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Plasma levels of lipid peroxidation and lipid profile were determined in haemodialysis patients and compare with control groups. The results from this research projects indicate that Plasma levels of lipid peroxidation 1. The changes in level of plasma lipid peroxidation and triglyceride in haemodialyzed patients, maybe related with the patient uremia, dialysis membrane and the dialysis process.

The metabolic alterations accompanying renal failure may be responsible for dyslipidemia independent of the fat distribution in haemodialysis patients. These states of affairs may play an important role in progress of cardiovascular abnormality in haemodialyzed patients. Due to this conditions a review of haemodialysis membrane, the techniques used in the dialysis, the consumption of various oral antioxidant, the elimination of active oxygen from the dialysis surrounding are among the measures which can prevent sudden cardiovascular abnormality in the haemodialysis patients.

Butyrate, normally found in the colon, is used in therapy to reduce epithelial cell damage and mucosal inflammation in conditions like ulcerative colitis and radiation colitis. Heat shock proteins Hsp , particularly Hsp70, are also known to be important in cellular responses to injury. We hypothesized that butyrate may act to protect epithelial cells through induction of Hsp HT29 intestinal epithelial cell monolayers were exposed to two forms of non-lethal stress; heat or chemical in presence or absence of butyrate.

In additional studies, the effect of initial exposure to sub-lethal heat on subsequent exposure to lethal heat was examined. Expression of the inducible form of Hsp70 and cell viability was assessed. Non-lethal stress induced Hsp70 expression in HT29 cells and this was inhibited by butyrate, but not by acetate or propionate. This effect of butyrate was seen only at lower concentration.

Inhibition of Hsp70 synthesis was accompanied by an increased ability of the cells to tolerate exposure to a second lethal heat stress. Butyrate increased colonic epithelial cell survival in the face of lethal heat stress and significantly reduced Hsp70 expression. In addition to hypertension, salt inclusion in the diet especially after cooking, has been link with several cardiovascular system diseases and metabolic syndrome.

This study was therefore, undertaken to investigate the effect of salt inclusion in the diet and its restriction reversal effect on body weight, pulse rate, blood glucose and lipid profile of Wistar rat. The study was conducted on 18 Wistar rats grouped into A, B and C. Group A served as the control and received control diet g feed for six weeks.

However, group C reversal effect group received test diet for the 1st three weeks and then was on control diet for the next three weeks. Prior to, three weeks into and at the end of the study, body weight, pulse rate and blood glucose were determined using standard procedures while lipid profile was determined at the end of the study. The results showed that salt has a reducing effect on mean body weight and good lipid-cholesterol but an increasing effect on pulse rate, blood glucose and bad lipid-cholesterol.

Based on these findings, dietary salt has a harmful effect on body weight, blood pressure and glucose level. Evaluating the proximate composition of food fish is the most important aspect in fish nutrition. The present study was carried out to determine the flesh quality of Scomberoides lysan, S. Major nutrient compositions of raw muscle like protein, lipid, moisture, carbohydrate and ash were estimated.

Proximate compositions were varied among the species. The highest moisture content was present in S. The ash content estimated in S. Protein content was estimated as Lipid content for S. The results revealed that the highest protein content, lipid and ash content were recorded in S. From the results S. A cross-sectional study of school-age children aged years was conducted. Body mass index for age z-score was measured and participants were classified into 3 groups including normal weight, overweight and obesity.

Caregivers provided information regarding eating behaviors and completed the child behavior checklist. There were participants included for analysis. The mean age of the study sample was Children with overweight and obesity were Unhealthy eating behaviors, including skipping breakfast and media use during meals were more common in the obesity group than the normal weight group without statistical significance. Although, there was minimal correlation between sweetened beverage intake and the total behavioral scores, the mean total behavioral problems scores were not different among the three groups.

Promoting healthy eating behaviors may be a primary step to prevent behavioral problems and obesity. The determination of the Glycemic Index GI and Load GL for mixed meals serves as a dietetic tool in meal planning to reinforce the benefits of low GI meals and decrease the physiological effects of high GI meals. Twelve female volunteers consumed a standard glucose solution containing 50 g of dextrose and mL of water as reference meal and samples of the ten mixed meals and desserts containing each 50 g of carbohydrates as test meals on separate days.

