Vida e Morte do Rei João (Portuguese Edition)

For many scholars, the transfer of the court to Rio began the establishment of the modern Brazilian state and constituted Brazil's first step toward true independence. All the characteristics of that [colonial] regime disappeared, the only remaining part of the colonial situation was to be under a foreign government.

One after another, the old workings of colonial administration were abolished and replaced by those of a sovereign nation. Economic restrictions fell and thoughts of the country's interests moved to the front of government policy. But first it was necessary to provide accommodations for the newcomers, a difficult problem to resolve given the cramped proportions of the city of Rio at that time.

Though large, it was comfortless and nothing like Portuguese palaces. As large as it was, it was not enough to accommodate everyone, so neighboring buildings were also requisitioned, such as the Carmelite Convent, the town hall, and even the jail. To meet the needs of other nobles, and to install new government offices, innumerable small residences were hastily expropriated, their proprietors arbitrarily ejected, at times violently in the face of resistance.

Carlota Joaquina, for her part, preferred to settle on a farm near the beach of Botafogo , continuing her habit of living apart from her husband. The city, which at that time had about 70, inhabitants, saw itself transformed overnight. The additional populace, full of new requirements, imposed a new organization in the supply of food and other consumer goods, including luxury items.

It took years for the Portuguese to settle in, causing years of chaos in the daily life of Rio; rents doubled, taxes rose, and food was in short supply, requisitioned by the imported nobility. This soon dispelled popular enthusiasm over the prince regent's arrival. The very shape of the city began to change, with the construction of innumerable new residences, villas and other buildings, and various improvements to services and infrastructure.

Likewise, the presence of the court introduced new standards of etiquette, new fashions and new customs, including a new social stratification. The long lines waiting to pay their respects and receive favors were a mix of nobles and commoners. The vulgarity of the manners, the familiarity of speech, the insistence of some, the prolixity of others, none of this bored him.

He seemed to forget that he was their master, and remember only that he was their father. Throughout his stay in Brazil, John formalized the creation of a huge number of institutions and public services and boosted the economy, culture and other areas of national life. All these measures were taken principally because of the practical needs of administering a large empire in a territory previously lacking of these resources, because the predominant idea continued to be that Brazil would remain a colony, given that it was expected that the court would return to its old metropolis once the European political situation returned to normal.

However, these advances became the basis for Brazil's future autonomy. A series of political crises began shortly after his arrival with the invasion of Cayenne in French Guiana in in retaliation for the French invasion of Portugal, [44] serious economic problems, and a painful trade agreement imposed in by the British, which in practice flooded the small internal market with useless trinkets and disadvantaged exports and the creation of new national industries.

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Also, the court was extravagant and wasteful, accumulated privileges on privileges and maintained a legion of sycophants and adventurers. British consul James Henderson observed that few European courts were as large as that of Portugal. Laurentino Gomes writes that John granted more hereditary titles in his first eight years in Brazil than had been granted in the previous three hundred years of the Portuguese monarchy, not even counting more than five thousand insignia and commendations of the honorific orders of Portugal.

When Napoleon was defeated in , the European powers held the Congress of Vienna to reorganize the political map of the continent. Portugal participated in these negotiations, but given British machinations contrary to the interests of the House of Braganza , Portugal's ambassador to the Congress, the Count of Palmela , counseled the regent to remain in Brazil, as did the powerful Prince Talleyrand , in order to strengthen the ties between metropolis and colony, including the suggestion to elevate Brazil to the condition of a kingdom united to Portugal.

The representative of the United Kingdom also ended up supporting the idea, which resulted in the effective foundation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on 16 December , a juridical institution rapidly recognized by other nations. John's mother Queen Maria died 20 March , opening the road for the regent to assume the throne. Though he began to govern as king on that date, he was not immediately consecrated as king; he was acclaimed only on 6 February , with grand festivities.

This made any meaningful marriage to John impossible, despite his show of patience, and only the force of convention had them appear together in public. While Dona Carlota gained many sympathizers, her plots uniformly failed. Despite that, she managed to influence her husband to involve himself more directly in Spanish colonial politics. These efforts led to the capture of Montevideo in and the annexation of Cisplatina Province in During the same period, problems arose in finding a wife for John's heir apparent, the future Pedro I of Brazil.

John IV King of Portugal [WorldCat Identities]

Europe at the time considered Brazil distant, backward and unsafe, so it was not a simple task to find suitable candidates. Meanwhile, the situation in Portugal was by no means tranquil. Absent its monarch and devastated by the Peninsular War and the consequent mass hunger and enormous exodus of emigrants, [53] the country in practice had become a British protectorate upon the final expulsion of the French. It was administered by Marshall William Carr Beresford , who governed with an iron fist.

João de Gante

From the time John ascended the throne, the Portuguese pressed for his return, initiated liberal rebellions, and formed secret societies with the objective of bringing into session the Portuguese Cortes , which had not met since Similar liberal agitation occurred in Brazil. In , the Pernambucan Revolt broke out in Recife , a republican movement that established a provisional government in Pernambuco and spread into other Brazilian states; it was put down severely.

A governing junta was set up, with repercussions in Lisbon. It led even to an uprising by the military garrison of Rio de Janeiro itself. On 30 January , the Cortes met in Lisbon and decreed the formation of a Council of Regency to exercise power in the name of King John. It freed many political prisoners and demanded the king's immediate return.

On 20 April, King John convoked a meeting in Rio to choose deputies to the Constituent Cortes, but the following day, protests in the plaza were put down violently. In Brazil, the general opinion was that the king's return to Portugal could mean loss of the autonomy Brazil had gained and a return to its prior colonial status. Under pressure, John tried to find a middle way by sending his son Prince Pedro to Lisbon to grant a constitution and establish the basis of a new government. The prince, however, already leaning toward liberal ideas, refused. The crisis had gone too far and there was no turning back.

John named Pedro regent for Brazil in his name and left for Lisbon on 25 April after a stay of thirteen years in Brazil, a country he would always miss. The ships bringing John and his court arrived in Lisbon on 3 July His return was orchestrated in such a manner as not to imply that the king had been coerced, but in fact a new political environment had already been established.

It called for him to surrender various prerogatives. Dona Carlota refused to follow her husband in agreeing to this, and thus was dispossessed of her political rights and deposed of her title as queen. Meanwhile, the king lost out in Brazil as well. His son Pedro, opting to stay in that country, led a revolt that proclaimed Brazilian independence on 7 September ; as part of this action, he assumed the title of emperor of Brazil. In any event, later correspondence between the two shows the prince's concern not to disturb his father.

The liberal constitution to which the king had sworn loyalty was in effect only for a few months. Not everyone in Portugal supported liberalism, and an absolutist movement arose. On 27 May, the infante Dom Miguel, instigated by his mother Dona Carlota, led another revolt known as the Vilafrancada , with the intent of restoring absolutism. John changed the game by supporting his son to avoid his own deposition which was desired by the party of the queen and appeared in public on his birthday alongside his son, who wore a uniform of the National Guard, a military corps that had been disbanded by the liberals, receiving the applause of the militia.

The king personally went to Vila Franca to better administer the uprising, ultimately returning to Lisbon in triumph. The political climate was undecided, and even the staunchest defenders of liberalism feared to take a strong stand on its behalf. Before its dissolution, the Cortes protested against any change in the recently approved constitution, but the absolute regime was restored, [12] [57] the queen's rights re-established, and the king acclaimed for a second time on 5 June John repressed demonstrations against this restoration, deported some of the liberals and arrested others, ordered the restoration of judiciary and institutions more in line with the new political orientation and created a commission to draft a basis for a new charter to replace the constitution.

The alliance with the infante Miguel did not bear fruit. Influenced as always by his mother, Miguel led the April Revolt or Abrilada by the Lisbon military garrison on 29 April The revolt started on the pretext of crushing the Freemasons and defending the king from threats of death that the Masons has supposedly made against him, but John was taken into custody at the Bemposta Palace , while several of Miguel's political enemies of Miguel's were also imprisoned elsewhere.

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The infante's intent was to force his father to abdicate. Alerted to the situation, the diplomatic corps managed to enter Bemposta Palace. Those who held the king could not resist such authorities and restored a measure of freedom to the king. On 9 May, on the advice of friendly ambassadors, John pretended to travel to Caxias but, in fact, sought refuge with a British fleet anchored in the port. From aboard the ship HMS Windsor Castle , he reprimanded his son, deposed him from command of the army, and ordered him to release his political prisoners. With the defeat of the rebellion, both liberals and absolutists came out into the streets to celebrate the survival of the legitimate government.

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Still, this did not dissuade the queen from further conspiracies. The police discovered another rebellion planned for 26 October, on the basis of which John placed his wife under house arrest in Queluz Palace. At the end of his reign, King John ordered the creation of a free port in Lisbon, but the measure was not implemented. On 5 June he granted amnesty to those involved in the Porto uprising, except for nine officers who were exiled.

