Pictures from ChildrenÆs Life. No. 2. The Punished

Tom Brown's School Days by Thomas Hughes appeared in , and is considered to be the founding book in the school story tradition. Regarded as the first "English masterpiece written for children" [9]: In , Carlo Collodi wrote the first Italian fantasy novel, The Adventures of Pinocchio , which was translated many times.

In that same year, Emilio Salgari , the man who would become "the adventure writer par excellence for the young in Italy" [38] first published his legendary character Sandokan. Barrie told the story of Peter Pan in the novel Peter and Wendy in Johanna Spyri 's two-part novel Heidi was published in Switzerland in and Boys' book writer Oliver Optic published over books. In , the "epoch-making book" [9]: This " coming of age " story established the genre of realistic family books in the United States.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a plethora of children's novels began featuring realistic, non-magical plotlines. The Chinese Revolution of and World War II brought political and social change that revolutionized children's literature in China. Western science, technology, and literature became fashionable.

China's first modern publishing firm, Commercial Press , established several children's magazines, which included Youth Magazine , and Educational Pictures for Children.

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Yuxiu encouraged novelist Shen Dehong to write for children as well. Dehong went on to rewrite 28 stories based on classical Chinese literature specifically for children. The Chinese Revolution of changed children's literature again. Many children's writers were denounced, but Tianyi and Ye Shengtao continued to write for children and created works that aligned with Maoist ideology. The death of Mao Zedong provoked more changes that swept China.

Many writers from the early part of the century were brought back, and their work became available again. In , General Anthology of Modern Children's Literature of China , a fifteen-volume anthology of children's literature since the s, was released. Literature for children developed as a separate category of literature especially in the Victorian era. Some works became internationally known, such as those of Lewis Carroll , Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass.

At the end of the Victorian era and leading into the Edwardian era, Beatrix Potter was an author and illustrator, best known for her children's books, which featured animal characters.

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Potter eventually went on to publish 23 children's books and become a wealthy woman. Tunnell and James S. In the latter years of the 19th century, precursors of the modern picture book were illustrated books of poems and short stories produced by English illustrators Randolph Caldecott , Walter Crane , and Kate Greenaway.

These had a larger proportion of pictures to words than earlier books, and many of their pictures were in colour. Some British artists made their living illustrating novels and children's books; among them were Arthur Rackham , Cicely Mary Barker , W. Heath Robinson , Henry J.

Ford , John Leech , and George Cruikshank. The Kailyard school of Scottish writers, notably J. Barrie , creator of Peter Pan , presented an idealised version of society and brought fantasy and folklore back into fashion. In Hugh Lofting created the character Doctor Dolittle who appears in a series of twelve books. The main exceptions in England were the publications of Winnie-the-Pooh by A. Milne in , the first Mary Poppins book by P. Travers in , The Hobbit by J. Children's paperback books were first released in England in under the Puffin Books imprint, and their lower prices helped make book buying possible for children during World War II.

Enid Blyton 's books have been among the world's best-sellers since the s, selling more than million copies. Blyton's books are still enormously popular, and have been translated into almost 90 languages. She wrote on a wide range of topics including education, natural history, fantasy, mystery, and biblical narratives and is best remembered today for her Noddy , The Famous Five , The Secret Seven , and The Adventure Series.

In the s, the book market in Europe began recovering from the effects of two world wars. An informal literary discussion group associated with the English faculty at the University of Oxford, were the "Inklings". Its leading members were the major fantasy novelists; C. Lewis published the first installment of The Chronicles of Narnia series in while Tolkien is best known in addition to The Hobbit as the author of The Lord of the Rings. The latter work is an adaptation of the myth of Blodeuwedd from the Mabinogion , set in modern Wales , and for it Garner won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association , recognising the year's best children's book by a British author.