Their blood glucose levels were measured every 15 min over 2 h following the test food consumption. The results of this study, serve as valuable data for health professionals in proper menu planning for diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. A randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications was used. Also, chemical constituent, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, reducing sugars and the non-reducing sugars significantly increased in all treatments spray with micronutrients compared with non-treated control.

Meanwhile, Alternaria leaf spot incidence on treated plants significantly decreased The results concluded that, spraying Fe, Zn and Mn alone or combination could be recommend to control leaf spots and to enhance yield and quality of faba bean under the environmental conditions. Adaptations in Response to Salinity in Safflower Cv. Bhima was investigated at flowering. DM increased at low levels and decreased at all higher levels of Na 2 SO 4 at flowering and maturity.

Plants completed life cycle upto ECe 7. Plants tolerate all levels of chloride and higher levels of sulphate salinity by storing toxic minerals in roots and basal part of stem and by translocating essential elements to the leaves indicating presence of regulatory mechanism at the junction of root and stem; within the stem and in between the stem and leaves in safflower.

The essential oil EO of mint used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Drying and distillation techniques play an important role in the EO production from mint.

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The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the EO composition of mint plants under various drying and distillation techniques. The fresh herb of Mentha longifolia L. On the other hand, dried herb of Mentha piperita L. The EO content and its constituents were evaluated under drying and distillation techniques. The greatest amounts of EO and its major constituents were produced from fresh plants, followed by the plants treated with shade, sun and oven techniques respectively. Higher values were detected in EO and major components under hydro distillation than steam distillation.

Separation of EO from the fresh mint is the best way to obtain the high quantity and quality of peppermint EO, however, in the case of peppermint EO separation in remote places, the drying technique can be used in the shade to reduce the size and avoid disease. Isolation of EO with hydro distillation technique is requiring for increasing the quantity and quality of mint EO.

A strip-split plot design with four replications was used. Where, the vertical-plots were included seed soaking treatments while the horizontal-plots were devoted to foliar spraying treatments. The sub-plots were allocated to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium NPK fertilization levels. Results showed that highest values of growth, yields and its attributes and grains quality were resulted from seed soaking in Salicylic Acid SA at the level of ppm. However, untreated seeds resulted the lowest values of these. Foliar spraying with SA produced the highest values of growth, yields and its attributes and grain quality compared with other foliar spraying treatments.

In general, it could be indicated that soaking in SA at the level of ppm and spraying plants with SA at the level of ppm beside fertilization with Nitrogen N fertilizer management with other soil amendments is crucial for optimal growth and productivity of grain crops. There has been increasing interest on converting rice straw to biochar and examining its use as a soil amendment. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer managements combined with rice straw derived biochar on rice growth and yield attributes.

This greenhouse pot study was performed in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications.

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Growth measurement was carried out at week 2, 6 and 10 after transplanting, while yield attributes were obtained upon harvesting at days. The use of biochar in addition to the chemical fertilizers in rice production systems is an economically feasible and practical nutrient management practice. Punch grafting is a well-established technique for the treatment of recalcitrant stable vitiligo. Post-operative exposure to Narrow-band Ultraviolet-B NB-UVB radiation was reported to augment the effect of punch grafting with better and rapid cosmetic results than monotherapy.

This prospective study was done to evaluate the results of combination therapy with punch minigrafting followed by nanometer nm excimer laser for the management of stable focal or segmental vitiligo. Thirty patients with refractory stable focal or segmental vitiligo were treated with minigrafting followed by postgrafting nm excimer laser three times weekly for 24 sessions.

The patients were followed up every three months up to one year post-operative for evaluation of the results. All thirty patients showed repigmentation and overall results were graded as excellent in 16 patients Two patients developed depigmentation at the donor site, whereas the transplanted areas retained the pigment in all patients. In conclusion, combination treatment with punch minigrafting and postsurgical exposure to nm excimer laser in patients with stable focal or segmental vitiligo can lead to fast, cosmetically satisfying results especially in younger age groups.

The study comprised 35 CIU patients mean age All patients and control were subjected to thorough history taking, complete physical examination and routine laboratory tests. CIU and AA patients were otherwise clinically free and receive no medications. On laboratory basis, clinical and subclinical thyroid disease was detected in TPA was positive Screenings for thyroid function and thyroid ultrasound are advisable in patients with CIU as well as AA patients for early detection of thyroid dysfunction.

