Garden of Eden Report: Supporting The Urantia Books Unique Quality of Credibility

For more than 15, years they have been directors of the division of experimental energy as applied to the modification of living forms. Long before this they had been teachers in the citizenship schools for new arrivals on Jerusem — The Urantia Book, The committee on location is absent for almost 3 years. It then reports favorably concerning three possible locations: The first is an island in the Persian Gulf; the second, the river location subsequently occupied as the second garden; the third, a long narrow peninsula —almost an island— projecting westward from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

The committee almost unanimously favored the third selection. But by B. Skin color diversified with the advent of the Sangik races at about , B. The realization of race betterment appears to be a long way off, and the situation seems so desperate as to demand something for relief not embraced in the original plans.

Adam and his mate are loyal, but they are isolated from their kind, and they are sorely distressed by the sorry plight of their world — The Urantia Book, For more than 5 years plans are secretly matured by Eve. At last they have developed to the point where she consents to have a secret conference with Cano, the most brilliant mind and active leader of the near-by colony of friendly Nodites. The Garden civilization was overthrown. Adam and Eve lived in the Garden for one hundred and seventeen years when, through the impatience of Eve and the errors of judgment of Adam, they presumed to turn aside from the ordained way, speedily bringing disaster upon themselves and ruinous retardation upon the developmental progression of all Urantia — The Urantia Book, She heard the story of Eden, how the predictions of Van and Amadon have really come to pass, and the recital of the Garden default.

In a little more than three months Adamson and Ratta are married. It required almost a full year for the caravan of Adam to reach the Euphrates River. Finding it in flood tide, they remained camped on the plains west of the stream almost 6 weeks before they made their way across to the land between the rivers which became the second garden, situated east of the southern shore of the Caspian Sea near the Kopet Dagh — The Urantia Book, Laotta, the mother of Sansa, perished at the birth of her daughter; Eve suffered much but survived, owing to superior strength.

Eve took Sansa, the child of Laotta, to her bosom, and she was reared along with Cain. Sansa grew up to be a woman of great ability. She became the wife of Sargan, the chief of the northern blue races, and contributed to the advancement of the blue men of those times — The Urantia Book, In Mesopotamia the Adamic peoples held forth, sending out their progeny to the ends of the earth, and as amalgamated with the Nodite and Sangik tribes, are known as the Andites.

From this region went those men and women who initiated the doings of historic times, and who have so enormously accelerated cultural progress — The Urantia Book, His son, Enos, founded the new order of worship, and his grandson, Kenan, instituted the foreign missionary service to the surrounding tribes, near and far — The Urantia Book, Eve died nineteen years prior to Adam of a weakened heart — The Urantia Book, Adam lived for years and died of old age — The Urantia Book, The massive waves of civilization which later spread over Eurasia immediately followed the great renaissance of the Garden consequent upon the extensive union of the Adamites with the surrounding mixed Nodites to form the Andites.

The European blue races are already a highly blended people carrying strains of both red and yellow, while on the Atlantic coastlands and in the regions of present-day Russia they have absorbed a considerable amount of Andonite blood and to the south are in contact with the Saharan peoples — The Urantia Book, After the garden was vacated by Adam, it was occupied variously by the Nodites, Cutites, and the Suntites.

It later became the dwelling place of the northern Nodites who opposed co-operation with the Adamites. The peninsula had been overrun by these lower-grade Nodites for almost years after Adam left the Garden when, in connection with the violent activity of the surrounding volcanoes and the submergence of the Sicilian land bridge to Africa, the eastern floor of the Mediterranean Sea sank, carrying down beneath the waters the whole of the Edenic peninsula. Concomitant with this vast submergence the coast line of the eastern Mediterranean was greatly elevated.

The sinking was not sudden, several hundred years being required completely to submerge the entire peninsula — The Urantia Book, The highland inhabitants of Turkestan are a virile and vigorous people. To the northwest of India much of the culture of the days of Van persisted. Still to the north of these settlements the best of the early Andonites have been preserved. And both of these superior races of culture and character are absorbed by the northward-moving Adamites — The Urantia Book, In the lowlands of Turkestan the Andites make the westward turning around the inland lakes into Europe, while from the highlands of this region they infiltrate eastward.

Eastern Turkestan Sinkiang and, to a lesser extent, Tibet are the ancient gateways through which these peoples of Mesopotamia penetrated the mountains to the northern lands of the yellow race. The yellow race is first to achieve a racial solidarity—the first to attain a large-scale cultural, social, and political civilization — The Urantia Book, Very few of the pure-line violet peoples ever penetrated far into Europe or Asia — The Urantia Book, As it developed, the red race was destroying itself in the Americas, the blue race was disporting itself in Europe, and the early descendants of Adam and most of the later ones exhibited little desire to mingle with the darker colored peoples, whether in India, Africa, or elsewhere — The Urantia Book, These centers began to be reinforced by the arrival of a steady stream of improved blended peoples from Sinkiang and Tibet — The Urantia Book, Within 5, years, however, their doctrines of the Paradise Trinity has degenerated into the triune symbol of the fire god — The Urantia Book, For over fifteen centuries Andites poured in through the highlands of Baluchistan, spreading out over the valleys of the Indus and Ganges and slowly moving southward into the Deccan — The Urantia Book, The European blue races have been largely infiltrated.

Russia and Turkestan are occupied throughout their southern stretches by a great reservoir of the Adamites mixed with Nodites, Andonites, and red and yellow Sangiks. Southern Europe and the Mediterranean fringe are occupied by a mixed race of Andonite and Sangik peoples—orange, green, and indigo—with a sprinkling of the Adamite stock.

Asia Minor and the central-eastern European lands are held by tribes that are predominantly Andonite — The Urantia Book, By the time of the completion of these land elevations and associated climatic changes civilization has settled down to a world-wide stalemate except for the cultural ferments and biologic reserves of the Andites still confined by mountains to the east in Asia and by the expanding forests in Europe to the west — The Urantia Book, They penetrated eastward to Honan, where the most progressive settlements are situated — The Urantia Book, These great and relatively sudden climatic modifications drive the races of Europe to change from open-space hunters to herders, and in some measure to fishers and tillers of the soil — The Urantia Book, During the previous hunting era the superior tribes intermarried with the higher types of war captives and unvaryingly destroyed those deemed inferior.

• About the Book.
• ;
• A Dash from Diamond City.
• Hot Buttons Internet Edition (The Hot Buttons Series).
• .
• .

As they establish settlements and engaged in agriculture and commerce, they begin to save many of the mediocre captives as slaves. The progeny of these slaves subsequently greatly deteriorate the whole Cro-Magnon type. This retrogression of culture continued until it received a fresh impetus from the east when the final and en masse invasion of the Mesopotamians swept over Europe, quickly absorbing the Cro-Magnon type and culture and initiating the civilization of the white races about 10, B.

Their final exodus is not so much due to population pressure as to the initiative of a chieftain whom they came to regard as a divine personage — The Urantia Book, Some turn to the cultivation of domesticated flocks, others became agriculturists or collectors of water-borne food, but the higher type of Andite intellects chose to engage in trade and manufacture. It even becomes the custom for entire tribes to dedicate themselves to the development of a single industry. From the valley of the Nile to the Hindu Kush and from the Ganges to the Yellow River, the chief business of the superior tribes is the cultivation of the soil, with commerce as a side line — The Urantia Book, This is the only island settled so early by such a superior group, and it is almost 2, years before the descendants of these mariners spread to the neighboring isles.