Mary Norton wrote The Borrowers , featuring tiny people who borrow from humans. Philippa Pearce 's Tom's Midnight Garden has him opening the garden door at night and entering into a different age. The heroine of Charlotte Sometimes by Penelope Farmer is already shaken by her arrival in a girls' boarding school when she finds herself waking as another girl in the same bed, but decades earlier. She needs urgent help from nearby children to hide her cat and kittens. Roald Dahl rose to prominence with his children's fantasy novels , often inspired from experiences from his childhood, with often unexpected endings, and unsentimental, dark humour.

Fox , The Witches , and Matilda Starting in , Michael Bond published humorous stories about Paddington Bear. Boarding schools in literature are centred on older pre-adolescent and adolescent school life, and are most commonly set in English boarding schools.

Ruth Manning-Sanders collected and retold fairy tales , and her first work A Book of Giants contains a number of famous giants , notably Jack and the Beanstalk. Raymond Briggs ' children's picture book The Snowman has been adapted as an animation, shown every Christmas on British television, and for the stage as a musical.

Margery Sharp 's series The Rescuers is based on a heroic mouse organisation. Anthony Horowitz 's Alex Rider series begins with Stormbreaker Rowling 's Harry Potter fantasy series is a sequence of seven novels that chronicle the adventures of the adolescent wizard Harry Potter. The series began with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in and ended with the seventh and final book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in ; becoming the best selling book-series in history. The series has been translated into 67 languages, [46] [47] placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history.

Adventure stories written specifically for children began in the 19th century. The Victorian era saw the development of the genre, with W. Henty specializing in the production of adventure fiction for boys. In the years after the First World War, writers such as Arthur Ransome — developed the adventure genre by setting the adventure in Britain rather than distant countries.

Ransome began publishing in his Swallows and Amazons series of children's books about the school-holiday adventures of children, mostly in the English Lake District and the Norfolk Broads. Many of the books involve sailing; fishing and camping are other common subjects. Biggles made his first appearance in the story The White Fokker , published in the first issue of Popular Flying magazine and again as part of the first collection of Biggles stories, The Camels Are Coming both Johns continued to write Biggles books until his death in , the series eventually spanning nearly a hundred volumes — including novels and short story collections — most of the latter with a common setting and time.

Geoffrey Trease and Rosemary Sutcliff [52] brought a new sophistication to the historical adventure novel.

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An important aspect of British children's literature has been comic books and magazines. Amongst the most popular comics have been The Dandy [53] and The Beano.

Many prominent authors contributed to the Boys Own Paper: Ballantyne , as well as Robert Baden-Powell , the inspiration for the Scout Movement , Between —61 there was 60 issues with stories about Biggles by W. Johns , [58] and in the s occasional contributors included Isaac Asimov and the respected astronomer Patrick Moore. Between —47 Captain W. Johns contributed sixty stories featuring the female pilot Worrals. The Eagle was a popular British comic for boys, launched in by Marcus Morris , an Anglican vicar from Lancashire.

Revolutionary in its presentation and content, it was enormously successful; the first issue sold about , copies. Eagle also contained news and sport sections, and educational cutaway diagrams of sophisticated machinery. Children's literature has been a part of American culture since Europeans first settled in America.

The earliest books were used as tools to instill self-control in children and preach a life of morality in Puritan society. It includes what is thought to be the earliest nursery rhyme and one of the earliest examples of a text book approaching education from the child's point of view, rather than the adult's.

One of the most famous books of American children's literature is L. Children's reading rooms in libraries, staffed by specially trained librarians, helped create demand for classic juvenile books. Reviews of children's releases began appearing regularly in Publishers Weekly and in The Bookman magazine began to regularly publish reviews of children's releases, and the first Children's Book Week was launched in In that same year, Louise Seaman Bechtel became the first person to head a juvenile book publishing department in the country.

She was followed by May Massee in , and Alice Dalgliesh in The American Library Association began awarding the Newbery Medal , the first children's book award, in The young adult book market developed during this period, thanks to sports books by popular writer John R. The already vigorous growth in children's books became a boom in the s, and children's publishing became big business. White published Charlotte's Web , which was described as "one of the very few books for young children that face, squarely, the subject of death".