On the same day, the old constitution of the kingdom came back into force, and the Cortes reconvened to prepare a new text. The change of constitution faced several obstacles, mainly from Spain and from supporters of the queen. Portugal's biggest problems at this time, however, related to the independence of Brazil, which had been the country's largest source of wealth. The loss of Brazil had a great negative impact on the Portuguese economy.

An expedition to reconquer the former colony was even considered, but the idea was soon abandoned. Difficult negotiations and consultations undertaken in Europe in Rio de Janeiro with British mediation and pressure resulted in the final recognition of the independence on 29 August At the same time, the king freed all the Brazilians who were prisoners and authorized trade between both nations.

Brazil was required to pay certain funds that it had borrowed from Portugal. Nothing in the treaty spoke of the succession of the two crowns, but Pedro, still acting as the Prince Royal of Portugal and Algarve, implicitly remained heir to the Portuguese throne.

Vida e Feitos D' El-Rey Dom João Segundo/XIII

On 4 March , John returned from the Hieronymites Monastery where he had lunched and retired to Bemposta Palace feeling poorly. He was racked for several days by symptoms including vomiting and convulsions. He appeared to be getting better, but by way of prudence designated his daughter, the infanta Isabel Maria , as regent. On the night of 9 March, he took a turn for the worse and died at approximately 5 a. The infanta immediately assumed the internal government of Portugal, and Pedro was recognized as the legitimate heir as Dom Pedro IV of Portugal.

Doctors could not definitively determine a cause of death, but it was suspected that he had been poisoned. Fragments of his heart were rehydrated and submitted to an analysis that detected enough arsenic to kill two people, confirming longstanding suspicions of assassination by poison. As a youth, John was a retiring figure, heavily influenced by the clergy, and lived surrounded by priests and attending daily Mass in the church.

Nonetheless, Oliveira Lima affirms that rather than being an expression of personal piety, this merely reflected Portuguese culture at that time, and that the king Because of this, he was repeatedly the guest of monks and patron to composers of sacred music , but none of these Epicurean or artistic demonstrations compromised his free thought or denatured his skeptical tolerance.

He made more use of the refectory of the monastery than of its chapel, because [the latter] was about observance and in [the former] one thought of gastronomy, and in terms of observance the pragmatic one was enough for him. In the Royal Chapel he more took pleasure with the senses than he prayed with the spirit: He had a great appreciation of sacred music and was a great reader of works about art, but he detested physical activity.

He appeared to have suffered periodic crises of depression. He suffered from panic attacks when he heard thunder, staying in his rooms with the windows shut and receiving no one. John's marriage was never a happy one. His illness presented convulsions and syncopes On the day 4 to 5, he presented colics, vomits and convulsions 9.

In the morning of March 5, he had new " attack". In the day 6, he received the sacraments from the Church, and after, he would have established the regency for his daughter Dona Isabel Maria. On March 7 to 9, he remained in torpor or comatose state. Twenty seven medical bulletins were emitted. In the first one of the day 5, it was declared: In the last bulletin of the day 10, there was the record: It is important to mention that there was rumor that the monarch would have died in the truth before the date officially considered, being delayed the communication for the solution of the problem of the succession left opened.

Machado 9 stood out that the Brazilian phase of the monarch was the happiest of his life. Study recently carried out with the dosage of arsenic and lead in the soft tissues, in the mortal remains of the king, proved this hypothesis of poisoning, possibly by lead arsenate or lead arsenite We can assume that months before the death, the king developed intermittent bouts of severe gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhea, besides peripheral neuropathy compatible with probable episodes of arsenic poisoning.

The encephalopathy may be the result of the pathological chain of atherosclerosis initiated by the vicious style of life and genetics, or poisoning, separately or joined. The peripheral neuropathy would have this last appointed cause. The deposition of Dona Carlota Joaquina of successive poisonings exists, but the evidence of the arsenic was made only in the soft tissues, and not in hair, for example, what would indicate undoubtedly more prolonged arsenic exposition 3, The dehydration and hypovolemic shock promoted by diarrhea and vomits may participate in the multicausal chain and the monarch mortal encephalopathy.

However, the finding of arsenic in high doses in the visceras of the monarch points out the poisoning as the basic cause of the death. We are also grateful to the Gabinete de Imprensa da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia for sending the required paper 10 and M. Carvalho for the same reason. We also acknowledge the Faculdade de Medicina da UFRJ administration for allowing the publication of the painting reproduction.

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