Sorabol: Medieval Korea

Most of Gyeongju lies in the Gyeongsang Basin , but a few areas of the city belong to the Pohang Basin , such as Eoil-ri and Beomgok-ri in Yangbuk-myeon , and part of Cheonbuk-myeon. The Gyeongsang Basin areas consist of Bulguksa intrusive rock penetrating layers of sedimentary rocks , mainly granite and porphyry. By contrast, the Pohang Basin areas are made up of stratum that formed in the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era , which consist of igneous rock , aqueous rock , porphyry, sandstone , and tuff.

Low mountains are widespread throughout Gyeongju. The highest of these are the Taebaek Mountains , which run along the city's western border. This peak lies in Sannae-myeon , on the border with Cheongdo. Gyeongju's drainage patterns are shaped by these lines of mountains. Most of the city's interior is drained by the small Hyeongsan River , which flows north from Ulsan and meets the sea at Pohang Harbor. The Hyeongsan's chief tributaries include the Bukcheon and Namcheon, which join it in Gyeongju Basin.

A small area of the south, just west of the Dongdae range, drains into the Taehwa River , which flows into the Bay of Ulsan. The Gyeongju coastline runs for Because of this, the city has no significant ports, though there are 12 small harbors. This base is responsible for security over a wide area of South Korea's east-central coast.

Due to its coastal location, Gyeongju has a slightly milder climate than the more inland regions of Korea. In general, however, the city's climate is typical of South Korea.

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It has hot summers and cool winters, with a monsoon season between late June and early August. As on the rest of Korea's east coast, autumn typhoons are not uncommon. The average annual rainfall is 1, millimeters Gyeongju's historic city center lies on the banks of the Hyeongsan in Gyeongju Basin. This lowlying area has been subject to repeated flooding throughout recorded history, often as a result of typhoons. On average, chronicles report a major flood every The last major flood occurred in , when the Deokdong Lake reservoir overflowed due to Typhoon Gladys.

The executive branch of the government is headed by a mayor and vice-mayor. As in other South Korean cities and counties, the mayor is elected directly, while the vice-mayor is appointed. The legislative branch consists of the Gyeongju City Council, with 21 members as of Most subdivisions of Gyeongju elect a single member to represent them in the Council, but Angang-eup is represented by two members because of its large population, and two of the representatives serve combined districts composed of two dong.

Like the mayor, the council members were last elected in , except for a small number elected in more recent by-elections. The central administration is composed of a City Council committee, five departments, two subsidiary organs, a chamber the auditor , and six business offices. The five departments are the departments of Planning and Culture, Autonomous Administration, Industry and Environment, Construction and Public Works, and the National Enterprise Committee; these oversee a total of 29 subdivisions.

The two subsidiary organs are the Health Care Center and Agro-technology Center; these belong directly to the central administration and have a total of 4 subdivisions. In addition, there are 23 local administrative subdivisions. Each of these subdivisions has a local office with a small administrative staff. The city is divided into 23 administrative districts: The dong or neighborhood units occupy the area of the city center, which was formerly occupied by Gyeongju-eup. Eup are typically substantial villages, whereas myeon are more rural.

The city's boundaries and designation changed several times in the 20th century. From to , the area was known as Gyeongju-gun "Gyeongju County". In the first decades of the century, the city center was known as Gyeongju-myeon, signifying a relatively rural rea. In , the downtown area was designated Gyeongju-eup, in recognition of its increasingly urban nature. In , Gyeongju-eup became Gyeongju-si "Gyeongju City" , the same name as today, but with a much smaller area. The remainder of Gyeongju-gun became "Wolseong County.

When the Silla kingdom reached the peak of its development, Gyeongju was estimated to have a million residents, four times the city's population in Like the country as a whole, Gyeongju has seen its population age and the size of families shrink. For instance, the mean household size is 2. Because this has fallen in recent years, there are more households in the city as of , than there were in , even though the population has fallen. Like most of South Korea's smaller cities, Gyeongju has seen a steady drop in population in recent years.

From to , the city lost 16, people. In , about 1, more people moved away from the city each year than moved in.

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Gyeongju has a small but growing population of non-Koreans. In , there were 4, foreigners living in Gyeongju. This number corresponds to 1. The growth was largely in immigrants from other Asian countries, many of whom are employed in the automotive parts industry. Countries of origin whose numbers have risen include the Philippines , China, Taiwan , Indonesia , and Vietnam. The number of residents from Japan, the United States, and Canada fell significantly in the — period. The city has a distinctive dialect which it shares with northern portions of Ulsan.

