Shakespeare the Dramatist: And other papers

Indeed, his contemporary Thomas Heywood , whose poetry Jaggard had pirated and misattributed to Shakespeare, specifically reports that Shakespeare was "much offended with M. Jaggard that altogether unknown to him presumed to make so bold with his name. Heminges and Condell emphasised that the Folio was replacing the earlier publications, which they characterised as "stol'n and surreptitious copies, maimed and deformed by frauds and stealths of injurious impostors", asserting that Shakespeare's true words "are now offer'd to your view cured, and perfect of their limbes; and all the rest, absolute in their numbers as he conceived them.

The paper industry in England was then in its infancy and the quantity of quality rag paper for the book was imported from France. William Jaggard was old, infirm and blind by , and died a month before the book went on sale; most of the work in the project must have been done by his son Isaac. The First Folio's publishing syndicate also included two stationers who owned the rights to some of the individual plays that had been previously printed: Smethwick had been a business partner of another Jaggard, William's brother John.

The printing of the Folio was probably done between February and early November It is possible that the printer originally expected to have the book ready early, since it was listed in the Frankfurt Book Fair catalogue as a book to appear between April and October , but the catalog contained many books not yet printed by , and the modern consensus is that the entry was simply intended as advance publicity. The 36 plays of the First Folio occur in the order given below; plays that had never been published before are marked with an asterisk. Each play is followed by the type of source used, as determined by bibliographical research.

The term foul papers refers to Shakespeare's working drafts of a play. When completed, a transcript or fair copy of the foul papers would be prepared, by the author or by a scribe. Such a manuscript would have to be heavily annotated with accurate and detailed stage directions and all the other data needed for performance, and then could serve as a prompt book , to be used by the prompter to guide a performance of the play. Any of these manuscripts, in any combination, could be used as a source for a printed text.

The label Q n denotes the n th quarto edition of a play. Troilus and Cressida was originally intended to follow Romeo and Juliet , but the typesetting was stopped, probably due to a conflict over the rights to the play; it was later inserted as the first of the tragedies, when the rights question was resolved.

It does not appear in the table of contents. Ben Jonson wrote a preface to the folio with this poem facing the Droeshout portrait:. This Figure, that thou here seest put, It was for gentle Shakespeare cut: As far as modern scholarship has been able to determine, [31] the First Folio texts were set into type by five compositors, with different spelling habits, peculiarities, and levels of competence. Researchers have labelled them A through E, A being the most accurate, and E an apprentice who had significant difficulties in dealing with manuscript copy.

Their shares in typesetting the pages of the Folio break down like this:. Compositor "E" was most likely one John Leason, whose apprenticeship contract dated only from 4 November One of the other four might have been a John Shakespeare, of Warwickshire , who apprenticed with Jaggard in — Greg has argued that Edward Knight , the "book-keeper" or "book-holder" prompter of the King's Men , did the actual proofreading of the manuscript sources for the First Folio. Knight is known to have been responsible for maintaining and annotating the company's scripts, and making sure that the company complied with cuts and changes ordered by the Master of the Revels.

Some pages of the First Folio — out of the total of — were proofread and corrected while the job of printing the book was ongoing. As a result, the Folio differs from modern books in that individual copies vary considerably in their typographical errors. There were about corrections made to the Folio in this way.

The well-known cruxes in the First Folio texts were beyond the typesetters' capacity to correct. The Folio was typeset and bound in "sixes" — 3 sheets of paper, taken together, were folded into a booklet-like quire or gathering of 6 leaves, 12 pages. Once printed, the "sixes" were assembled and bound together to make the book. The sheets were printed in 2-page formes, meaning that pages 1 and 12 of the first quire were printed simultaneously on one side of one sheet of paper which became the "outer" side ; then pages 2 and 11 were printed on the other side of the same sheet the "inner" side.