CIU and AA could help to discover a possible silent pathology of the thyroid gland in clinically euthyroid patients. Little is known about cytokine expression in skin of vitiligo patients. Studies of serum cytokine concentrations in vitiligo are few and results are often contradictory. In this study, 38 patients with non-segmental vitiligo and 40 age and sex-matched controls were recruited.

The statistical analysis of the data was performed using independent T test, the Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, X 2 -test, exact test and Spearman correlation test. The staining was mainly basal and suprabasal with no significant difference from controls. Psoriasis is a chronic hyper-proliferative skin disease. The IL22 and other cytokines play a role in pathogenesis of psoriasis. Thirty five patients with chronic plaque psoriasis were studi ed against 44 healthy volunteers as control. The IL22 levels were measured in control. The IL22 levels is increased in psoriasis and could be used as a laboratory marker of the severity of disease, but could not predict the respo nse to NB-UVB.

Evaluation of Therapeutic Effects of Aloe Vera: Coal Tar Mixture in Psoriasis: Although the use of aloe vera and coal tar in psoriasis treatment is well established, their mechanism of action is poorly understood. Skin biopsies from 30 patients before and after 3 months of therapy and 10 biopsies of normal skin were immunohistochemically stained using Ki67, Bcl-2 and CD34 antibodies as markers of cell proliferation, apoptosis and neoangiosis, respectively.

PASI scores decreased from 8. These changes were positively correlated with the decrease in PASI scores. In conclusion, aloe vera and coal tar AMIX is an effective topical treatment of psoriasis without noticeable side effects. It causes inhibition of epidermal cell proliferation, neoangiogenesis and induction of apoptosis together with its immune modulatory effects. The study of reproductive biology of bilih fish Mystacoleucus padangensis has been conducted for one year in Naborsahan River, Toba Lake, North Sumatra.

The aim of this study was to examine the reproduction characteristics of female bilih fish. Sampling of fish was carried out at six stations determined based on the river characteristics and bilih fish habitat using bag net and cast net. Gonadosomatic index value varied from 0. Observation of mature ovarians showed that the fecundity of bilih fish ranging between eggs.

Directly-measured oocyte diameter ranged from Based on morphological and histological examinations, the gonad developmental stages of female bilih fish ovarians can be divided into five stages: Bilih fish spawning patterns are partial and the spawning peak occurred in August-September and February-March. The aim of this study to find out and accumulate the possible way of recent treatments of ankylosing spondylitis specially by using Stem Cells.

There is accumulating evidence that anti-tumor-necrosis-factor anti-TNF therapy is highly effective in SpA, especially in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. In ankylosing spondylitis there is an unmet medical need, since there are almost no disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs available for severely affected patients, especially those with spinal manifestations. This review found that the replacement therapy of stem cells led to a new idea: The cell survives and they formed connections with the surrounding tissue. Transplantation strategies based on stem cells present enormous potential for repairing the damage caused by ankylosing spondylitis disease.

So, stem cell replacement therapy for ankylosing spondylitis disease will some day become a therapeutic reality. Plant biotechnology is an attractive means for improving cotton, its use requires an efficient regeneration system from somatic tissues of cotton plants. Cotton is an important economic and fibre crop, grown in 70 countries in the world.

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration are fundamental to the genetic improvement of cotton using biotechnology and genetic transformation. Browning and subsequent death of the cultured explants are major problems for many tissue culture systems. In this study, different explants and various concentrations of PGRs were tested in order to minimize excretion of phenolic compound and their inhibitory effects in cotton tissue culture system. Cotyledons and meristematic shoot tips had the minimal excretion of phenolic compound, also in medium with Meristematic shoot tips in medium with 0.

Therefor, in this study inhibitory effects due to excretion of phenolic compound in tissue culture media were minimum. The aim of this study to investigate the possible developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of enrofloxacin on maternally-treated chick. Four equal fertile egg groups were utilized in the present study. Also, the embryos exhibited significant incidence of mortality, oedemas formation, omphalocele, structural anomalies in the head and limbs as well as delay of cartilage and bone formation. However, the changes of these parameters in embryos of eggs collected on day ten following chicken treatment with enrofloxacin were infrequent in comparison with those of controls.

These data recommend avoiding usage of chicken eggs for reproducing or human consumption for at least ten days following chicken treatment with enrofloxacin against infectious diseases. Also, emphasizes on respecting the withdrawal times for drugs according to the maximum residual limits established by the regulatory agencies.

Playas of the Thar Desert: This study presents a synthesis of the published data and summarizes new data on mineralogy and geochemistry of the late Holocene playa sediments from the Thar Desert, located in the down stream of southwest monsoon.

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The assemblage of clastic minerals is similar and constitutes quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, amphibole, mica and chlorite. The non-clastic mineral assemblage is variable and comprises of both evaporite minerals and carbonates. The geochemical proxies enabled differentiation of the shallow depth profiles at five different playas into horizons of varying chemical weathering, aeolian input and evaporation.

The propagation of Love waves in presence of a horizontal rigid barrier of finite length in the surface layer has been discussed. The transmitted waves have been obtained by using Wiener-Hopf technique and Fourier transform. The numerical computation has been done by assuming depth of barrier small as compared to the wavelength of the incident wave. It has been observed that the transmitted waves decrease as the distance from the barrier increases and die out after a very long time. The result of semi-infinite barrier has been obtained as a special case of this problem.

An automatic technique for using Landsat TM data to extract hydrothermal alteration zones in subtropical rock area covered by vegetation is utilized here in Khetri Copper belt, Rajathan, India. Principle component analysis of ratio images was done to discriminate hydroxyl bearing clay minerals from vegetation areas. It was seen that the technique works well in sparsely vegetated areas. The use of satellite images during the early stages of mineral exploration has been very successful in pointing the hydrothermally altered rocks.

We can conclude here that Crosta technique can be used as a very reliable method for enhancing the areas with hydroxyl-bearing clay minerals as a fast and cheap tool for exploration minerals. It is a condition of high clinical heterogeneity with familial clustering, however, the mode of inheritance is still controversial. A number of candidate genes have been implicated in susceptibility to PCOS, suggesting a strong role of genetic factor in the aetiopathogenesis of PCOS.

A total of individuals comprising of patients and controls were involved in the present study. Clinical information, anthropometric measurements and three generation pedigree data with respect to CD was collected through proforma. Twenty five percent of PCOS probands exhibited clinical hyperandrogenism in the form of hirsutism, acne, premature pubarche and alopecia.

Eighteen percent showed acanthosis, a marker for insulin resistance. A high frequency of PCOS women exhibited the prevalence of complex diseases in their families compared to the control families 60 vs. It is suggested that complex diseases provide significant genetic background for the susceptibility to develop this multifactorial disorder in a section of patients. This study aimed to examine whether self-reported hypomanic and psychotic symptoms are correlated in a non-clinical population. In conclusion, hypomanic symptoms appear to be related to psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations, going against previous research suggesting that this is not the case.

Absolute Versus Relative Risk: Can We Persuaded by Information Framing? For an informed consent, patients must be impartially informed about the advantages, disadvantages and alternatives of the intervention of interest. This data should be presented in a neutral manner and without preconception to respect the autonomy of the patient.

This study discussed the differences between absolute and relative risk ratios followed by current evidence on how physicians and patients can be persuaded to alter their decisions by framing the data into relative risks. Choice of Controls for a Case-control Study in Bangladesh: Hospital Controls versus Community Controls. The study aimed to determine whether hospital controls could be used in case-control studies with minimal bias, where resource constraints limit recruitment of community controls.

Incident cases of CHD and hospital controls were selected from cardiac hospitals.

Community controls were selected from neighbourhoods of CHD cases. We enrolled cases, hospital controls, and community controls. Distribution of age, gender, marital status, occupation, and socio-economic status was similar between hospital controls and community controls. Compared to community controls, hospital controls were more educated, had higher rates of hypertension and reported more family history of heart diseases.

But they reported relatively less physical activity. Current use of SLT was higher amongst community controls compared to hospital controls, but was not significant adjusted OR 0. There were significant differences between two control groups but only on confounding variables which could be measured and adjusted for during multivariate analyses.

For comparable future studies in resource-scarce settings, it is possible to enrol hospital controls with careful planning which are similar to potential community controls, whilst minimising selection bias. In the aim to search for solutions to increase the future competitiveness of nuclear energy a new concept of a modular reactor is presented.

The neutronic-thermohydraulic and economic calculations for the steady state design of an inherently safe while economically competitive reactor RE. Primary system is subdivided in several modules with individual steam generator, fuel element and primary circuit. Enhanced safety is attained by means of passive safety systems and inherent safety features.

This design presents several advantages. The total power of the core Mwe is divided in a large number of units of reduced power 2 MWth which implies that the module can be subjected to full size tests. An identical modules design implies faster and simpler core construction and replacement. Reduction in capital costs is possible through standardized manufacturing of modules and a competitive fuel cycle cost. It is desired to divide the present study into two consequence steps which are, the addition of small amounts of solid particles that can be suspended in liquid used kerosene , these suspensions may be used as drag reducing agents, then the other step is established by the addition of small quantities of certain surfactant to the suspension transported.

Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment Initiatives: A State of Art. Collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment involve the joint determination of forecasting through pooled knowledge and information. CPFR enables trading partners to improve operational efficiency through a systematic process of sharing and utilizing information across firm level boundaries. Usually, the forecasting results are highly variable as we move from the customer to the producer in the supply chain and replenishment is not also tuned with customer demand. As a result demand forecasting and replenishment has become a vital issue for manufacturers, professionals and researchers.

This study aims to provide the reader a complete picture of CPFR through a systematic literature review. It presents a state of art on CPFR by systematically arranging main activities in collaborative planning.

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In this study, the use of mango Mangifera indica residues as substrate for bioethanol production was investigated. The batch cultures were realized to study the nutritional requirement of the yeasts strains and to optimize the fermentation conditions. Minerals salts play an important role in fermentation process and affecting microbiological stability. In the present study, the effects of diverse salts on the fermentation profiles were studied.

Method was batch fermentation process in supplemented medium, using adapted yeast strain W1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Effectively with mango hydrolysate supplemented a satisfactory bioethanol concentration like Spatial Distribution of Electrical Infrastructures: The rapid and unplanned expansion in sub-Saharan Africa was favored by high rates of overall population growth and this has led to the proliferation of low-income settlements in peripheries of many cities and this without extension of public services.

This study was conducted in Lubumbashi city in order to highlight the spatial distribution of electrical infrastructures face to urban growth from Four multi-temporal SPOT images of the city of Lubumbashi have been used to highlight the spatiotemporal dynamics of the city. On ground surveys led to geo-reference the electrical cabins supplying the residential sector. The survey results were supported and complemented by information length of the electrical network, installed power collected in the database of the National Electricity Company.

The results showed that the city of Lubumbashi is expanding rapidly, while the increase in the electricity grid and the installed power rates are sharply down. Furthermore, the distribution of electric cabins between and did not follow the urban sprawl. While private and donors, despite their low impact are trying to expand their actions even in the new municipalities naturally abandoned by SNEL.

Good urban planning, good management and a broad growth of power sector reform are the main ways to overcome this impasse. Measuring the Interestingness of Classification Rules. Data mining tools and techniques provide various applications with novel and significant knowledge. This knowledge can be leveraged to gain competitive advantage. However, the automated nature of data mining algorithms may result in a glut of patterns-the sheer numbers of which contribute to incomprehensibility. Importance of automated methods that address this immensity problem, particularly with respect to practical application of data mining results, cannot be overstated.

We provide a survey of one important approach, namely interestingness measure and discuss its application to extract interesting results out of large number of rules generated by the classification rule generator program. Rules are generated by the Christian Borgelts classification rule discovery program.

A new rule selection mechanism is introduced and experimental results show that our method is effective in finding interesting rules. Sometimes learners prefer Native Speakers NS of the target language as teachers. In addition, because of significant role played to be successful, parents are convinced that their children should learn English as an international language. Insufficiency of ideal English teachers is a contemporary debate. Results show that performance on oral skill measures is concerned, the groups taught by the NS teachers outperformed those taught by their NNS counterparts.

Although, there might be some other invisible factors for such a state of affair, it seems that teaching qualification of Iranian English teachers need further considerations. A model for adopting IT Information Technology facilitated governance based on management paradigm is presented in this study. The objective is to facilitate the process of implementing IT services within the context of a state. The model which is conceptual in nature is based on empirical results from the studies carried out in Enugu State.

It was constructed from requirements put together by the user communities in the state and integrated with concepts of the management paradigm. It drew from existing models and extended the concepts to include the functions that form the hallmarks of the model solution. It aims at facilitating the understanding, the explanation and the anticipation of IT in governance.

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It uses three distinct and static variables, namely actors, levels and functions, to capture a snapshot of a governance system and provide a procedure which a State can adopt to improve their operations e. Do Macro-economic Variables Move in Tandem: Evidence from India and Sri Lanka. Macroeconomic variables like Economic output, Unemployment and Inflation etc. For the past three decades, evidence of key macroeconomic variables helping predict the time series of stock returns has accumulated in direct contradiction to the conclusions drawn by the Efficient Market Theory. Monthly data from onwards to has been used in case of all the variables.

The econometrics tools i. Granger model and VAR model indicates that CPI, WPI and exchange rate does not have any influence on each other in the case of both of the countries but the Variance decomposition model shows visible impact of macroeconomic variables on each other in some of the cases in Indian and Sri Lankan data.

The present study finds that the macro-economic variables i. This study investigated the supply of science teachers to secondary schools in Ondo State, Nigeria. It was an ex-post facto and descriptive research. The study population comprised all the secondary schools and 4 higher institutions in the State as well as 30 higher institutions from neighbouring States producing teachers for secondary schools.

The sample in respect of secondary schools was identical with the population as all the schools were involved in the study. Since, only 2 out of the 4 higher institutions in the State produce teachers, the 2 higher institutions were selected for the study. Out of the 30 higher institutions, in neighbouring States, 16 were selected thereby giving a total sample of 18 higher institutions. The method of selection was by multi-stage, purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. The instrument used was an inventory, while the data collected were analyzed using frequency counts and percentages.

It was found, that science teachers were in less proportion compared to non-science teachers in all the schools. Male science teachers were in greater numbers than female science teachers in the schools.

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The number of science teachers supplied from higher institutions outside the State was greater than the number supplied from higher institutions within the State. The supply of science teachers did not match the demand for them in the schools. It was concluded that higher institutions in the State had not been supplying sufficient number of science teachers to the schools. It was then recommended that more efforts should be made by government to increase the supply of science teachers to schools. This study seeks to determine the degree of price association between retail and wholesale markets and also between one retail market and another.

Ordinary Least square regression technique and correlation analysis were used to analyse the data. It was found that the grain markets were fairly integrated. The wholesale prices of rice and cowpea unlike that of Sorghum have an appreciable effect on the retail price of the commodities for all the markets. Cue Applicability and Contextual Priming Effects. This study aims to explore a particular way to improve the effectiveness of corporate advertising.

In light of the contextual priming theory, this study creates a controllable advertising context by purposively placing a corporate advertisement a prime preceding a product advertisement a target of the same brand in print magazines. The hypotheses are tested among Chinese consumers.

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Results indicate that corporate ads yield favorable brand evaluations among consumers; however, not all socially responsible or humanitarian themes elicit equal degree of favorable brand evaluations. A high-applicability theme would generate more favorable brand evaluations than a low-applicability theme; the overall brand evaluations resulting from the low-applicability condition reveal no difference from those generated from the product-ad-only condition. Overall, this study has provided a fresh perspective in advancing research in advertising effectiveness concerning the long-standing issue of linking corporate advertising to corporate performance.

To get the free app, enter mobile phone number. See all free Kindle reading apps. Start reading The Isherus Goblet on your Kindle in under a minute. Don't have a Kindle? Createspace Independent Pub 2 May Language: Be the first to review this item Would you like to tell us about a lower price? Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a product review. Most helpful customer reviews on Amazon. This sequel is a real page turner with plot twists such that the reader never knows what is going to come next.

I cannot comment too much or I may give away the 'ending'. The geographic settings and some characters are familiar to the author write what you know. The name of the grandfather has special meaning to both the author and me. I hope the author will publish a related novel soon! Love the story line. Looking forward to the follow up book. Each day, new revelations indicate the complicity of the current Federal Government in deepening the fissures through outright disregard for the laws of Nigeria on Federal Character and the sensibilities of other groups.

Among the functions of communication that experts identify are integration, socialisation and mobilisation. The absence of persuasive communication has hampered integration in Nigeria particularly in the last two years. A grand project such as the New Biafra requires strategic communication to create awareness, understanding, acceptance in some cases, or at least empathy for it in others.

Effective communication avoids distorting messages during the communication processes. Communication is effective when it leads to the sharing of information accurately between sender and receiver and causes the desired response. It should generate and retain the effect you want. Communication of the New Biafra also calls for reflection by professionals.

