like reguengo royal domain and everyday objects such as frasco flask. From , with the Moorish invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, Arabic was adopted as the administrative language in the conquered regions. However, much of the population continued to speak the Latin-derived Romance dialects, called collectively by modern linguists Mozarabic.

The main effect of the Arabic influence was lexical. Modern Portuguese has between up to as much as words of Arabic origin [3] many were absorbed indirectly through Mozarabic especially relating to food, agriculture and the crafts, which have no cognates in other Romance languages except in Spanish from which in fact, Portuguese borrowed many of its Arabic-derived words. However, there are no Arabic loan words in the lexicon related to human feelings or emotions; those are all of Latin , Germanic or Celtic origin.

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The oldest surviving records containing written Galician-Portuguese are documents from the 9th century. In these official documents, bits of Galician-Portuguese found its way into texts that were written in Latin.

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Today, this phase is known as "Proto-Portuguese" simply because the earliest of these documents are from the former County of Portugal , although Portuguese and Galician were still a single language. This period lasted until the 12th century.

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What modern scholars call Galician-Portuguese was originally the native language of the medieval Kingdom of Galicia , which was founded in and included the northern part of present-day Portugal. It appears to have also been used regularly in other Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula as the language for lyric song. It was employed by poets from throughout the non-Basque medieval Christian kingdoms of the peninsula; including Leonese , Castilian , Aragonese and Catalan.

It is also the language used in the Cantigas de Santa Maria. These songs were traditionally attributed to Alfonso X , a Castilian king, though more recent work shows that they must have been composed in collaboration with many translators, poets and musicians. In , King Diniz created the first Portuguese University in Lisbon the Estudo Geral and decreed that the language of the Portuguese, then simply called the "Vulgar language" i. Vulgar Latin should be used in preference to Latin and known as the "Portuguese language".

In , Portuguese was adopted by the Royal Chancellary and was used not only in poetry but also when writing law and in notaries. In the first period of "Old Portuguese" from 12th to the 14th century , the language came gradually to be used in official documents.

With the political separation of the County of Portugal from Galicia, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity and slowly became two increasingly distinct languages. This growing difference accelerated when Galicia became part of Castile and Galician was increasingly influenced by Castilian. Meanwhile, the southern variant of Galician-Portuguese became the modern Portuguese language within the Kingdom of Portugal and its empire.

During the Renaissance , scholars and writers borrowed many words from classical Latin learned words borrowed from Latin also came from Renaissance Latin and ancient Greek , which increased the complexity of the Portuguese lexicon. Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Portuguese. The second period of Old Portuguese covers the time from the 14th to the 16th centuries and is marked by the Portuguese discoveries of the 15th and 16th centuries.

In that time, colonisers, traders and missionaries spread the Portuguese language to many regions in Africa , Asia and The Americas.

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Today most Portuguese speakers live in Brazil, the biggest former colony of Portugal. By the midth century, Portuguese had become a lingua franca in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. In Ceylon modern Sri Lanka several kings became fluent speakers of Portuguese, and nobles often took Portuguese names.

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The Nippo Jisho , a Japanese—Portuguese dictionary written in , was a product of Jesuit missionary activity in Japan. The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, despite the severe measures taken by the Dutch to abolish it in Ceylon and Indonesia. Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India , Sri Lanka , Malaysia and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal.

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