The same was done with pages 3 and 10, and 4 and 9, on the second sheet, and pages 5 and 8, and 6 and 7, on the third. Then the first quire could be assembled with its pages in the correct order. The next quire was printed by the same method: This meant that the text being printed had to be "cast off" — the compositors had to plan beforehand how much text would fit onto each page. If the compositors were setting type from manuscripts perhaps messy, revised and corrected manuscripts , their calculations would frequently be off by greater or lesser amounts, resulting in the need to expand or compress.

A line of verse could be printed as two; or verse could be printed as prose to save space, or lines and passages could even be omitted a disturbing prospect for those who prize Shakespeare's works. It is believed that around copies of the First Folio were printed, of which there are known surviving copies. Another collection 12 copies is held at Meisei University in Tokyo , including the Meisei Copy coded MR , said to be unique because of annotations by its reader.

The First Folio is one of the most valuable printed books in the world: To commemorate the th anniversary of Shakespeare's death in , the Folger Shakespeare Library toured some of its 82 First Folios for display in all 50 U. This copy is one of only about 40 remaining complete copies most of the existing copies are incomplete ; only one other copy of the book remains in private ownership.

On 11 July , it was reported that a copy stolen from Durham University , England, in had been recovered after being submitted for valuation at the Folger Shakespeare Library. In November , a previously unknown First Folio was found in a public library in Saint-Omer , Pas-de-Calais in France , where it had lain for years. In March , Christie's announced that a previously unrecorded copy once owned by 19th-century collector Sir George Augustus Shuckburgh-Evelyn would be auctioned on 25 May From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Shakespeare's life , funerary monument , reputation , and plays in quarto. Pray tell me Ben, where does the mystery lurk, What others call a play you call a work. Under the Gregorian calendar , adopted in Catholic countries in , Shakespeare died on 3 May. All told, a quarter of the literary folios produced in London between and were the work of these three publishers.

Retrieved 2 April Retrieved 3 April A Study of Facts and Problems. Collins, Paul 17 July Why Shakespeare is the world's worst stolen treasure". Retrieved 4 April Coughlan, Sean 7 April In Edmondson, Paul; Wells, Stanley. Shakespeare as Literary Dramatist 2nd ed. Brandeis Special Collections Spotlight. Fessenden, Marissa 7 January Finnigan, Lexi 17 March After Hamlet , Shakespeare varied his poetic style further, particularly in the more emotional passages of the late tragedies.

The literary critic A. Bradley described this style as "more concentrated, rapid, varied, and, in construction, less regular, not seldom twisted or elliptical". These included run-on lines , irregular pauses and stops, and extreme variations in sentence structure and length. The listener is challenged to complete the sense. Shakespeare combined poetic genius with a practical sense of the theatre.

This strength of design ensures that a Shakespeare play can survive translation, cutting and wide interpretation without loss to its core drama. He preserved aspects of his earlier style in the later plays, however. In Shakespeare's late romances , he deliberately returned to a more artificial style, which emphasised the illusion of theatre.

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Shakespeare's work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature. In particular, he expanded the dramatic potential of characterisation , plot, language , and genre. The Romantic poets attempted to revive Shakespearean verse drama, though with little success. Critic George Steiner described all English verse dramas from Coleridge to Tennyson as "feeble variations on Shakespearean themes.

These include two operas by Giuseppe Verdi , Otello and Falstaff , whose critical standing compares with that of the source plays. In Shakespeare's day, English grammar, spelling, and pronunciation were less standardised than they are now, [] and his use of language helped shape modern English.

Shakespeare was not revered in his lifetime, but he received a large amount of praise. Between the Restoration of the monarchy in and the end of the 17th century, classical ideas were in vogue. A series of scholarly editions of his work, notably those of Samuel Johnson in and Edmond Malone in , added to his growing reputation.