The s saw an age of new realism in children's books emerge. Given the atmosphere of social revolution in s America, authors and illustrators began to break previously established taboos in children's literature. Controversial subjects dealing with alcoholism, death, divorce, and child abuse were now being published in stories for children. Maurice Sendak's Where the Wild Things Are in and Louise Fitzhugh 's Harriet the Spy in are often considered the first stories published in this new age of realism.

Taylor in Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry continued the tradition of the historical adventure in an American setting. Laura Numeroff published If You Give a Mouse a Cookie in and went on to create a series of similarly named books that is still popular for children and adults to read together. Lloyd Alexander 's The Chronicles of Prydain was set in a fictionalized version of medieval Britain. Erik Werenskiold , Theodor Kittelsen , and Dikken Zwilgmeyer were especially popular, writing folk and fairy tales as well as realistic fiction.

The translation into English by George Webbe Dasent helped increase the stories' influence. Swiss author Marcus Pfister's Rainbow Fish series has received international acclaim since By the s, literary realism and non-fiction dominated children's literature. More schools were started, using books by writers like Konstantin Ushinsky and Leo Tolstoy , whose Russian Reader included an assortment of stories, fairy tales, and fables.

Books written specifically for girls developed in the s and s. Publisher and journalist Evgenia Tur wrote about the daughters of well-to-do landowners, while Alexandra Nikitichna Annenskaya 's stories told of middle-class girls working to support themselves. Vera Zhelikhovsky , Elizaveta Kondrashova , and Nadezhda Lukhmanova also wrote for girls during this period. Children's non-fiction gained great importance in Russia at the beginning of the century.

A ten-volume children's encyclopedia was published between and Vasily Avenarius wrote fictionalized biographies of important people like Nikolai Gogol and Alexander Pushkin around the same time, and scientists wrote for books and magazines for children. Children's magazines flourished, and by the end of the century there were Realism took a gloomy turn by frequently showing the maltreatment of children from lower classes.

The most popular boys' material was Sherlock Holmes , and similar stories from detective magazines. The state took control of children's literature during the October Revolution. Maksim Gorky edited the first children's, Northern Lights , under Soviet rule. With a children's branch, the official oversight of the professional organization brought children's writers under the control of the state and the police.

Communist principles like collectivism and solidarity became important themes in children's literature. Authors wrote biographies about revolutionaries like Lenin and Pavlik Morozov. Alexander Belyayev , who wrote in the s and s, became Russia's first science fiction writer. Today, the field is in a state of flux because some older authors are being rediscovered and others are being abandoned.

The series is considered representative of Brazilian children's literature and the Brazilian equivalent to children's classics such as C. Lewis , The Chronicles of Narnia and L. Christian missionaries first established the Calcutta School-Book Society in the 19th century, creating a separate genre for children's literature in that country. Magazines and books for children in native languages soon appeared. Nobel Prize winner Rabindranath Tagore wrote plays, stories, and poems for children, including one work illustrated by painter Nandalal Bose.

They worked from the end of the 19th century into the beginning of the 20th century. Tagore's work was later translated into English, with Bose's pictures. His stories were didactic in nature. The first full-length children's book was Khar Khar Mahadev by Narain Dixit , which was serialized in one of the popular children's magazines in Other writers include Premchand , and poet Sohan Lal Dwivedi.

Bengali children's literature flourished in the later part of the twentieth century. Educator Gijubhai Badheka published over books in the Children's literature in Gujarati language , and many of them are still popular. In , political cartoonist K. Shankar Pillai founded the Children's Book Trust publishing company. The firm became known for high quality children's books, and many of them were released in several languages. He wrote biographies of many historical personalities, such as Kapila Deva. In , the firm organized a writers' competition to encourage quality children's writing.

