The Fall of St. Sebastian

As a reply, he therefore applied Alberti 's Classicism principles in the following pictures, including this small St. Sebastian , though deformed by the nostalgic perspective of his own. Characteristic of Mantegna is the clarity of the surface, the precision of an "archaeological" reproduction of the architectonical details, and the elegance of the martyr's posture. The vertical inscription at the right side of the saint is the signature of Mantegna in Greek.

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Sebastian was once part of the Altar of San Zeno in Verona. In the late 17th century-early 18th century it was recorded in the Sainte Chapelle of Aigueperse , in the Auvergne region of France: The picture presumably illustrates the theme of God's Athlete, inspired to a spurious sermon by St. The saint, again tied to a classical arch, is observed from an unusual, low perspective, used by the artist to enhance the impression of solidity and dominance of his figure.

The head and eyes turned toward Heaven confirm Sebastian's firmness in bearing the martyrdom. At his feet two iniquitous people represented by a duo of archers are shown: Apart from the symbolism, the picture is characterized by Mantegna's accuracy in the depictions of ancient ruins, as well as the detail in realistic particulars such as the fig tree next to the column and the description of Sebastian's body.

Sebastian by Mantegna was painted some years later c. It is now in the Galleria Franchetti in Venice. It is quite different from the previous compositions, shows a marked pessimism. The grandiose, tortured figure of the saint is depicted before a neutral, shallow background in brown colour. The artist's intentions for the work are explained by a banderol spiralling around an extinguished candle, in the lower right corner. Here, in Latin , it is written: Nihil nisi divinum stabile est.

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Caetera fumus "Nothing is stable if not divine. The rest is smoke". The inscription may have been necessary because the theme of life's fleetingness was not usually associated with pictures of Sebastian.

The "M" letter formed by the crossing arrows over the saint's legs could stand for Morte "Death" or Mantegna. It can be identified as one of the works remaining in the artist's studio after his death in Because the attack had to be made as the tide fell, it was scheduled for Another mine was exploded, which partly took down a wall, but also created a series of craters so that when the 5th Division made the assault from the south on the main breach. Again and again the men of the 5th Division rushed up the rubble-strewn breach, but they were cut down in swathes. The French had built a coupure inner wall that stopped the redcoats from breaking through the defences.

Hundreds of British soldiers were killed.

Graham committed volunteers from the 1st, 4th, and Light Divisions, but they were unable to push back the French defenders. A Portuguese brigade splashed across the Urumea River and attacked the eastern breach, but their drive also stalled. After two hours, the assault was a costly failure. The survivors hugged the ground to avoid the searing fire.

After consulting with his artillery commander, Alexander Dickson , Graham chose to open fire on the coupure's inner wall, despite the risk of killing many British soldiers who lay so close under the barrier. When the British heavy guns first fired over their heads, the survivors of the attack began to panic. But, when the smoke cleared, they saw that the big guns had wrecked most of the inner wall. With a yell, they charged, reached the top of the breach, and spilled into the city.

At the sight of their defence lines broken, the French retreated to the fortress on the hill of Urgull and by midday the besiegers had taken over the town. Rey and the rest of his surviving garrison held out until 5 September before asking for terms. The French commander formally surrendered on 8 September, and, in recognition of a noble defence, the remainder of the garrison stationed in the fortress was granted the honours of war by the Anglo-Portuguese forces.

They marched out of the stronghold with shouldered arms, flags flying, to the sound of the drums. Their officers were permitted to retain their swords.

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On entering the town, the victorious British and Portuguese troops quickly discovered plentiful supplies of brandy and wine in the shops and houses, with many soon becoming part of a "reeling, riotous mob". Local Domingo de Echave gave evidence echoing an English soldier's words pointing to flames coming out of a house: Mind you, tomorrow all like this.

The rest of it burned to the ground— houses, city hall and record office included.

Siege of San Sebastián

After the burning, the town council and many survivors of the destruction held a meeting in Zubieta , where the devastated town dwellers decided the reconstruction of the town almost from scratch. Since the previous council had collaborated with the French, a new council was appointed, and a letter was written congratulating Wellington on his victory [5]: The demand was not met since Wellington refused to do so, [20] and wholeheartedly wished in the reply that he not be addressed again. Of Rey's original garrison of 3, plus some later drafts, were killed, had been captured on 31 August and 1, surrendered, of whom were sick and wounded.

The chief engineering officer who laid out the Lines of Torres Vedras , Sir Richard Fletcher , was shot through the heart and killed in the siege, [1]: Spanish forces repelled this attempt in the Battle of San Marcial.

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The French garrison of Pamplona surrendered to the Spanish on 31 October. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Peninsular War Vitoria and the Pyrenees, — Sebastian" to surviving seamen from the boats and from "such ships as may have been present during the months of August and September, and which were employed on the inner line of sea blockade.

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The Institution of Royal Engineers. El Asalto a la Brecha. The Illustrated London News.

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