During the Romantic era , Shakespeare was praised by the poet and literary philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge , and the critic August Wilhelm Schlegel translated his plays in the spirit of German Romanticism. The modernist revolution in the arts during the early 20th century, far from discarding Shakespeare, eagerly enlisted his work in the service of the avant-garde. The Expressionists in Germany and the Futurists in Moscow mounted productions of his plays.

Marxist playwright and director Bertolt Brecht devised an epic theatre under the influence of Shakespeare. The poet and critic T. Eliot argued against Shaw that Shakespeare's "primitiveness" in fact made him truly modern. Wilson Knight and the school of New Criticism , led a movement towards a closer reading of Shakespeare's imagery. In the s, a wave of new critical approaches replaced modernism and paved the way for " post-modern " studies of Shakespeare. He encloses us because we see with his fundamental perceptions.

Shakespeare the Dramatist, and Other Papers - Una Ellis-Fermor - Google Книги

Shakespeare's works include the 36 plays printed in the First Folio of , listed according to their folio classification as comedies , histories , and tragedies. In the late 19th century, Edward Dowden classified four of the late comedies as romances , and though many scholars prefer to call them tragicomedies , Dowden's term is often used.

Boas coined the term " problem plays " to describe four plays: Around years after Shakespeare's death, doubts began to be expressed about the authorship of the works attributed to him. Shakespeare conformed to the official state religion, [k] but his private views on religion have been the subject of debate. Shakespeare's will uses a Protestant formula, and he was a confirmed member of the Church of England , where he was married, his children were baptised, and where he is buried.

Some scholars claim that members of Shakespeare's family were Catholics, at a time when practising Catholicism in England was against the law. The strongest evidence might be a Catholic statement of faith signed by his father, John Shakespeare , found in in the rafters of his former house in Henley Street.

However, the document is now lost and scholars differ as to its authenticity. Scholars find evidence both for and against Shakespeare's Catholicism, Protestantism, or lack of belief in his plays, but the truth may be impossible to prove. Few details of Shakespeare's sexuality are known. At 18, he married year-old Anne Hathaway , who was pregnant.

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Susanna, the first of their three children, was born six months later on 26 May Over the centuries, some readers have posited that Shakespeare's sonnets are autobiographical, [] and point to them as evidence of his love for a young man. Others read the same passages as the expression of intense friendship rather than romantic love. No written contemporary description of Shakespeare's physical appearance survives, and no evidence suggests that he ever commissioned a portrait, so the Droeshout engraving , which Ben Jonson approved of as a good likeness, [] and his Stratford monument provide perhaps the best evidence of his appearance.

From the 18th century, the desire for authentic Shakespeare portraits fuelled claims that various surviving pictures depicted Shakespeare. That demand also led to the production of several fake portraits, as well as misattributions, repaintings, and relabelling of portraits of other people. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

English playwright and poet. This article is about the poet and playwright. For other persons of the same name, see William Shakespeare disambiguation. For other uses of "Shakespeare", see Shakespeare disambiguation. Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire , England. John Shakespeare father Mary Arden mother. Shakespeare's plays and William Shakespeare's collaborations.

Thou art more lovely and more temperate Shakespeare's reputation and Timeline of Shakespeare criticism. Shakespeare bibliography and Chronology of Shakespeare's plays. Religious views of William Shakespeare. Sexuality of William Shakespeare. Under the Gregorian calendar , adopted in Catholic countries in , Shakespeare died on 3 May.

In addition to presenting the town with a statue of Shakespeare, Garrick composed a doggerel verse, lampooned in the London newspapers, naming the banks of the Avon as the birthplace of the "matchless Bard". See Shakespeare's collaborations and Shakespeare Apocrypha for further details.