One of the pioneering children's writer in Persian was Mehdi Azar-Yazdi. Originally, for centuries, stories were told by Africans in their native languages, many being told during social gatherings. Stories varied between mythic narratives dealing with creation and basic proverbs showcasing human wisdom. These narratives were passed down from generation to generation orally. Most children's books depict the African culture and lifestyle, and trace their roots to traditional folktales, riddles, and proverbs. Publishing companies also aided in the development of children's literature.

Children's literature can be divided into categories, either according to genre or the intended age of the reader. A literary genre is a category of literary compositions. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content, or length. According to Anderson, [83] there are six categories of children's literature with some significant subgenres:.

The criteria for these divisions are vague, and books near a borderline may be classified either way. Books for younger children tend to be written in simple language, use large print, and have many illustrations.

Children's literature - Wikipedia

Books for older children use increasingly complex language, normal print, and fewer if any illustrations. The categories with an age range are listed below:. Pictures have always accompanied children's stories. Generally, artwork plays a greater role in books intended for younger readers especially pre-literate children.

Children's picture books often serve as an accessible source of high quality art for young children. Even after children learn to read well enough to enjoy a story without illustrations, they continue to appreciate the occasional drawings found in chapter books. According to Joyce Whalley in The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature , "an illustrated book differs from a book with illustrations in that a good illustrated book is one where the pictures enhance or add depth to the text.

Acting as a kind of encyclopedia, Orbis Pictus had a picture on every page, followed by the name of the object in Latin and German. It was translated into English in and was used in homes and schools around Europe and Great Britain for years. Early children's books, such as Orbis Pictus , were illustrated by woodcut , and many times the same image was repeated in a number of books regardless of how appropriate the illustration was for the story.

One of the first uses of Chromolithography a way of making multi-colored prints in a children's book was demonstrated in Struwwelpeter , published in Germany in English illustrator Walter Crane refined its use in children's books in the late 19th century. Another method of creating illustrations for children's books was etching , used by George Cruikshank in the s.

Most pictures were still black-and-white, and many color pictures were hand colored, often by children. Twentieth-century artists such as Kay Nielson , Edmund Dulac , and Arthur Rackham produced illustrations that are still reprinted today. After World War II, offset lithography became more refined, and painter-style illustrations, such as Brian Wildsmith 's were common by the s.

Professional organizations, dedicated publications, individual researchers and university courses conduct scholarship on children's literature. Scholarship in children's literature is primarily conducted in three different disciplinary fields: Typically, children's literature scholars from literature departments in universities English, German, Spanish, etc.

This literary criticism may focus on an author, a thematic or topical concern, genre, period, or literary device and may address issues from a variety of critical stances poststructural, postcolonial, New Criticism, psychoanalytic, new historicism, etc. Results of this type of research are typically published as books or as articles in scholarly journals. The field of Library and Information Science has a long history of conducting research related to children's literature.

Most educational researchers studying children's literature explore issues related to the use of children's literature in classroom settings. They may also study topics such as home use, children's out-of-school reading, or parents' use of children's books. Teachers typically use children's literature to augment classroom instruction. After the scramble for Africa which occurred between the years of and there was a large production of children's literature which attempted to create an illusion of what life was like for those who lived on the African continent.

This was a simple technique in deceiving those who only relied on stories and secondary resources. Thus encouraging the idea that the colonies who were part of the African continent were perceived as animals, savages and un human like. Therefor needing cultured higher class Europeans to share their knowledge and resources with the locals.

Also promoting the idea that the people within these places were as exotic as the locations themselves. A New Telling of Little Black Sambo , making its content more appropriate and empowering for ethnic minority children. Eske Wollrad claimed Astrid Lindgren 's Pippi Longstocking novels "have colonial racist stereotypes", [91] urging parents to skip specific offensive passages when reading to their children. Criticisms of the novel The Secret Garden by author Frances Hodgson Burnett claim endorsement of racist attitudes toward black people through the dialogue of main character Mary Lennox.