This group is the narrow-headed, smaller-statured Andites who have intermarried with the Vanite division of the northern Nodites. They are all under 6 feet in height and have been literally driven off the mainland by their larger though inferior fellows. These emigrants to Crete are highly skilled in textiles, metals, pottery, plumbing, and the use of stone for building material.

They engage in writing and carry on as herders and agriculturists — The Urantia Book, By intermarriage with the natives of the Andes they established the ancestry of the later rulers of the Incas. The islands of the Polynesian group were more numerous and larger then than now, and these Andite sailors, together with some who followed them, biologically modified the native groups in transit. Many flourishing centers of civilization, such as Easter Island, grew up on these now submerged lands as a result of Andite penetration. But this group of who navigated the Pacific were the only Andites to ever reach the mainland of the Americas.

The Urantia Book, Almost 2, years after the settlement of Crete a group of the tall descendants of Adamson make their way over the northern islands to Greece, coming almost directly from their highland home north of Mesopotamia. The mixed races of the Andites Nodites and Adamites undertake to raise a new temple on the ruins of the first structure, but there is not sufficient support for the enterprise; it fell of its own pretentious weight — The Urantia Book, The earlier and purer Dravidians possessed a great capacity for cultural achievement, which is continuously weakened as their Andite inheritance becomes progressively attenuated.

This composite stock immediately produced the most versatile civilization then on earth. The infusion of this new blood did not add so much to the civilization of the yellow race as it stimulated the further and rapid development of the latent tendencies of the superior Chinese people — The Urantia Book, These primitive trading and manufacturing cities are always surrounded by zones of agriculture and cattle raising.

This explains why remains of the earlier white races, although buried all over Europe, are not to be found — only their ashes in stone and clay urns. These white men also built dwellings; they never lived in caves. As it were, one day in northern Europe there was a primitive culture of the retrogressing Danubians and the blue race and the next that of a suddenly appearing and superior white race — The Urantia Book, A bronze culture in Turkestan dates before B.

But conditions are very different away from the more advanced centers of civilization. There are no distinct periods, such as the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages; all three existed at the same time in different localities — The Urantia Book, These three great waves of culture are forced out of Mesopotamia by the pressure of the hill tribes to the east and the harassment of the plainsmen of the west.

The migratory conquests of the Andites continue on down to their final dispersions. As they poured out of Mesopotamia, they continuously deplete the biologic reserves of their homelands while markedly strengthening the surrounding peoples. And to every nation to which they journeyed, they contributed humor, art, adventure, music, and manufacture.

They are skillful domesticators of animals and expert agriculturists. Their presence usually improves the religious beliefs and moral practices of the older races. This increasing drought not only drives them to the valleys of the Nile, Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow Rivers, but it produces a new development, a new class, the traders — The Urantia Book, The whole inhabited world, outside of China and the Euphrates region, has made very limited cultural progress for 10, years when the hard-riding Andite horsemen made their appearance in the sixth and seventh millenniums before Christ.

As they moved westward across the Russian plains, absorbing the best of the blue race and exterminating the worst, they became blended into one people. Camel trains make regular trips to distant Mesopotamia; Dravidian shipping is pushing coastwise across the Arabian Sea to the Sumerian cities of the Persian Gulf and is venturing on the waters of the Bay of Bengal as far as the East Indies. An alphabet, together with the art of writing, is imported from Sumeria by these seafarers and merchants — The Urantia Book, When the last Andite dispersion broke the biologic backbone of Mesopotamian civilization, a small minority of this superior race remained in their homeland near the mouths of the rivers.

These are the Sumerians. They are largely Andite in extraction, though their culture is more exclusively Nodite in character, and they cling to the ancient traditions of Dalamatia. The Sumerians of the coastal regions are the last of the Andites in Mesopotamia. But the races of Mesopotamia are already thoroughly blended by this late date, as is evidenced by the skull types found in the graves of this era — The Urantia Book, The elaborate records left by the Sumerians describe the site of one remarkable ancient settlement located on the Persian Gulf near the earlier city of Dilmun.

The Egyptians called this city of ancient glory Dilmat. Central Europe is for sometime controlled by the blue race and the round-headed Andonites. The whole of Mesopotamia is being slowly deteriorated by the stream of mixed races which filtered in from Arabia. And the coming of these inferior tribes contributed further to the scattering abroad of the biologic and cultural residue of the Andites — The Urantia Book, Mesopotamian, Turkestan, and Chinese farmers have begun the raising of sheep, goats, cows, camels, horses, fowls, and elephants.

They employed as beasts of burden the ox, camel, horse, and yak — The Urantia Book, These later races not only have the domesticated horse but also various sorts of wagons and chariots. Ages before, the wheel has been used, but now vehicles so equipped became universally employed both in commerce and war — The Urantia Book, This elevation of the highlands is greatly accelerated and this, together with greatly increased snowfall on the northern mountains, caused unprecedented floods each spring throughout the Euphrates valley.

These spring floods grew increasingly worse so that eventually the inhabitants of the river regions are driven to the eastern highlands. For almost 1, years scores of cities are practically deserted because of these extensive deluges. With the later diminution of these floods, Ur became the center of the pottery industry.

Ur is on the Persian Gulf, the river deposits having since built up the land to its present limits — The Urantia Book, The Egyptians undertook to reform the calendar with great accuracy, introducing the year of days — The Urantia Book, These two tribes found it difficult to communicate with each other, but soon they intermarried with the result that these Eskimos were eventually absorbed by the more numerous red race. This represents the only contact of the North American red race with any other human race down to about 1, years ago, when white men first chanced to land on the Atlantic coast — The Urantia Book, There has been altogether too much blending to permit such a grouping.

At one time there is a fairly well-defined division of the white race into such classes, but widespread intermingling has since occurred, and it is no longer possible to identify these distinctions with any clarity. The ancient social groups are no more of one race than are the current inhabitants of North America — The Urantia Book, This Andonite push southward continued for over 1, years and, splitting around the Caspian and Black seas, penetrated Europe by way of both the Balkans and the Ukraine — The Urantia Book, The concept of God has grown very hazy — The Urantia Book, This migration marked the terminal exodus of the Andites from their homelands in Turkestan — The Urantia Book, Lagash, the Sumerian capital built on flood mounds, fell.

Erech held out for thirty years after the fall of Akkad. By the time of the establishment of the rule of Hammurabi the Sumerians had become absorbed into the ranks of the northern Semites and the Mesopotamian Andites passed from the pages of history — The Urantia Book, These invaders definitely Andonized the character of the central European races, which have ever since remained characteristically Alpine. The Mediterranean coastlands did not become permeated by the Andites until the times of these great nomadic invasions.

Land traffic and trade are nearly suspended during these centuries when the nomads invade the eastern Mediterranean districts. This interference with land travel brought about the great expansion of sea traffic and trade; Mediterranean sea-borne commerce was in full swing. And this development of marine traffic resulted in the sudden expansion of the descendants of the Andites throughout the entire coastal territory of the Mediterranean basin — The Urantia Book, The fire and smoke, together with the thunderous detonations associated with the eruptions of this volcano, all impressed and awed the Bedouins of the surrounding regions and caused them greatly to fear Yahweh.