This dialect is similar to the general Gyeongsang dialect , but retains distinctive features of its own. Some linguists have treated the distinctive characteristics of the Gyeongju dialect as vestiges of the Silla language. Gyeongju is the main destination in South Korea for visitors interested in the cultural heritage of Silla and the architecture of the Joseon Dynasty — Prehistoric remains including Mumun pottery have been excavated in central Gyeongju, in the Moa-ri and Oya-ri villages of the Cheonbuk-myeon district, and in the Jukdong-ri village of the Oedong-eup district. Dolmens are found in several places, especially in Gangdong-myeon and Moa-ri.

Bronze Age relics found in Angye-ri village of Gangdong-myeon, Jukdong-ri and Ipsil-ri villages of Oedong-eup and graveyards in the Joyang-dong district represent the Samhan confederacy period of around the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD.

There are 35 royal tombs and tumuli in central Gyeongju, and tumuli in the outskirts of the city. In addition to the tombs, tumuli have been found surrounding Namsan mountain and in the western part of Geumgang mountain. Artifacts excavated from the tombs of Geumgwanchong gold crown tomb , Seobongchong western phoenix tomb , Cheonmachong heavenly horse tomb and northern and southern parts of Tomb No. Gyeongju has produced notable individuals throughout its history.

Sorabol: Medieval Korea

As the capital of Silla, Gyeongju was a center of culture in its heyday. Notable Gyeongju members of this faction included the 15th century intellectual Yi Eon-jeok. He has been enshrined in the Oksan Seowon since Some Korean family clans trace their origins to Gyeongju, often to the ruling elites of Silla. For example, the Gyeongju Kim clan claims descent from the rulers of later Silla. These three royal clans played a strong role in preserving the historical precincts of Gyeongju into modern times.

The city remains an important centre of Korean Buddhism. East of the downtown area lies Bulguksa , one of South Korea's largest Buddhist temples; nearby is Seokguram , a famed Buddhist shrine. Traditional prayer locations are found on mountains throughout Gyeongju. Such mountains include Namsan near the city center, [] Danseok-san and Obong-san in the west, and the low peak of Hyeong-san on the Gyeongju-Pohang border. The religion evolved from Donghak lit.

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East learning disciplines established by Choe Je-u. His birthplace of Yongdamjeong , located in Hyeongok-myeon , is regarded as a sacred place to followers of Cheondogyo. The cuisine of Gyeongju is generally typical of the cuisine elsewhere in Gyeongsang province: The brewing skill and distill master were designated as Important Intangible Cultural Properties by South Korea government. Other local specialities include ssambap , haejangguk , and muk. The soup is made by boiling soybean sprout , sliced memilmuk buckwheat starch jelly , sour kimchi pickled vegetables and gulfweed in a clear broth of dried anchovy and Alaska pollack.

The east district of Gyeongju, Gampo-eup town, is adjacent to the sea, so fresh seafood and jeotgal fermented salted seafood are abundant. There are over seafood restaurants in Gampo Harbor offering various dishes made with seafood caught in the sea, such as hoe raw fish dishes , jeonboktang an abalone soup , grilled seafood and others. As of , Gyeongju city had two stadiums, two gymnasiums, two tennis courts, one swimming pool and others as public sport facilities as well as various registered private sports venues.

It was also used as a training ground for hwarang warriors and hunting spot for Silla kings, and was reported to be King Jinpyeong 's favorite location. Who owns your death? New research suggests that artificially intelligent machines are more capable of developing their own prejudices and biases than previously thought. Tales from the past to titillate and educate while giving you a lens on the present and future.

Darby Crash, in the chaos and muck of L. And even that went wrong. A news site you'll actually love. Close Search Hey what are you looking for? Why you should care These androgynous young dudes were deadly warriors and skillful leaders who brought security and stability. A sixth-century illustration of Hwarang men. Facebook Twitter Shares. Think Outside The Inbox Get the important stories, told nowhere else.

Your subscription has been updated! Please email us at support ozy. So Business for His Cartel Is Booming From selling record levels of new drugs to splitting rival gangs, the Sinaloa cartel is growing while its iconic founder goes to court. Opinion Who Owns Your Death? Retrieved 10 October Retrieved 19 November Archived from the original on 4 December Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East: Siberia and the Russian Far East.

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From what Ennin tells us, it seems that commerce between East China, Korea and Japan was, for the most part, in the hands of men from Silla. Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world, they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes. This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources.

While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China, there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores. The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered, but in Ennin's time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world.

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