IPOB has triggered the Agenda Setting function of the media by placing the matter of an independent country on the burner of discourse. Agenda setting theory posits the interplay of forces in the socio-economic environment, and this is playing out. However, agenda setting is not a theory of persuasion. Diffusion of innovation is one of the most prominent theories of strategic communication.

Application of this theory or any theory or model of persuasion lacks in the current narratives, for and against the proposition. There is a need for better communication in the public sphere in Nigeria. The proponents of Biafra need to deploy strategic communication and use the principles of persuasion or social influence enunciated by Robert Cialdini and the experts in psychology and communication. The six principles of persuasion would combine well with theories of communication to deliver a Communication Plan that is high on delivery and low on the channel noise affecting the BiafraExit, NigRemain and other causes.

Briefly, Cialdini has theorised and proved that people are more inclined to buy-in to messages if we use experts authority ; if the source is trusted likeability ; if we consider ourselves in their debt reciprocity ; and if doing so resonates with our beliefs and prior commitments consistency. People would also buy in if the choice is popular consensus and would deliver a prized commodity scarcity.

All the parties, proponents of the New Biafra and its opponents, would do an excellent service to Nigeria by purposive and effective communication. Time for a reset. Teachers are critical nation-builders. With a standard and up-to-date teacher, qualitative impartation of knowledge will never be in doubt with glowing outcomes. It is on this strength that a nation cannot grow beyond the quality of her teachers and the way it treats her teachers.

Teachers are responsible for the production of the needed professionals to drive the health, socio-economic, and industrial sectors of the nation. Hence, no serious country should joke with treating her teachers well. A pool of poorly trained doctors, lawyers, engineers and pharmacists is a calamity waiting to happen.

We all know the consequences of being operated upon by a quack doctor or consulting a quack engineer for a building project. There is no doubt that the Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria has been catalysed with the recent appointment of a former Academic Staff Union of Universities leader, Prof. Olusegun Ajiboye, as its Registrar. Those in classrooms without the TRCN certificate are also going to be thrown out of the classrooms.

Till date, close to 1. As part of the policy drive of the present administration, the Federal Ministry of Education has joined forces with the council towards implementing its policy not to allow any person without a professional certification from the TRCN to teach any child in Nigeria public and private schools. Regular examination and training may be needed for teachers to update their knowledge in line with global best practices. Nigerian children cannot be left behind while their counterparts across the globe are in tune with current state of knowledge.

In order to set the tone for the implementation of professional standards, the TRCN recently organised a workshop at the University of Ibadan where far-reaching recommendations were made. If this recommendation is followed, the issue of professionalism in the teaching profession will get the desired attention.

However, political convenience among politicians may be a clog in the wheel of this suggestion as Nigerian politicians have been known to sacrifice the pursuit of the common good for selfish, personal interest. Education in Nigeria suffers because those formulating policies in the area of teaching are not even core professionals. This perhaps explains why the workshop recommended that policymakers in education in Nigeria must themselves be professional teachers and hold the TRCN certificates.

This is a valid suggestion as only those who wear the shoe know where it pinches. It goes to say that round pegs should be put in round holes. Nigeria obviously suffers because critical sectors of the economy are manned by people who do not have the requisite expertise to deliver on the job. Even when people are nominated for political appointments, the executive which ought to use qualification in assigning responsibilities usually does not.

The Minister of State for Education, Prof. Anthony Anwuka, has threatened not to employ anybody without the TRCN certificate into the teaching profession again and sack those already teaching without holding the certificate from This is why the suggestion that a mechanism should be put in place to check procurement of fake certificates and licences should be seriously implemented.

The experts also made case for periodic examination of teachers to validate their licenses in such a way that teachers who do not meet the criteria could be allowed to undergo in-service, in-house training or even a full-time programme and those who are unable to cope should be shown the way out of the classroom. This, to me, is to prevent rustiness among teachers. This move if faithfully implemented will ensure that Nigerian teachers regularly update themselves knowing that a periodic examination will determine their fates. There is however a major contention to the policy.

The Minister of State for Education threatened that implementation will start next year and nobody will be spared no matter how highly placed. This includes lecturers in tertiary institutions who have shown reluctance from registering with the TRCN. Lecturers in tertiary institutions were enjoined to enrol for post-doctoral diploma in education PDDE.