See Chronology of Shakespeare's plays for further details. This motto is still used by Warwickshire County Council , in reference to Shakespeare. Rowse , the 20th-century Shakespeare scholar, was emphatic: His will made that perfectly clear — in facts, puts it beyond dispute, for it uses the Protestant formula. Adams, Joseph Quincy A Life of William Shakespeare. University of Illinois Press. Politics, Plague, and Shakespeare's Theater: The Soul of the Age. Retrieved 23 April In Cheney, Patrick Gerard. The Cambridge Companion to Christopher Marlowe.

Changing Styles in Shakespeare. The Books and School of the Ages. The Invention of the Human. Bloom's Shakespeare Through the Ages. Shakspere and His Predecessors. On Editing Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Dramatists. University of Pennsylvania Press. Essays in Honour of Kenneth Muir. In Levine, Robert Steven. The Cambridge Companion to Herman Melville. Sonnet 20 and the politics of pedagogy". Shakespeare's Works and Elizabethan Pronunciation. A Study of Facts and Problems.

Craig, Leon Harold Of Philosophers and Kings: University of Toronto Press. Education in Tudor and Stuart England. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. The Making of the National Poet: Shakespeare, Adaptation and Authorship, — An Essay of Dramatic Poesy. Dutton, Richard; Howard, Jean E. A Companion to Shakespeare's Works: The New Cambridge Shakespeare. The Review of English Studies. In Nelsen, Paul; Schlueter, June. Performance Matters in Shakespeare and his Contemporaries. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.

Frye, Roland Mushat The Art of the Dramatist. Shakespeare and Modern Theatre: The Performance of Modernity. In de Grazia, Margreta ; Wells, Stanley. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare. Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare. Greenblatt, Stephen ; Abrams, Meyer Howard , eds.

The Norton Anthology of English Literature. The 'Lost Years' Revised ed. Johnson, Samuel [first published ]. Selections from the Work that Defined the English Language.

Jonson, Ben [first published ]. AND what he hath left vs". The First Folio of Shakespeare 2nd ed. Kastan, David Scott The Age of Shakespeare. The Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare. Playing Companies and Commerce in Shakespeare's Time.

Shakespeare the Dramatist: And other papers

Shakespeare's Life and Work. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies. The 'Bad' Quartos and Their Contexts. Mays, Andrea ; Swanson, James 20 April Archived from the original on 21 April Retrieved 31 December Shakespeare and his Rivals: A Casebook on the Authorship Controversy.

Some Contexts, Resources, and Strategies in his Playmaking. Mowat, Barbara; Werstine, Paul n. Retrieved 30 December That Is the Question". The New York Times. The Author, the Editor and the Translator: Such Is My Love: A Study of Shakespeare's Sonnets. University of Chicago Press. Shakespeare Quartos and Folios: A Study in the Bibliography of Shakespeare's Plays, — Catholic Loyalism in Elizabethan England.

University of North Carolina Press. Some Remarks on King Lear".

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In Lear from Study to Stage: The New Cambridge Shakespeare 2nd revised ed. Rowe, Nicholas [first published ]. Retrieved 30 July William Shakespeare; A Biography. Victorian Appropriations of Shakespeare. The Problem Plays of Shakespeare. Routledge and Kegan Paul. In Wells, Stanley ; Stanton, Sarah. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage. A Compact Documentary Life Revised ed.

A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare. New York University Press. Snyder, Susan; Curren-Aquino, Deborah, eds. Archived from the original on 4 March Retrieved 2 April The Death of Tragedy. A Cultural History from the Restoration to the Present. The Complete Works 2nd ed. A Life in Drama. Wells, Stanley ; Orlin, Lena Cowen , eds. Shakespeare and Feminist Performance. Archived from the original on 3 April Studies in Theatre, Religion and Resistance. An Anthology of Criticism and Theory, — This audio file was created from a revision of the article " William Shakespeare " dated , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article.

The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen.

Shakespeare vs. Jonson : The Question of Authorship and the Phenomenon of Authorial Posturing

Links to related articles. Early editions of William Shakespeare 's works. William Shakespeare 's Antony and Cleopatra. The False One c.