This spirit of Mount Horeb later became the god of the Hebrew Semites, and they eventually believed him to be supreme over all other gods — The Urantia Book, It was a great trial for Abraham when Melchizedek suddenly disappeared. Although he had fully warned his followers that he must sometime go as he had come, they were not reconciled to the loss of their leader — The Urantia Book, The teachers commissioned by Melchizedek and his successors did not default in their trust; they did penetrate to all peoples of the Eurasian continent and China.

At See Fuch, for more than one hundred years, the Salemites maintained their headquarters, there training Chinese teachers who taught throughout all the domains of the yellow race. During this period the Salem missionaries teach the concept of the one God to the Brahman caste of teacher-priests in India. This doctrine ran counter to the dogmas, traditions, and teachings of the Brahman priesthood. The Rig-Veda, one of the most ancient of sacred writings stems from this period as a refutation by the priesthood of the Melchizedek teachings — The Urantia Book, The successor to his throne was his son-in-law David.

The Urantia book, The biblical King David of Israel is remembered for his youthful victory with a slingshot against the Philistine giant Goliath, later for his diverse skills as both a warrior and a writer of psalms. In his 40 years as ruler, between approximately and B. AncientHistory, Wikipedia article, Jewish Library. The Hebrews had no written language in general usage long after they reached Palestine. They learned the use of an alphabet from the neighboring Philistines, who are political refugees from the higher civilization of Crete.

Having no written language until such a late date, they had several different stories of creation in circulation, but after the Babylonian captivity they inclined more toward accepting a modified Mesopotamian version — The Urantia Book, This ill feeling between the Jews and the Samaritans came about in this way: Sargon, king of Assyria, in subduing a revolt in central Palestine, carried away and into captivity over 25, Jews of the northern kingdom of Israel and installed in their place an almost equal number of the descendants of the Cuthites, Sepharvites, and the Hamathites.

Through the agency of several human teachers the Salem gospel is restated and revitalized. This is possibly a legend based on the original Garden of Eden, that sank in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in 32, B. See above — The Urantia Book, About one hundred years before the days of Jesus and John a new school of religious teachers arose in Palestine, the apocalyptists.

They fall back onto the well-known reasons assigned to explain the Babylonian and other captivities of former times — The Urantia Book, Joseph was a Hebrew. He belonged to a long and illustrious line of the nobility of the common people. He carried many non-Jewish racial strains which had been added to his ancestral tree from time to time by the female lines of his progenitors.

His ancestry went back to the days of Abraham, leading to the Sumerians and Nodites and, through the southern tribes of the ancient blue man, to Andon and Fonta. Joseph himself was a carpenter and later a contractor. Mary is an average woman of her day and generation, possessing a fairly normal temperament, but she reckoned among her ancestors such well-known women as Annon, Tamar, Ruth, Bathsheba, Ansie, Cloa, Eve, Enta, and Ratta.

No Jewish woman of that day had a more illustrious lineage of common progenitors or one extending back to more auspicious beginnings. Racially considered, it is hardly proper to regard Mary as a Jewess. In culture and belief she was a Jew, but in hereditary endowment she was more a composite of Syrian, Hittite, Phoenician, Greek, and Egyptian genetics, her racial inheritance being more general than that of Joseph.

She had two brothers and two sisters, one of which was named Salome. Caesar Augustus decrees that all inhabitants of the Roman Empire should be numbered, that a census should be made which could be used for effecting better taxation. Throughout all the Roman Empire this census is registered in the year 8 B. Birth of John the Baptist. And it is a remarkable astronomic fact that similar conjunctions occurred on September 29 and December 5 of the same year. Upon the basis of these extraordinary but wholly natural events the well-meaning zealots of the succeeding generation constructed the appealing legend of the star of Bethlehem and the adoring Magi led thereby to the manger, where they beheld and worshiped the newborn babe — The Urantia Book, Michael and Gabriel depart Salvington for Urantia.

Michael is gone for about one third of a century of earth time before returning to Salvington as the undisputed and supreme sovereign of the universe of Nebadon. Joshua ben Joseph, the Jewish baby is conceived and born into the world just as all other babies before and since except that this baby is the incarnation of a divine Son of Paradise and the creator of all this local universe of things and beings. The seraphim of former attachment to Adam and Eve, through the midway creatures, make announcement to a group of Chaldean priests whose leader was Ardnon, telling of the birth of the newborn child — The Urantia Book, With the help and kind ministrations of women fellow travelers, Mary is delivered of a male child — The Urantia Book, The Roman census of 6 A.

Counting back 14 years previous to that and remembering that instead of starting at year zero the calendar begins at Jan. The modern calendar is based on calculations made by Dionysus Exegines, a Roman abbot who lived more than years after the time of Jesus.

The Birth of Jesus Additional dates and timelines for the life of Jesus: Wikipedia article — Chronology of Jesus, Timeline of Jesus — www. The massacre of infants took place when Jesus is a little over one year of age. The night before the massacre Joseph and Mary departed from Bethlehem with the babe for Alexandria in Egypt.

They lived in Alexandria two full years, not returning to Bethlehem until after the death of Herod — The Urantia Book, Joseph and Mary finally leave Alexandria on a boat bound for Joppa. They go directly to Bethlehem, where they spend the entire month of September in counsel with their friends and relatives concerning whether they should remain there or return to Nazareth — The Urantia Book, Jesus is about three years and two months old at the time of their return to Nazareth — The Urantia Book, He formed a very close attachment for a neighbor boy about his own age named Jacob.

Jesus and Jacob are always happy in their play, and they grow up to be great friends and loyal companions — The Urantia Book, An outbreak of malignant intestinal trouble spread over all Nazareth from contact with the caravan travelers.

Mary became so alarmed by the danger of Jesus being exposed to this epidemic that she bundled up both her children and fled to the country home of her brother, several miles south of Nazareth on the Megiddo road near Sarid. They did not return to Nazareth for more than two months; Jesus greatly enjoyed this, his first experience on a farm — The Urantia Book, Jesus is no more aware of the coming of his Thought Adjuster than are the millions upon millions of other children who, before and since that day, have likewise received them to indwell their minds — The Urantia Book, Jesus and John had a happy time during this, their first visit within their memories — The Urantia Book, He insisted on talking to his heavenly Father much as he would talk to Joseph, his earthly father.

This departure from the more solemn and reverent modes of communication with Deity is a bit disconcerting to his parents, especially to his mother — The Urantia Book, Joseph turns the shop in Nazareth over to his brothers and formally enters upon his work as a builder. Before the year is over, the family income more than trebled — The Urantia Book, For the following three years he studies in the advanced school and committed to memory, by the method of repeating aloud, the deeper teachings of the sacred law.

He graduated from this school of the synagogue during his thirteenth year — The Urantia Book, Early in January a great snowstorm occurred in Galilee. Snow fell two feet deep, the heaviest snowfall Jesus saw during his lifetime and one of the deepest at Nazareth in a hundred years — The Urantia Book, Accordingly, he entered upon his eventful school life at Nazareth. Already he is a fluent reader, writer, and speaker of two languages, Aramaic and Greek language. He is now to acquaint himself with the task of learning to read, write, and speak the Hebrew language — The Urantia Book, This year Jesus learns to milk the family cow and care for the other animals.

During this and the following year he also learns to make cheese and to weave — The Urantia Book, He has an unusual liking for everything musical. Later on he did much to promote an interest in vocal music among his youthful associates. By the time he is eleven years of age, he is a skillful harpist and greatly enjoyed entertaining both family and friends with his extraordinary interpretations and able improvisations — The Urantia Book, The first Sabbath of the month while strolling through the countryside with his father, Jesus first gives expression to feelings and ideas which indicated that he is becoming self-conscious of the unusual nature of his life mission — The Urantia Book, Jesus enters the advanced school of the synagogue.

At school he is constantly creating trouble by the questions he persists in asking. Increasingly he keeps all Nazareth in more or less of a hubbub — The Urantia Book, This is the last year in which he enjoys much free play and youthful joyousness — The Urantia Book, Complications attended the birth. Mary is so very ill for several weeks that Joseph remains at home. Jesus is 10 years old — The Urantia Book, It is at about this time that Jesus becomes keenly conscious of the difference between the viewpoints of Joseph and Mary regarding the nature of his mission — The Urantia Book, On the first day of the week Jesus graduates from the course of training in the local school connected with the Nazareth synagogue — The Urantia Book, Having graduated from the synagogue schools, Jesus is qualified to proceed to Jerusalem with his parents to participate with them in the celebration of his first Passover.

One hundred and three relatives, friends and neighbors depart from Nazareth early Monday morning, for Jerusalem. He was especially stimulated by the experience of attending the temple discussions by himself, and it long stood out in his memory as the great event of his later childhood and early youth. For 4 years their standard of living has steadily declined; year by year they felt the pinch of increasing poverty.

By the close of this year they face one of the most difficult experiences of all their uphill struggles. Their hopeful courage contributed mightily to the development of strong and noble characters, in spite of the depressiveness of their poverty — The Urantia Book, No human youth, in passing through the early confusions and adjustment problems of adolescence, ever experienced a more crucial testing than that which Jesus passed through during his transition from childhood to young manhood — The Urantia Book, He has become a good yoke maker and worked well with both canvas and leather.

He is also rapidly developing into an expert carpenter and cabinetmaker — The Urantia Book, Mary directs that James should accompany her to Sepphoris while Jesus remains home with the younger children until she returns, as she did not know how seriously Joseph had been injured. But Joseph died of his injuries before Mary arrives. They brought him to Nazareth, and on the following day he is laid to rest — The Urantia Book, The mother-family was the only possible transition from the stage of group marriage in the horde to the later and improved home life of the polygamous and monogamous father-families.

The mother-family was natural and biologic; the father-family is social, economic, and political. The persistence of the mother-family among the North American red men is one of the chief reasons why the otherwise progressive Iroquois never became a real state. Fathers were often renamed after their own children.

Later on, when the switch came from the mother-family to the father-family, the father took all credit for the child, and many of the taboos on a pregnant woman were subsequently extended to include her husband. The prospective father ceased work as the time of delivery approached, and at childbirth he went to bed, along with the wife, remaining at rest from three to eight days. The transition from the mother-family to the father-family explains the otherwise meaningless prohibitions of some types of cousin marriages while others of equal kinship are approved.

It failed simply because it could not successfully compete with the newer father-family. Power lodged with the male relatives of the mother could not compete with power concentrated in the husband-father. Woman was not equal to the combined tasks of childbearing and of exercising continuous authority and increasing domestic power. The oncoming of wife stealing and later wife purchase hastened the passing of the mother-family. This change led at once to greater social expression and increased family adventure.

Pastoral living tended to create a new system of mores, the patriarchal type of family life; and the basis of family unity under the herder and early agricultural mores was the unquestioned and arbitrary authority of the father. All society, whether national or familial, passed through the stage of the autocratic authority of a patriarchal order. She failed to get social recognition during primitive times because she did not function in an emergency; she was not a spectacular or crisis hero.

Maternity was a distinct disability in the existence struggle; mother love handicapped women in the tribal defense. This exaltation of the warrior elevated the male ego while it equally depressed that of the female and made her more dependent; a military uniform still mightily stirs the feminine emotions. Woman, being the weaker, therefore became the more tactful; she early learned to trade upon her sex charms.

She became more alert and conservative than man, though slightly less profound. Primitive man shunned the soil; it was altogether too peaceful, too unadventuresome. There was also an old superstition that women could raise better plants; they were mothers. In many backward tribes today, the men cook the meat, the women the vegetables, and when the primitive tribes of Australia are on the march, the women never attack game, while a man would not stoop to dig a root.

Man has usually chosen the easier path, and this inequality has existed throughout the entire history of the human race. It was a great step forward when male captives were no longer killed but were enslaved as agriculturists. This brought about the liberation of woman so that she could devote more time to homemaking and child culture. Before the herding stage of society, mothers used to nurse their babies until they were four and five years old.

But women still had to do the real work while men did picket duty. No camp or village could be left unguarded day or night, but even this task was alleviated by the domestication of the dog. And as soon as man addressed himself to the tilling of the soil, there immediately ensued great improvement in methods of agriculture, extending on down through successive generations. By trading subtly upon her sex charms, she has often been able to exercise dominant power over man, even when held by him in abject slavery. Nonetheless, proper and satisfactory sex relations have always involved the element of choice and co-operation by woman, and this has always given intelligent women considerable influence over their immediate and personal standing, regardless of their social position as a sex.

Man found it hard to understand woman, regarding her with a strange mixture of ignorant mistrust and fearful fascination, if not with suspicion and contempt. Many tribal and racial traditions relegate trouble to Eve, Pandora, or some other representative of womankind. These narratives were always distorted so as to make it appear that the woman brought evil upon man; and all this indicates the onetime universal distrust of woman. Among the reasons cited in support of a celibate priesthood, the chief was the baseness of woman.

The fact that most supposed witches were women did not improve the olden reputation of the sex. They have even believed that women did not have souls; therefore were they denied names. During early times there existed great fear of the first sex relation with a woman; hence it became the custom for a priest to have initial intercourse with a virgin.

And many tribal mores decreed that a mother must undergo extensive purification ceremonies subsequent to the birth of a child. Except among those groups where the husband participated in the lying-in, the expectant mother was shunned, left alone. The ancients even avoided having a child born in the house.

Finally, the old women were permitted to attend the mother during labor, and this practice gave origin to the profession of midwifery. During labor, scores of foolish things were said and done in an effort to facilitate delivery. It was the custom to sprinkle the newborn with holy water to prevent ghost interference. If a woman died in childbirth, especially during the delivery of twins, she was believed to have been guilty of spirit adultery. Later on, the higher tribes looked upon death in childbirth as the will of heaven; such mothers were regarded as having perished in a noble cause.

To be thus detected was a grievous sin, the violation of a taboo. Under the mores of olden times, every woman, from adolescence to the end of the childbearing period, was subjected to complete family and social quarantine one full week each month. But when a woman passed beyond the childbearing age, she was usually treated more considerately, being accorded more rights and privileges. In view of all this it was not strange that women were looked down upon.

Even the Greeks held the menstruating woman as one of the three great causes of defilement, the other two being pork and garlic. Thus could they sharpen their wits for dealing with their male associates the rest of the time. This quarantine of women also protected men from over-sex indulgence, thereby indirectly contributing to the restriction of population and to the enhancement of self-control. Likewise, it was a forward step when a woman could own the wedding gifts.

Later, she gained the legal right to own, control, and even dispose of property, but she was long deprived of the right to hold office in either church or state.

1. Urantia Book Timeline.
2. Paper 84 - Marriage and Family Life.
3. About the Foundation.
4. Gobekli Tepe Report: Supporting The Urantia Book's Unique Quality of Credibility.
5. Writing Scientific English: A Workbook (German Edition).

Woman has always been treated more or less as property, right up to and in the twentieth century after Christ. They were, after all, fairly happy and contented; they did not dare to envision a better or different mode of existence. Nature knows nothing of fairness—makes woman alone suffer the pangs of childbirth.

When might is right, man lords it over woman; when more justice, peace, and fairness prevail, she gradually emerges from slavery and obscurity. Slowly but surely the mores change so as to provide for those social adjustments which are a part of the persistent evolution of civilization. So if I lose four times in a row, the chances on the next trial are still even. Many a hopeful gambler has been bankrupted by assuming the contrary.

Urantia Book Diagrams - Paper 106.08 - Trinity of Trinities

In such cases the odds are easily calculated. To win twice in a row, there is one chance in four, to win three times in a row, there is one chance in nine, and for four in a row, it is one in sixteen. Those with some mathematical knowledge will recognize that the odds are one in 2 raised to the power equal to the number of trials — i. If there are six alternative results, as with dice, then the chances of achieving the same result twice in a row are 1 in 62, that is 1 chance in 36, and for n number of trials it is I in 6n.

The examples given are simple, clear cut cases for which estimating probabilities is no problem. In cases where the amount of prior knowledge becomes a factor, then the difficulties are often quite subjective. For example, in the early 's or even 's, virtually all professional geologists on the North American continent would have rejected the concept of continental drift. By the period, perhaps fifty percent would accept it as highly probable, and by there would be little argument against the concept. So, in being totally dogmatic about continental drift in the mid 's, the authors of The Urantia Book have not only gone against all professional opinion, but have gone even further by nominating the date of commencement as million years ago.

This was done in spite of opinion by its proponents that the continental drift commenced only million years ago. Current opinion is that both dates are approximately correct, the first break up occurring at about the time nominated in The Urantia Book, but that the land masses drifted back together again, then drifted apart approximately million years ago. There is no way to make a mathematical assessment on the probability of making the correct guess in the mid 's. In a subjective assessment, most of us would say 'extremely remote'. In the case of the dates for the Star of Bethlehem, assessment is more straight forward.

Allowing that we have chosen the year correctly, and no other information is available, we have to guess three independent dates for the same year. Hence we have one chance in 3 65 of getting the first date correct, one chance in of getting the next one as well, and one chance in of getting all three correct, which comes to one chance in 48,27, It so happens that the computer estimated dates are the same as The Urantia Book for two of the days and out by one day for the third.

It is not known which is correct; for two different reasons, only seconds may make the difference about which day is selected for the conjunction. A knowledgeable astronomer might have been able to reduce the odds somewhat of guessing these dates correctly prior to super computers becoming available, but the chances would remain in the order of one in many millions. Not all the information in The Urantia Book is correct, and this problem has been discussed earlier.

Undoubtedly some of the apparent errors are because of the mandate given to the authors in that they were not permitted to disclose unearned knowledge — with some exceptions. For those having virtually no knowledge of the mathematical theory of probability and knowledge of only basic generalities in science, it may help to consider the weighting to be given to the various apparently prophetic statements.

If we read The Urantia Book statement about planetary atmospheres on Venus and Mars, we find we could make two guesses, each with three possible results. So, with no prior knowledge being available, we have I chance in 3 of getting one correct, but only I chance in 9 of getting both correct. But this also means we have eight chances of being wrong compared to only one of being right. And of course in those instances in which there is only a one in a million chance of being right, we could have made , wrong guesses.

In other words it is far easier to be wrong than it is to be right. At a time when scientists believed the whole universe was about 2 billion years old, The Urantia Book stated that our solar system commenced to be formed 4. Present estimates for the age of out solar system are given as 4. What were the chances of guessing this correctly? The answer no chance. Many different authors have been involved in producing the Urantia Papers, ranging from exalted beings such as a Divine Counselor to much more lowly beings such as secondary midwayers.

The degree of freedom allocated to individual authors is indicated in the explanation given for the writing of the summary of Jesus' teachings at Urmia. Here we are told page that neither the seraphim of the churches nor the seraphim of progress agreed with this account as prepared by three secondary midwayers. Obviously the seraphim thought that the account was in error, and in view of their status relative to secondary midwayers, perhaps we would have expected their opinion to prevail. Nevertheless the summary was permitted to stand. It may be advantageous to put ourselves in the place of an author given the responsibility to write one of the Urantia Papers.

Imagine, for example, being a particle physicist having detailed and up to date knowledge of all advances in our field of expertise that have occurred since about Imagine now being transported back to and instructed to summarize the knowledge then prevailing in out field, but with the proviso that we must conform with the mandate given to the authors of the Urantia Papers.

Since one of our instructions is that we must not reveal unearned knowledge, it follows that we cannot even imply that any current theory may be wrong since this too can be interpreted as conveying unearned knowledge. Imagine too that we must put our own interpretation on the requirements of the mandate, because that appears to be the case for The Urantia Book — different authors certainly appear to have been permitted to interpret the provisions of the mandate in different ways. It is only when we undertake such a task seriously that we even start to appreciate the difficulties faced by the authors of the Papers all of whom would have been aware of universe policy that we humans must find our own way to truth through personal experience.

Presumably the authors of papers that include scientific material were not restricted to the use of published work only — particularly as it was customary during the 's for many quite famous scientists to consider that publication of their work was beneath their dignity. In that period, ideas were often circulated in letters between individuals and whole theories could be gradually built up without any individual having any real right to lay claim to authorship.

Then, as now, lots of ideas were also conveyed in discussion at seminars or presented at meetings of various societies. There is no reason to believe that use of unpublished work would have been denied to the authors of the Urantia Papers. An example of what might have occurred may be gleaned from the statement on p. The scientific literature credits this discovery independently to two authors, one in the U.

Bethe and the other in Germany von Weizsacker but their work was not published until , four years after receipt of the relevant Urantia Paper. Did the author of the Paper provide us with unearned knowledge? The very fact that two geographically widely-separated authors published the same information at the same time may indicate that the discovery was ripe to be made, and that perhaps the general concept had been around for some time waiting for someone to put it together with the right pieces of evidence to be able to claim authorship of a published account.

If this was the case, it could have been quite valid for the author of the Urantia Paper to class this material as earned knowledge. On the other hand it is possible that the information was included inadvertently, or else it was thought to come under the heading of transient clarification of knowledge as defined in the mandate of page There are many instances of this kind of information becoming available in the Urantia Papers long before it became accepted by-the scientific community.

Although some such cases may be a re-statement of unpublished material, there is much that does not appear to be in this category that would have to be considered as either an inadvertent disclosure or else coming into the category of information that transiently clarifies knowledge as per the mandate. Whether or not this apparently prophetic material can increase confidence in the revelatory validity of the Papers depends on an assessment of the probability of an item of information being correct through guesswork, and mostly this cannot be done without a reasonable depth of knowledge of the subject involved and some knowledge of statistical probability theory.

For some of us, the case for the revelatory validity of The Urantia Book has certainly been strengthened by such assessments. However, as well as numerous statements that appear to be prophetic, one can also find statements that appear to be in error; even some that could be interpreted as permitted error. Without doubt The Urantia Book is a deep and mysterious book. Possibly, some of the prophetic items to be discussed only became prophetic because scientists diverged from a pathway they were on when the Papers were written. Unquestionably the philosophy of the book is contrary to the expectation that it should be validated by its scientific disclosures, and in any case, the extraordinary manner of its presentation ensures that, in the long run, our acceptance of its revelatory status and its ethical, moral, and religious teaching really is dependent upon our personal experience of the God-within-us.

The problem of what constitutes proof is an ancient one, but perhaps more understanding has been gleaned in the last century than during the previous several thousand years. However, the quite remarkable work that has accumulated is almost all couched in the obscure language of logicians, in particular mathematical logicians, and since most of us do not like their conclusions anyhow, very little of the results of their work has penetrated even into academic circles. A great deal of the work by these logicians has been concerned with the development of a formalized language that is both precise and adequate for the expression of any mathematical concept.

The importance of their work for science is obvious, because mathematics is the very basis of all science and much else besides. However, the results of their work have been devastating for our aspirations to attain to an absolute knowledge of the universe. The first major crack in what appeared to be watertight sets of axioms basic to mathematics came from the work of Kurt Godel in , who showed that for any consistent axiomatic theory that was adequate to describe elementary arithmetic there will always be statements that can neither be proved nor disproved from its axioms First Incompleteness Theorem.

Worse still Godel's Second Incompleteness Theorem showed that the notion of consistency is destined to remain forever elusive. After the initial shock, academia settled down to sweep Godel under the carpet by promoting the notion that incompleteness did not affect 'real' problems. Support for this view grew because Cantor was able to formulate a very general mathematical framework of set theory that appeared to serve as a foundation for all mathematics.

This comfortable state of affairs continued until when Paul Cohen did to set theory what Godel had done to the earlier axiomatic systems. No recovery has since been made from the second shock wave, and Cohen's initial discovery has been followed by the application of his method method of forcing to show the undecidability of a great many classical unsolved problems of mathematics. It is now generally agreed that the illness is terminal. Undoubtedly this exposition is tedious to many, probably most, readers. However it is not necessary to digest its content other than to recognize that the finest mathematical and logical brains among us have not been able to provide rigorous proof of even the axioms of simple arithmetic.

Hence the lesson for all of us is that we are exceedingly naive about what constitutes proof, and we very much need to'hone our critical faculties in regard to what we accept as fact, or the opinions we promote to others as conclusively proven facts.

The Urantia Book has provided us with much wisdom on this topic. The Papers arrived at a time when our mathematicians considered that their discipline was the most rigorous of all, but Paper , p. This Paper reminds us of our need for searching and fearless self-criticism, and a greater awareness of the incompleteness and evolutionary status of our knowledge. It also makes the comment that we are often too self-confident and dogmatic.

We might note from the above quote that both science and religion are predicated on assumptions' which, though sometimes almost infinitely less rigorous, are nevertheless kin to the axioms of mathematical logic. Behind any opinion that we put forward, there is always a set of unstated assumptions axioms upon which the validity of our opinion is dependent.

It is up to us as individuals to assess our own attitude to that claim. Many of us accept it without reservation. However even those who do likewise must still differentiate between those parts of the book that are authoritative revelation and other parts that have been given to us to help coordinate our present endowment of knowledge, which is, of course, somewhat elementary and partial.

Much of the science component of the book is merely a coordinating statement on the status of scientific knowledge as it stood in the early 's and much of the science that we find in the book has since been superseded. Some, however, appears to be both prophetic and extraordinary. The Urantia Book does not specifically differentiate its revelatory passages, and it is incumbent upon us, as individuals, to recognize revelatory authority when we see it. For example, when the Book attributes to Jesus himself, the statement that our souls have not had previous existences, it seems inconceivable that we can do other than accept it as revelatory knowledge.

Either we must accept it as such or else we must reject the claim of the Book to be revelatory. In such an instance, proof is not involved. But though we may be able to find a thousand or more intellectual arguments to support the revelatory claim of the Book, in the final analysis, acceptance is not dependent upon that elusive entity we have termed 'proof but is an act of faith contingent upon personal experience of the God who is our Father, and his Son who is our Creator and our Master — and yet also our brother. The Urantia Book informs us that we all have the necessary gifts to lift us above and beyond the confusion of our materialistically-dominated thought processes because of certain inherent assumptions that are integrated into-the human mind as gifted to us via the mind circuits of the Infinite Spirit.

Again this is revelation, proof is irrelevant. Our willingness to accept these gifts and to believe them has the direct result that we live lives led by spirit, motivated by truth and dominated by love p. How can we know when we are spirit-led? And thus commences the personal journey that the Book is really all about, the journey that is initiated in the mortal state and which leads ultimately to the very presence of the Father.

In the following sections of this exposition, material will be presented that is difficult to account for excepting by the hypothesis that the authors of the Urantia Papers had access to sources that were not available to ordinary humans at the time of their receipt in the mid's. This date has been selected rather than the time of first publication of The Urantia Book in , on the grounds that we, the editors of this exposition, all have had personal knowledge of people who were members of the Forum, the group that studied the Papers prior to publication in book form, and have total confidence in their assurance that the Papers as published were as received.

However, in most instances it would make no difference if was used as the starting point. The Urantia Papers were received in and published in book form in Many of these items have since been found to be either correct or to now coincide with current scientific opinion. The probability of achieving this result through random guesswork is virtually zero.

In the section covering the life of Jesus, more than specific dates have been assigned a particular day of the week. Our calendar has changed considerably since those times such that it would be a Herculean task to attempt to correctly assign the day of the week to a particular date without the aid of a computer. Even with a computer, this is still an onerous task.

Matt Neibaur has done this for eight different dates and found that in each case The Urantia Book has named the correct day of the week for those dates. The chances of succeeding through guesswork alone are one chance in more than 5 million. The Urantia Book states that the source of the biblical account of the Star of Bethlehem of three wise men fame , was conjunctions of the planets Saturn and Jupiter in the Constellation of Pisces on May 29, September 29, and December 5 of the year 7 B.

It became possible to check the dates on which these conjunctions actually took place when computer- generated data on the coordinates for planetary positions from B. The Urantia Book dates were quite close, out by 2 days for May 29th, by 7 days for September 29, and by 4 days for December 5. The chances of achieving this result through random guesswork is about one in 72, In a new computer program to determine pathways for planetary motion was written at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California, in conjunction with U.

Naval Observatory and published in The revised data coincided exactly with The Urantia Book data for two of the dates and differed by one day for the other. Again assuming random guesswork, the probability for attaining this result is one chance in about 16 million. In a subsequent expedition Reck accompanied Leakey to Olduvai Gorge where Leakey quickly unearthed a hand axe.

Shortly after, Leakey explored deposits near the village of Kanjera near Lake Victoria finding two fragmentary skulls claimed to be contemporary with those at Olduvai and also a scrap of hominid mandible at Kanam West which Leakey claimed represented Homo sapiens and was even older than Olduvai Man. Such was the character of Leakey that he was able to persuade important people to agreement, including Sir Arthur Keith, Thus both Olduvai Man and Homo sapiens were said to have been Pleistocene inhabitants of East Africa.

In March a conference organized by the Royal Anthropological Institute agreed unanimously with Leakey who received the congratulations of the doyens of British anthropology, Sir Arthur Keith, Sir Arthur Smith Woodward, and Professor Elliot Smith, all of whom were prominent in the Piltdown man debacle. Leakey's success was brief when independent geologists showed that his Olduvai Man had been buried in a bed of comparatively recent origin, and that, through a mixture of circumstances, no credence could be given to his claims about the Kanam and Kanjera discoveries as the sites could not be adequately dated.

However Leakey along with his first wife and, later, his second wife, Mary, persisted at Olduvai 3orge which proved to be a veritable treasure house of animal fossils as well as of stone tools of many kinds. In , Mary Leakey came across a skull protruding from an eroded slope of one of the beds. After excavation and anatomical examination, the New discovery was found to be much closer to Australopithecine than to Homo. However Louis Leakey was not prepared to accept Australopithecine as a tool maker Leakey was committed to the view that tool making defined Homo , and he resolved the issue by creating a New genus — Zinjanthropus boisei for their New find which he said was a human ancestor.

Subsequently he startled the world by announcing an absolute age for Zinjanthropus of 1. This announcement had the secondary effect of introducing the potassium-argon dating method to paleoanthropology with the ultimate result of further confusing the dating of the Olduvai deposits.

Discover Jesus in The Urantia Book

The Zinjanthropus skull eventually resided in the anatomy department of Professor Philip Tobias in Johannesburg, who, after extensive examination, relegated him to the sub-generic rank of Australopithecus Zinjanthropus bosei. Later, at Olduvai, when New fossils came to light in bed 1, below where Zinjanthropus was found, Leakey promptly downgraded Zinjanthropus to the status of a non-tool making aberrant offshoot from the human line, and labeled the New fossils as derived from Homo habilis handy man.

The fossils were lighter in tooth and bones than Zinjanthropus. Among them, anatomists identified hominid bones belonging to three individuals — the corpses of which may have been devoured by scavengers. John Napier found evidence of two hands, one juvenile and the other adult with an opposable thumb thought to be capable of tool manufacture. Michael Day reconstructed an almost complete adult left foot with no sign of an ape's divergent big toe.

Philip Tobias reconstructed a skull with an estimated cranial capacity of cc. The scanty remains appeared to represent a hominid with a relatively large brain, thin human-like skull bones, Homo-like dentition, manipulative hands, and the ability to make stone tools. The extensive researches of Mary Leakey on stone tools had indicated that two different cultures had existed simultaneously at Olduvai. One of these was associated with certain types of hand tools and called the Olduvai or Oiduwan culture, while the other was associated with what were called Archeulean hand axes.

Only tools of the Oldowan culture were found with Homo habilis fossils, never the Acheulean handaxes. Fossils were eventually unearthed throughout beds I and 2. More recent investigation of Homo babilis and its relation to stone tools was brought to light by author Marvin Harris.

According to Harris, the discovery of limb bones of a female habilis in Olduvai Gorge in forced a re-examination of the whole question of whether stone toolmaking is an adequate basis for identifying members of the genus Homo. Habilis turns out to be only a little over three feet tall -just like the diminutive afarensis 'Lucy' — and it still had curved toes and fingers, long arms, and short legs indicative of a life in which tree-climbing continued to play some kind of role.

See a Problem?

Except for its bigger brain and association with stone tools, babilis is virtually indistinguishable from the earliest Australopithecines. While stone tools have never been found in close association with a gracile Australopithecine, there is compelling reason to conclude that at least some of them did make such tools. The earliest simple stone choppers and flakes are from sites in the Omo Valley and at Gona in the Hadar region of Ethiopia.

The Omo tools are dated at 2. The Australopithecines seem to have been the only hominids alive those times, so presumably made the tools. Harris concludes that despite the mote elaborate tools and bigger brains of habilis, there is no evidence that it was a hunter of large game. Its small size and curved fingers and toes — needed to for effective tree-climbing — do not bespeak of boldness of the hunt, and the tools, though they could be useful in butchering large animals show no signs of being useful in hunting them.

Our ancestors must have remained primarily scavengers. In Louis Leakey discovered what was claimed to be a Homo erectus skull but with especially thick bones in upper Bed 2, and it was thought that this species may have been responsible for the Acheulean hand axes. The skull has been assigned an age of , years but no data appear to be available for the skull capacity of this H. Many do not agree that Homo babilis is truly a species of Homo but believe it may be a representative of the Australopithecines.

A skull capacity of cc. Others including Louis Leakey believe that skull size has to be related to body size in defining Homo, but this seems to be dubious. For example if we could reduce a man to the size of a sparrow would he still have the same intellect? Louis Leakey died in and the reins were taken over at Olduvai by his son, Richard, who supported his father's view that the ancestors of Australopithecine and Homo split from a common ancestor perhaps 6 or 7 million years ago.

Others believe that the Australopithecines were direct ancestors of man, the split occurring about 2 million years ago. The evidence for both views is the same — additional fossils found at East Turkana and in Ethiopia. A second skull was too fragmentary for conclusions to be drawn but Leakey thought it was nearer Homo.

In , 16 hominid fossils were found, in , 26 more, and in a skull that came to be known as was found by Bernard Nguni who was part of a team that unearthed accompanying fossil pieces. Three extra anatomists joined a team that included Richard and Mary Leakey, and Des wood and Walker by whom the skull was reconstructed. Walker thought it was a large-brained representative of Australopithecus, but Richard Leakey insisted that it was Homo. Initially was thought to be 2. It is no easy matter to relate stratigraphy in different areas and nowhere is this better demonstrated than at the KBS site — a tuff which is a layer of solidified volcanic ash and the reference point against which and other important fossils were dated.

A sample was sent to the team of Fitch and Miller for radiometric dating by the potassium-argon method. The answer given was million years of age which was clearly impossible. This was put down to contamination and further samples were sent to Fitch and Miller which were assigned ages 2. Fitch and Miller then did series of samples including some which they took themselves — all said to be KBS tuff — and giving results ranging from , years to Paleomagnetic determinations which relate the earth's magnetic field to the magnetic properties of rocks gave a date of 3 million years of age for the KBS site.

Further evidence of the age of the KBS site came from a quite different procedure. A general rule is that fossils of the same kind indicate rocks of the same age. Professor Basil Cooke, a geologist, presented a report on the fossil pigs of the Turkana basin which he compared with similar fossils from the Omo region km away. Cooke was able to trace an identical line of evolutionary development in the pigs at Omo and Turkana which suggested that the KBS tuff should be of the same age as the Omo F strata of about 1. By dint of media interviews and magazine articles, the specimen called had been made 'famous' by Richard Leakey as the 'oldest man' with an age of 2.

Author John Reader has said, "The trouble is that paleo- anthropology is an interpretative science that depends upon expensive research, and publicity-conscious paleoanthropologists find that the title of the 'oldest man' is a most valuable asset in their quest for funds. In , the 'oldest man' scene shifted to Ethiopia. Ethiopia — along the ravines and valleys of the Hadar River. In October , four pieces of hominid leg bone were found, two of which belonged together and formed a perfect knee joint. These were considered to have belonged to a small adult, who unquestionably was capable of walking upright.

The fossils came from deposits said to be over 3 million years old, hence Johanson had found the earliest conclusive evidence for bipedalism. In the Afar group made headlines with the recovery of about forty percent of an entire skeleton — a female about 20 years old but very small — between and cm. This is the famous "Lucy", to be discussed later, whom Johanson classified as either a small Homo or Australopithecus.

In , a family" of bones was found consisting of perhaps 13 individuals. Johanson thought they were Homo, the bones being larger than Lucy. However there were no skulls to provide evidence of a relatively large brain. Later in the scene shifted back to Lactoli, near Olduvai, where Mary Leakey and her son Philip recovered fossils said to be 3. This find allowed them to reclaim the "oldest man" title.

UBtheNEWS Adam and Eve Report

Mary Leakey also came across some remarkable hominid footprints by two individuals, one smaller than the other -just like Lucy would have made. These also were dated as about 3. Later Johanson and Dr White and Yves Coppens from the Leakey camp collaborated to analyze the fossils from both sites and finally they assigned both sets to Australopithecus afarensis.

The considerable size variation was assigned to sexual dimorphism with relatively large males and small females. However the classification is controversial, the Leakey's claiming that two species are involved at both sites, one ancestral to Australopithecus and the other to Homo. Another authority, Pro EP. Tobias classed both species as Australopithecine but labeled one A. The cranial capacity of the A. In considering the evidence arising from the African fossils with the account of the evolution of man as presented in The Urantia Book, it is of interest to read the comments of Professor Owen Lovejoy.

Lovejoy has expertise in anthropology, biochemistry, and anatomy, and was one of two who reconstructed, the pelvis of the famous Lucy. Lovejoy states that all primates other than man are basically quadrupedal and with good reason: The evidence is indicative that bipedality preceded both tool making and increased brain size. Lovejoy has proposed that bipedality accompanied a set of behavioral adaptations that became the key evolutionary innovations leading to humans: According to Lovejoy's hypothesis, bipedalism freed the hands of the male thus permitting it to carry food gathered from far away to its mate and their offspring.

These developments must have come long before the current fossil record begins. The Lucy skeleton includes many bones of lower limb, pelvis, and an intact sacrum. The pelvic features of a biped reflect the very different mechanics of two and four legged locomotion. Bipedalism requires a New role for most of the muscle groups of the lower limbs that in turn require changes in muscle structure and position, and changes in the design of the pelvis and hips. In many ways Lucy's pelvis is better designed for bipedalism than humans.

Her ilia flare outward more sharply than those of the modern pelvis and her femoral necks are longer. Thus her abductor muscles enjoyed a greater mechanical advantage than for modern females, exerting less force to stabilize the pelvis, which reduced pressure on the hip-joint surfaces. However the flaring ilia and long femoral necks yield a pelvis that, in top view, was markedly elliptical resulting in a birth canal that was wide but short front to back.

This construction was tolerable because Lucy predated the dramatic expansion of the brain; her infant's cranium would have been no larger than a baby chimpanzee note: Lucy was about 3 ft tall. Prof Lovejoy's analysis of some of the anatomical changes involved in going from an habitual quadrupedal to bipedal mode of walking, and from an arboreal to a terrestrial habitat, illustrates just how vastly complex are the changes involved in these final stages of the evolution of mankind.

Prof Lovejoy also points out that as our human ancestors evolved a larger brain, the pelvic opening had to become rounder, to expand from front to back, and at the same time contract slightly from side to side. Nevertheless the difficulty of accommodating in the same pelvis an effective bipedal hip joint and an adequate passage for a large infant brain remains acute and the human birth process is one of the most difficult in the animal kingdom.

Basic evolutionary principles indicate that a species cannot develop detailed anatomical modifications for a particular behavior such as bipedality unless it consistently employs that particular behavior. The design of the human femoral neck is poorly engineered for climbing and arboreal acrobatics where it would be frequently subjected to bending stresses without at the same time being compressed by the abductors. The femoral neck in Australopithecus includes Lucy was even longer than humans and hence subject to even greater bending stress if Lucy took to the trees.

Prof Lovejoy concludes that Lucy's femoral neck was suited exclusively for bipedality — she was not just capable of walking upright; it had become her only choice. A review of the rest of the skeleton of Lucy and others of Australopithecus would reveal equally dramatic modifications that favor bipedality and rule out other modes of locomotion such as to the knee, the great toe, the foot.

Lucy's ancestors must have left the trees and risen onto two limbs well before her time, possibly at the very beginning of human evolution. Lovejoy thinks that provisioning by the male was the strategy that enforced bipedalism and that it occurred, despite its many disadvantages, long before our ancestors could have used their freed hands to carry weapons or to make tools. The speculation that the driving force behind human evolution was bipedalism combined with lasting monogamy, care of offspring by both parents, and male provisioning of the family with high-energy foods is of great interest when compared with the description in The Urantia Book of the three major mutational jumps that culminated in the birth of the parents of mankind.

Describing the dawn mammals, The Urantia Book tells us that while they did not habitually walk on their hind legs, they could easily stand erect. They were flesh eaters. Food hunger and sex craving were well developed, and a definite sex selection was manifested in a crude kind of courtship and choice of mates.

They would fight fiercely in defense of their kindred, and were quite tender in family associations. It is interesting that the dawn mammals were about the same size as 'Lucy' the bipedal Australopithecus, the study of which helped formulate Lovejoy's conclusions. However, 'Lucy' and her kinsfolk could not have been directly related to the dawn mammals. Even if the dating of Lucy's time on earth is hopelessly wrong which is perhaps quite possible , The Urantia Book tells us that the dawn mammals were completely eliminated by their successors, the mid-mammals, and this would mean that their fossils could only have been found on the Mesopotamian peninsula.

The mid-mammals were about four feet in height, and match the description of Lucy in respect to habitually walking upright, having feet almost as well suited for walking as humans, perfectly opposable thumbs, and longer legs and shorter arms than their predecessors.

Science Content Of The Urantia Book

They had the emotional attributes of the dawn mammals plus an instinct for food hoarding, and they had started to use pebbles as offensive and defensive weapons. They built both arboreal and underground shelters. From a pair of very superior mid-mammals came the twins that gave rise to the next mutation, which The Urantia Book calls the Primates. This group attained an adult height of about five feet, and the cranial capacity was markedly larger than the mid-mammals. They had little hair on their bodies, could walk and run as well as their human descendants, and resorted to the tree tops only as a safety measure at night.

They learned to communicate through signs and symbols at a level that was beyond the comprehension of the mid- mammals. They used stones and clubs in fighting, and also made use of sharp spicules of stone, flint, and bone. The description in The Urantia Book of the four stepwise mutations that initiated the dawn and mid- mammals, the primates, and then humans are indicative of each being large sudden jumps, and not like the slow laborious procedure of environmental selection and accumulation of single, point mutations.

Indeed, the description coincides much better with the modern concept of 'punctuated equilibria' by which entirely New species emerge without going through the gradualism of 'natural selection. When we compare the account in The Urantia Book with the speculation based upon the fossil finds of Tanzania and Ethiopia we would have to conclude that neither the Australopithecines nor the Homo habilis or Homo erectus species proposed by the Leakey group were on the direct pathway of evolution leading to man. Likewise the species represented by Lucy is unlikely to have been directly on this pathway as her skeletal characteristics from the pelvis down to the feet appear to have been more human- like that the parents of the dawn mammals whom she long preceded.

A clue to what may have been occurring is given on page of The Urantia Book which says, "Even the loss of Andon and Fonta before they had offspring, though delaying human evolution, would not have prevented it. Subsequent to the appearance of Andon and Fonta and before the mutating potentials of animal life were exhausted, there evolved no less than seven thousand favorable strains which could have achieved some sort of human type of development. And many of these better stocks were subsequently assimilated by the various branches of the expanding human species.

The most common scientific concept of the evolution of humans is that of a sequential accumulation of random favorable mutations which were selected through environmental pressures.