The picture book The Snowy Day , written and illustrated by Ezra Jack Keats was published in and is known as the first picture book to portray an African-American child as a protagonist. Middle Eastern and Central American protagonists still remain underrepresented in North American picture books. Additionally, only 92 of the books were written by Africans or African Americans. Conversations on the Art of the Picture Book , Jerry Pinkney mentioned how difficult it was to find children's books with black children as characters.

Seuss books contain few ethnic minority people. The first black family didn't appear in the series until the s, thirty years into its run. Writer Mary Renck Jalongo In Young Children and Picture Books discusses damaging stereotypes of Native Americans in children's literature , stating repeated depictions of indigenous people as living in the s with feathers and face paint cause children to mistake them as fictional and not as people that still exist today.

Lynn Byrd describes how the natives of Neverland in Peter Pan are depicted as "uncivilized," valiant fighters unafraid of death and are referred to as "redskins", which is now considered a racial slur. An allegory for French colonialism, Babar easily assimilates himself into the bourgeois lifestyle. It is a world where the elephants who have adapted themselves dominate the animals who have not yet been assimilated into the new and powerful civilization.

Critics claim the man with the yellow hat represents a colonialist poacher of European descent who kidnaps George, a monkey from Africa, and sends him on a ship to America. Perhaps surprisingly, the science supports the "run to their side" style of parenting. It's about responding supportively--while not solving all your kids' problems for them. Resilience, defined as "the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness," is an underpinning of success.

It's what allows people to, as Sir Winston Churchill put it, "go from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm. And that undaunted attitude is what allows them to work through problems without fear of coming up short--exactly the behavior that the "praise for the effort" tactic that Dweck advises is designed to develop. So how do you help kids to develop resiliency? Set an example, trust your children to solve many of their own problems, and encourage risk-taking while also asserting your authority as a parent when it's sensible, advises former Navy SEAL commander and now Missouri governor Eric Greitens.

This next bit of science-backed advice requires some judgment. On the one hand, it's important to let kids solve their own problems when possible. On the other hand, your job as a parent requires you to act like an authority figure and a determined advocate. Nowhere is this more true than in the schools. A year longevity study called the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth found that schools often ignore the most talented students, in favor of trying to increase the performance of more average pupils.

This all comes from a misguided belief that gifted students will achieve on their own--even in spite of a strict educational system that doesn't serve them well. Unfortunately, it's a huge societal mistake. The only real antidote is parental involvement and advocacy. Researchers at the University of Essex in the United Kingdom found that parents who set super-high expectations for their teenage daughters--and who constantly reminded them of those expectations--had daughters who were less likely to become pregnant, drop out of school, or wind up in lousy, low-wage jobs.

Although the study focused specifically on girls, it didn't exclude the likelihood that such high-tempo reminders would have a similar positive effect for boys. I have had more than a little bit of luck in life, but nothing equals in magnitude my marriage to Martin D.

My husband smacks, grabs and pinches our children

I betray no secret in reporting that, without him, I would not have gained a seat on the Supreme Court. Science backs her up. Louis found that marrying the right person leads people to "perform better at work, earning more promotions, making more money, and feeling more satisfied with their jobs. Unless you're living in a society with arranged marriages, however, this is much more about your children's choices than anything you can do for them as a parent.

Still, you can do your best to model a good marriage relationship and simply make sure they understand that the choice of who to spend your life with is probably the most important choice most people make. This one a bonus, as it's based on my own research. While we know that money is not the key to happiness, a lack of money can certainly sometimes lead to misery. We all know people who are less successful than they'd otherwise be because they spend their entire lives chasing enough money to live. They have to make long-term decisions based on short-term financial considerations.

So how do you help your children to grow up to avoid this trap? Financial literacy is important, but so is encouraging them to act entrepreneurially. A few months ago, I asked successful entrepreneurs if they could point to a habit or an experience that was responsible for their success?

A whopping out of the percent! It was that they'd been encouraged to act like entrepreneurs and had gotten started when they were still young. Robert Waldinger, who had been running the Grant Study since put it succinctly: A few simple examples: