Plan for Reconstruction: Volume 14 (International Library of Sociology)

Among them were the following: His election as the first president of the International Association of Sociologists - a position he held at the time of his death - is signal testimony to the high repute that he had achieved in world scholarship. Wirth died suddenly and unexpectedly one spring day in in Buffalo, New York at the young age of He had been in Buffalo to speak at a conference on community relations; he collapsed and died following his presentation.

The collection covers Wirth's work from the time of his dismissal from the faculty of Tulane University and his return to the University of Chicago in to the end of his life. Most of the collection is concerned with Wirth's very active professional life, both in and outside of the University. It is organized into six series and two addenda.

Guide to the Louis Wirth Papers

Manuscripts and Research Material; IV. University of Chicago; V. Newspaper clippings; and VI. The General Correspondence, alphabetically arranged and covering the period from to , is at its heaviest during the 's and early 's.

1. Cotton Gloves Crochet Pattern;
2. Unglaubliche Welt: 4 Mystery-Erzählungen (KopfKino in Spielfilmlänge Sammelband 1) (German Edition)?
3. Alphabet Book: A is for Apple (Professor Potts Learning Book Series 1).
4. International Planning History Society Proceedings.
5. Guide to the Louis Wirth Papers 1918-1952.
6. MONEY MAGIC - Amazing Magic Tricks with Banknotes!
7. ?

As his "general" body of correspondence it relates to the whole range of Wirth's activities and overlaps those specifically listed in subsequent sections of these papers. These subsequent sections also contain additional correspondence of particular pertinence to the matter at hand, and should not be overlooked.

Grouped under Professional Activities and Organizations are a variety of records relating to Wirth's professional life outside of the University of Chicago. Arranged alphabetically by name of organization usually a committee, institution, board but occasionally by subject this section contains such data as minutes, reports, correspondence, and other relevant documentation relating to Wirth's participation.

There is a heavy emphasis on professional societies and conferences, Wirth having served as president of both the American Sociological Society and the International Sociological Association. Throughout this section, city planning, urban problems, racial discrimination, housing, and education are the main themes. The section on Research, including manuscripts, reprints, book reviews, and related correspondence contains Wirth's own writings, although occasionally there are articles by students and colleagues retained for reference.

This material alphabetically arranged covers the period from to , with an occasional earlier piece such as "Life at the Chicago Public Bathing Beaches," a term paper he wrote as a student in Ernest W. Burgess's Social Pathology class in The correspondence, comments, and a typewritten copy of Gunner Myrdal's The Negro in America is the only major piece in this section that is not Wirth's.

During the last ten years of his life, he projected a major scholarly work on the city. An outline of The City was prepared and a few chapters drafted. Boxes contain bibliographies, outlines, and other materials to have been used for the work that was never completed. Wirth's activities specifically connected with teaching and administrative matters at the University of Chicago are arranged alphabetically in Series IV. As a representative of the Sociology Department, he played a large part in developing a one-year course in the Social Sciences.

Wirth's records on the committee charged with this responsibility are included as are other records related to courses he taught, in particular on the Sociology of Knowledge. These records often contain correspondence and minutes. Series V, Newspaper Clippings, contains clippings which are dated and identified, accumulated by Wirth in the 's and early 's.

Arranged by subject matter, they reflect Wirth's concern with community, national, and international problems. Browse finding aids by topic. American Council on Race Relations 's: American Sociological Society - , correspondence: American Sociological Society - , contributed papers: Anti-Defamation League - , memoranda, press releases, reports, and miscellaneous pamphlets. School Project - , correspondence. School Project - , minutes, memos, reports, and pamphlets. School Project - , minutes, reports, pamphlets, and questionnaires See: Corning Conference - October 3, Discrimination in Institutions of Higher Learning - , correspondence and minutes Illinois Region.

International Sociological Association - , meeting to discuss the formation of an International Sociological Association October 14, International Sociological Association - , Oslo Meeting; constitution, minutes, officers, and program. International Sociological Association - , Zurich Conference, provisional agenda and timetable. International Sociological Association - , Zurich Conference, newspaper clippings, pamphlets, etc. International Sociological Association - , correspondence: American Journal of Sociology - Kilbourn. International Sociological Association, American Sociological Society, report of the committee on relations with sociologist in other countries.

This study explores the nature conservation planning in the urban context, an emerging issue in the process of striking a balance between natural heritage conservation and urbanization demands, by focusing on two cases: Breda City Plan is analyzed as a reflection of a deep-rooted tradition that is sensitive to nature while Riva Beykoz Plan is analyzed as a unique example within Turkey in that regard. These cases see the development of an integrated rainwater management system by the enhancement of existing ecosystems and green urban spaces and by their connection to the adjacent protected natural areas.

This study explores whether the recent implementations of nature conservation in Breda and Beykoz Riva meet IUCN guidelines for urban areas. These cases are analyzed with the IUCN Urban Protected Area Guidelines which adopts current concept and methodology of nature conservation planning in urban areas. As a result of their analysis, it is observed that they both meet the guideline criteria. It is necessary to study the historical legacy of Ji'ning in a scientific way, to excavate its context and characteristics, and furthermore to learn from the legacy and explore the way of urban transformation and development.

Firstly, the historical context of the city development of Ji'ning is teased out to excavate its driving force. Secondly, the mechanism of the interaction between city and water is excavated with Canal Cultural Period as an example. Based on this, the enlightenment from the historical legacy to the sustainable future of the contemporary city is declared as a conclusion. It is necessary to study the Although modern Japanese cities are the products of an urban planning system, this system is itself rooted in the histories of towns and provincial areas, that had previously grown in the context of local economic needs and resources.

However, in the early stages of urbanisation, the new infrastructure derived from the West did not necessarily complement the existing local urban environment. This was eventually reconciled by a series of infrastructure development projects, which were presented to local city planners for feedback.

This study focuses on a typical example of this process in Gifu, Japan; it presents a description of the steps by which the region was gradually modernised by means of a river improvement project that led to the implementation of urban planning. However, in the early stages of urbanisation, the new Residents within are entitled to the right to use the house in the form of a lease.

After entering a free trade housing market in , residents in historic neighbourhoods of Shanghai have been suffering uncertainty of their identities. Through a literature review, fieldwork and a pilot study in Xintiandi, Tianzifang and Chunyangli districts, urban transformation in historic urban communities from within is found literally rare in China. This paper argues that residents could not clarify their role by living in urban heritage, neither obtaining house-ownership to define their position nor being treated as one component of urban heritage.

Government in China has been indeed the character who mediates between all stakeholders and bears the most burden. Through a literature review, fieldwork and a pilot study in Xintiandi, Tianzifang and Chunyangli districts, urban transformation in historic After entering a free trade housing market in , residents in historic neighbourhoods of Occupation of temporary dwellings during a shortage of affordable housing is a global phenomenon.

Until recently, the majority of urban planning literature has tended to convey that this type of informal urbanism existed only in the global south. However, a number of scholarly publications have revealed that informal urbanism was present in the global north throughout the early twentieth century, surrounding newly-industrialising cities in France and Canada and as seasonal accommodation in the UK. Recent studies reveal that similar dwellings emerged with illegal suburbanisation in Greek and Portuguese cities during the mid-century, and persist today as US-Mexico borderland colonia settlements.

References to temporary dwellings in Australian housing literature suggested that informal urban development existed at an appreciable scale on the fringes of most towns and cities in Australia following world war two. This paper surveys the phenomenon as it played out in the outer suburbs of metropolitan Sydney, highlights a distinctive Australian story, and compares this with the international instances.

The paper then suggests that a combination of four unprecedented circumstances prevailing in post-war Sydney enabled temporary dwellings to be a successful form of informal suburban development that enabled economically-marginal households to achieve ownership of a conventional home. This paper surveys the phenomenon as it played out in the outer suburbs However, a number of scholarly publications By analyzing the changes in planning for facilities for the Seoul Olympic Games, focusing especially on green areas and road networks, this study aims to reveal the transformation of Seoul City, sparked by the Seoul Olympic Games.

Most of the new competition venues for the Olympic games were built in the green areas in the Jamsil District and the Taenung District. In particular, the Jamsil District was able to support the development of two main Olympic venues by reclaiming land through the revetment of the Han River.

Most of the new competition venues for the Olympic games This study collected and organized political, economic and cultural events in Chongqing from to , and then analysed how its city planning responded to those critical junctures, and evaluate whether it was successful or not; furthermore, it traced the evolution of motive forces in Chongqing.

The result of this study shows that Chongqing has built a comprehensive development framework for settlement hierarchy structure, transportation, economy and ecology. For the future, it should pay more attention to improve its infrastructure, conserve its historic heritage, strengthen its identity as a city of mountain and river, and achieve more sustainable development both ecologically and socially. Moreover, besides making sure that politic and economic forces fulfil their role, decision makers should also value social forces, make multiple objectives, exercise public participation and achieve social justice in the policy making and implementing process.

For the future, it should pay more attention to improve its infrastructure, This study collected and organized political, economic and cultural events in Chongqing from to , and then analysed how its city planning responded to those critical With a historical and morphological approach, this paper marks the correlation between the critical junctures occurred in China from to and the new planning proposals for the modern capital cities rebuilt at that time, Nanjing and Beijing. This paper assumes that the modern breaking points of Chinese history have the key role in reshaping the urban landscape as in the past.

Stressing the attention on the planning features of each proposal, it is possible to highlight, firstly, the way new plans reproduce the classic patterns and override them in accordance with the political ideals and propaganda meanings that architecture and urbanism are supposed to embody; secondly, a constant application of traditional forms and urban patterns, by citation and reinterpretation. These two orders of results could eventually prove that reactionary and revolutionary political forces are influenced by the same atavistic rhetorical frameworks when they come to draw the spatial palimpsest of their power.

Thus, each critical juncture is a new testing ground for the resistance of those recurring planning features in the present days as in the past. These two orders of results could eventually prove that reactionary and This paper assumes that the modern breaking The paper accordingly explores China's increasingly pluralistic situation in urban heritage preservation, and reveals the roles of these non-governmental players.

The paper selects Tianjin Memory as a specific case, and elucidates its developments and transformations from to the present via documental research, in-depth interviews and internet big data analyses. Informed by internal ecological relationship analyses, the paper divides its development process into four main stages: Each stage is examined from six factors, i.

The research further identifies the main limitations and challenges for Tianjin Memory. The research further identifies the main limitations and challenges for The paper accordingly explores China's increasingly pluralistic situation in urban heritage preservation, and reveals The scope of cultural heritage is beginning to extend to the modern ear and holistically covers buildings and lifestyle. Using memory has become to be applied as one of the methods for conservation while it is usually used in short duration or just for one heritage.

It is hardly ever extended to urban planning. In this paper, I proposed the memory project in Mera village and considered the collaboration among five sectors through three memories. The memory project became virtuous circle to produce community initiatives and new memories at the same time. And, I determined memory heritages through the changes of the relationship between the memories and the spaces.

There was a possibility for memory urbanism too. It said that the importance of realistic and balanced viewpoints with authenticity. It is hardly ever extended Recently, in the context of China's policy of vigorously developing the assertive culture confidence, the value of traditional culture has been re-recognized by the whole society. However, due to the unbalanced development of China's eastern and western regions, the value of cultural heritage is not valued in the western region. Hanzhong district in Shaanxi province, belonging to the intersection of the south and north, has its own unique natural and cultural environment.

The three historic sites of the western Han Dynasty are located in the city centre of Hanzhong, and as the historical heritage of Han culture, it has been hesitant between protection and development for many years.

On the one hand, this paper tries to introduce the concept of "field" into the protection of cultural heritage, by constructing the cultural field model and using the cultural field to explore the question of historical heritage activation. This article, on the other hand, by expanding the mapping function, using the method of mapping defined the three historic sites of the western Han dynasty culture field research scope and the elements, combing extracted place identity, controlling the space boundary of place and for placemaking, and proposing an operable strategy and approach.

This article, on the other hand, by expanding the mapping However, due to the unbalanced development of China's eastern and western regions, the value of cultural heritage The unbuilt project of Panhandle Freeway in San Francisco from the early s is a unique case in the politics of design during the heyday of urban renewal in the United States in the early s.

The close collaboration between highway engineers and landscape architect Lawrence Halprin on this project also exemplifies cross-disciplinary thinking in redefining natural processes in the city.

Guide to the Louis Wirth Papers 1918-1952

While Halprin emphasized the visual and visceral experience of moving through the highways integrated with parks and residential apartments, the civic function of urban freeway clashed with the local communities that would be displaced by the construction. The aesthetics of mobility eulogized a regional vision shared by Halprin and his friends informed their active involvement with the infrastructural design of the Bay Area.

It presents an alternative to the criticism of the urban renewal of the s. Nevertheless, the residents worked with the city council on the successful revolt against Panhandle Freeway, and none of the alternative routes was constructed, leaving the gap between southern San Francisco and Golden Gate Bridge to local traffic. In doing so, his interweaving of urban ecology and infrastructure marked the evolution of scenic parkways to urban freeway in landscape architectural practices. The lesson of Panhandle Freeway is not only a matter of coexistence, it also foreshadowed the open-ended methodology in planning and design.

Nevertheless, the residents worked with the city council on the successful revolt against The close collaboration between highway engineers and landscape architect Lawrence Halprin on There has been a great accumulation of research on the uniform town planning philosophy since the 16th century in the Spanish colonies and now its impact on modern urban planning is an important contemporary aspect on this theme. The planning techniques of grid pattern for rational administrative management and missionary work were carefully literalized by the Laws of the Indies to create a large number of urban spaces with highly physical homogeneity.

Symbolizing this planning philosophy is the Ordinances of the Philip II promulgated in However, almost no towns were built in perfect accordance with this code, and rather the process of real town construction and its transformation have been the subject of many researches. On the other hand, in view with the specific planning techniques described in the Ordinances of Philip II, there is some intentional operation that is difficult to explain clearly from the viewpoint of the planning philosophy of homogeneity.

This paper is to review the Ordinances of Philip II as an accumulation of the concrete town planning techniques for the Spanish colonial town construction and to verify the perspective of "diversity creation" and "response to city extensibility". The planning techniques of grid pattern for rational Following the enforcement of the Urban Development Act in and the foundation of the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement in , the first regional plan was developed for the Eastern Marmara Region in Turkey.

Conference paper

The regional plan, which was prepared by the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement, in collaboration with the State Planning Office aimed at directing the industrial developments, the distribution of the industrial population and defining the hierarchy of urban settlements in the region respectively.

The Regional Plan proposed an urban and regional infrastructure and a linear settlement development model for the Greater Istanbul area for the first time. The cities in Turkey were subject to a rapid urbanization due to a continuous flow of population from rural areas to the cities, which accelerated after s.

As a result, a multiplicity of new municipalities outside the existing limits of the major cities were formed, which necessitated a holistic planning in metropolitan scale. With this objective, three metropolitan planning offices were established for the major cities, Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir under the Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement. The distribution of population between European and Asian sides of Istanbul metropolitan area was studied, and a linear pattern of settlement units separated by green areas was adopted in line with the regional plan.

A strategic planning model was adopted in the last stage of the metropolitan planning. Based on an extensive survey, the demands of different sectors were defined. Alternative development strategies and scenarios were proposed with regard to the demands of the sectors. Beginning with the regional planning scale, the distribution of the residential and working areas, different strategies were tested with respect to their performances in achieving the initial development objectives. Based on an extensive data, projections, and regional development strategies updated, a plan that could guide the urban development policies was achieved.

The metropolitan plan was completed and approved by the Ministry in July The Metropolitan Plan of Greater Istanbul constituted the first metropolitan plan, in Turkey, where the strategic planning approach was applied by comparing alternative development strategies. However, it could not be implemented properly as the planning authority was transferred to the Greater Municipality. Yet, with its holistic approach, this metropolitan plan that defined strategies of urban development and natural and urban conservation in metropolitan scale, could have prevented unplanned, piecemeal operations if it could be implemented.

In the present paper, the metropolitan planning experience of Greater Istanbul is studied with a focus on the master plan. The role of the planning decisions in the urban development of the metropolitan city will be discussed at the end of the paper. As a result, a multiplicity of new municipalities outside the existing limits of the major cities were formed, which necessitated a holistic planning in The regional plan, which was prepared by the Ministry of Reconstruction From the mid s and into the interwar period a little-known group of citizen-sociologists attempted to break up the British Empire and establish a proto- garden-city-state network.

Comte introduced the modern science of sociology, the Religion of Humanity, and the utopia called the Occidental Republic. They created urban interventions or Positivist institutes, led ad hoc sociological surveys, and published programmes for realising regional republics. This essay contributes to our understanding of how Positivist sociology was a eutopian spatial design practice rooted in creating a comprehensive and participatory moral, cultural and intellectual network for the life virtuous.

If we require some alternative to religious fanaticism, political lethargy, provincialism, fake news and right-wing reaction, the praxis explored herein might serve as a precedent for ethical, political and collectivist spatial agency. This essay contributes to our These actors were the followers of the French Positivist philosopher Auguste Comte and his British acolyte In the early s, regional planning theory and practice spread into China.

Gannan Reform dominated by Chiang Ching-kuo was an important experiment and marked by socialist ideology from the Soviet-Russia. In Jiangxi Province, Chiang Ching-kuo formulated the regional development path of first social construction and post physical planning. As a proponent of Confucianism, he combined the Soviet-experience with traditional Confucian urban-rural governance rules of ancient China.

Promoted by Chiang, the government formulated two five-year plans in and Under planned economy system, government developed public and cooperative undertakings to construct various industries and built a model state as an example for China which attracted the attention of world. China, and had an obvious socialist character. Based on historical archives, research has focused on Chiang Ching-uo and Gannan Reform and explained that how the reform can combined the Sovietexperience, planned economy, Confucian experience with regional planning as the earliest regional planning in modern China in s.

In Jiangxi Province, Chiang Ching-kuo formulated the regional development path of first In the intense debate that surrounds modernist housing estates in Europe there is a common argument: In our opinion, the comparison should be made not with the traditional city but with the remaining peripheral landscape. In this regard, determining the level of isolation from or integration into the immediate urban tissue is a key issue. How were they designed and with what specific features, compared to their European counterparts?

What role and impact did urban planning and projects have in their fragmentary development? In our opinion, the comparison should be made not Neighbourhood units and Brazilian new towns were an instrument of national development in line with the governmental nation-building discourse and planning agenda. Urbanisation was thought to be a path to modernisation and innovative urban settings were to establish new urban practices and change social behaviour. But could neighbourhood units really mean new living patterns? Was the neighbourhood unit straightforwardly accepted as a new urban condition?

Did it meet passive compliance or strong opposition? Due to physical inadequacy and cultural incompatibility, neighbourhood units were either considerably transformed, or rejected and replaced by more traditional, conventional urban configurations, for a foreign-planning idea is only truly incorporated when it makes sense in the cultural realm that has adopted it. Urbanisation was thought to be a path to modernisation and innovative urban settings were to establish new urban practices and The new millennium has been a time for a great change in the Chinese planning history.

Planning has become a professional practice able to manage the construction of thousands of new urban settlements and urbanization has driven deep transformations in the economic structure of China and in its society. From a planning perspective, this paper tries to analyse the phenomenal and formal aspects related to plans of two case studies.

Applying a typo-morphological approach, the physical structure of both plans are analysed and compared so to highlight the structural elements of analogy between them. The aim is to reveal the current attempts by planners to transfer cultural issues into the built environment. Thus, this will allow to find out the possible commonalities and define the terms of correspondences of these contemporary layouts with the historical Chinese planning wisdom.

The aim is to reveal the current attempts by planners to transfer Planning has become a professional practice able to manage the construction of thousands of new urban settlements and urbanization has driven deep transformations in the economic structure of China and in In the specialist literature, the Berlin tenement Berliner Mietskaserne is considered as the epitome of speculative overuse of the residential block on the eve of the Modern period.

This view misses the fact that at the turn of the 19th century, several urban districts in Berlin were built for an emerging middle class that are of outstanding urban quality. The entrepreneur Georg Haberland Berlinische Boden- Gesellschaft developed entire neighborhoods that contributed greatly to the history of urban development at the beginning of the 20th century — a contribution seriously underestimated.

In addition to the Anglo-Saxon way of suburbanization of the middle class and the French way of urbanization of the bourgeoisie within the existing town — which are commented on extensively — the urban interventions of Haberland are a little-documented third way in the history of city expansions. In this paper, first, I address the question of the urban qualities of the Bavarian District Bayerisches Viertel , drawing on previously unpublished historical sources.

Planning urban settlements from scratch is a current and crucial topic particularly in the US and in East Asia. Corresponding current projects — often designed by European planners — can be found especially in China. In this paper, first, I address the question of the urban qualities of the Bavarian This view misses the fact that at the turn of the 19th century, several urban districts in Berlin were built And it also shows that planning criss-cross roads network in a new district outside the old cities of the jumping rhythm by with new urban core.

Either the former or the latter were both applying western planning theories for the purpose of improving and beautifying the urban environment. And it also shows that planning criss-cross roads network in a new district outside the old cities of the jumping rhythm by with new The design of the university campus is often seen as a microcosm of broader city planning trends. The university is now a global institution but this paper specifically explores trends in Australian university campus planning across several decades of political, institutional, economic, social and environmental change since the late s.

At mid-twentieth century campuses were legacy sites embodying design fashions from the past and awaited the exponential growth in demand for tertiary education which came in the post-war period when completely new campuses were also developed. A benchmark paradigm in campus and city planning from the late s was master planning, denoting comprehensive, all-of-a-piece integrated blueprints.

While the idea of holistic spatial strategies has not completely lapsed, campus planning processes have become more fluid, targeted and opportunistic, just as city planning generally has become more creative and flexible in dealing with faster rates of economic, social, technological, environmental and educational change. Our brief survey covers the major phase of post-war university development, a parallel and intersecting set of design epochs, and identification of some of the leading designers of the boom period through and on either side of the s.

While the idea of holistic spatial strategies has not completely lapsed, campus planning processes have become more fluid, targeted and opportunistic, just as city planning generally has become more creative and flexible in dealing with faster rates of The university is now a global institution but this paper specifically explores trends in Australian university campus planning across several decades of political, institutional, economic, social Community participation after a disaster is widely acknowledged to be crucial in both mitigation and reconstruction planning; however, to date very little research has been done on collaborative planning in a post-disaster context.

This paper addresses the issue of collaborative planning for post-disaster reconstruction to effectively facilitate community participatory processes. First, we surveyed the characteristics of community participation for post-disaster reconstruction in Italy. Second, we studied the regional legislative regulations for reconstruction in Emilia-Romagna. Third, we compared the community participation and formulation processes of reconstruction planning tools used by communities. As a conclusion, we identified three key factors that encourage collaborative planning for reconstruction.

The first key factor is the timing of the participatory process must be well managed. The second is a participatory proposal shared with citizens, which must be considered the guiding document for local development. The third key factor is regeneration scenarios for the whole territory considering the different periods must be defined, as well as the implementation strategies and tactics for each urban core. As a conclusion, we identified three key factors that encourage This paper addresses the issue of collaborative planning for The paper puts it focus on the activities of university researchers to organize the top-down urban planning and bottom-up community design with the theme of disaster in Koto-delta.

Moreover, comparative and analysis of statistical data of Koto-delta for half a century show the necessary conditions for considering the disaster prevention planning. Koto-delta is the most dangerous area for disaster in Tokyo. Takayama presented the Koto Cross Disaster Prevention Belt Conception, after studying his laboratory, became the foundation of the current planning.

While disaster prevention bases and public facilities have increased the disaster prevention performance of the area, the aging and unused facilities are now a problem. Otani and Sato aimed to improve the community by cooperative rebuilding of residents, but the discussion was difficult, and maintenance did not proceed. The statistical data shows that the safety of the area improved, but in addition to the failure of social mix due to largescale development, the loss of regional landscape and diversity due to the promotion of detached rebuilding, the resilience is decreasing.

The statistical data shows that the safety of the area improved, but in addition to the failure of social mix due Moreover, comparative and analysis of statistical data of Koto-delta for half a century show the necessary This case study focuses on the planning, design and implementation of Wanglongmen residential quarter project to preliminarily explore how Chongqing learned from Hong Kong in pursuit of modernity in the early reform.

The interactions produced walk-up high-rise residences, and influenced building massing and landscaping. Besides, the logic behind some design tactics changed from pursing commercial profit to pursing public interest during the transplantation. The paper argues that when China was transforming from planned economy to market economy in the early reform, the influences from Hong Kong were emerging but the remains of the planned-economy era still prevailed. Besides, the logic behind some design tactics changed from pursing commercial profit to pursing This case study focuses on the planning, design and implementation of Wanglongmen residential The proliferation of private residential development is evident worldwide.

In Seoul, these developments have distinctive spatial and morphological characteristics. Originally, government housing policies drove the construction of apartment complexes to ensure massive housing supply. Over time, development shifted, becoming more market-driven, aimed at the middle class, and built by the private sector. During the late s, an increase in luxury high-rise apartment complexes increased, reflecting a tendency to live in a socioeconomically homogeneous community and propelling the proliferation of self-contained gated communities.

To understand the continually increasing exclusive nature of apartment complexes in Seoul, we examine two areas with apartment complexes of different periods and development methods: The research focused on 28 complexes, and measured the surrounding vertical borders, pedestrian paths, and roadways, and access control. Tracing these features over time, we investigated the increasingly exclusive nature and decreasing public nature of apartment complexes, consequences of development for physical and social space during different periods, and degree of public or private intervention.

In Brazil, two programs deserve special mention: BNH, created in as the financing body for the construction of social housing, producing thousands of housing units until , opening up expansion fronts for the reproduction of the real estate market. In the second, the PMCMV, initiated in , one of the biggest obstacles is access to urbanized land, with alternative to the occupation of scattered, devalued and deprived areas of environmental sanitation and public transportation. So, it is questioned to what extent the actions of the PMCMV, regarding the dynamics of housing production resemble or are distinguished from those undertaken by BNH?

For the development of this, quantitative and qualitative information was collected in public agencies, generating tables and mapping the insertion of the enterprises in Aracaju. Thus, there are coincidences regarding the peripheral and dispersed logic of these sets, highlighting the clear socio-spatial segregation of the lower income strata, in the search for land valuation in function of public and private investments.

For the development of this, quantitative and qualitative information was collected in public Seoul has materialized a unique built form on its urban terrain through aggressively constructing apartment complexes, a large-scale, single-parcel private territory, over the last half-a-century.

The historical formation of apartment complexes differs significantly based on elements such as the development policies in each period, development mechanisms, the degree of public control, and the extent of private engagement. The formal characteristics of apartment complexes are analysed in term of such morphological elements as plot apartment complex as single parcel , building, street and density among others.

The morphological characteristic in relation to development method provides insights related to genesis aspects of apartment complex emergence regarding its morphological characteristics. By focusing on morphological aspect, the study intends to examine the spatial manifestation of massive apartment complex building that has formed and transformed Seoul over the modernization years. The collection covers Wirth's work from the time of his dismissal from the faculty of Tulane University and his return to the University of Chicago in to the end of his life.

Most of the collection is concerned with Wirth's very active professional life, both in and outside of the University.

It is organized into six series and two addenda. Manuscripts and Research Material; IV. University of Chicago; V. Newspaper clippings; and VI. The General Correspondence, alphabetically arranged and covering the period from to , is at its heaviest during the 's and early 's. As his "general" body of correspondence it relates to the whole range of Wirth's activities and overlaps those specifically listed in subsequent sections of these papers.

These subsequent sections also contain additional correspondence of particular pertinence to the matter at hand, and should not be overlooked. Grouped under Professional Activities and Organizations are a variety of records relating to Wirth's professional life outside of the University of Chicago.

Arranged alphabetically by name of organization usually a committee, institution, board but occasionally by subject this section contains such data as minutes, reports, correspondence, and other relevant documentation relating to Wirth's participation. There is a heavy emphasis on professional societies and conferences, Wirth having served as president of both the American Sociological Society and the International Sociological Association. Throughout this section, city planning, urban problems, racial discrimination, housing, and education are the main themes.

The section on Research, including manuscripts, reprints, book reviews, and related correspondence contains Wirth's own writings, although occasionally there are articles by students and colleagues retained for reference. This material alphabetically arranged covers the period from to , with an occasional earlier piece such as "Life at the Chicago Public Bathing Beaches," a term paper he wrote as a student in Ernest W.

Burgess's Social Pathology class in The correspondence, comments, and a typewritten copy of Gunner Myrdal's The Negro in America is the only major piece in this section that is not Wirth's. During the last ten years of his life, he projected a major scholarly work on the city. An outline of The City was prepared and a few chapters drafted. Boxes contain bibliographies, outlines, and other materials to have been used for the work that was never completed. Wirth's activities specifically connected with teaching and administrative matters at the University of Chicago are arranged alphabetically in Series IV.

As a representative of the Sociology Department, he played a large part in developing a one-year course in the Social Sciences. Wirth's records on the committee charged with this responsibility are included as are other records related to courses he taught, in particular on the Sociology of Knowledge.

These records often contain correspondence and minutes. Series V, Newspaper Clippings, contains clippings which are dated and identified, accumulated by Wirth in the 's and early 's. Arranged by subject matter, they reflect Wirth's concern with community, national, and international problems. Browse finding aids by topic. American Council on Race Relations 's: American Sociological Society - , correspondence: American Sociological Society - , contributed papers: Anti-Defamation League - , memoranda, press releases, reports, and miscellaneous pamphlets.

School Project - , correspondence. School Project - , minutes, memos, reports, and pamphlets. School Project - , minutes, reports, pamphlets, and questionnaires See: Corning Conference - October 3, Discrimination in Institutions of Higher Learning - , correspondence and minutes Illinois Region. International Sociological Association - , meeting to discuss the formation of an International Sociological Association October 14, International Sociological Association - , Oslo Meeting; constitution, minutes, officers, and program.

International Sociological Association - , Zurich Conference, provisional agenda and timetable. International Sociological Association - , Zurich Conference, newspaper clippings, pamphlets, etc. International Sociological Association - , correspondence: American Journal of Sociology - Kilbourn.

International Sociological Association, American Sociological Society, report of the committee on relations with sociologist in other countries. Rockefeller Foundation - See: General Correspondence - J. Public Administration and Social Security, Social Science Research Council, Committee on Review of Council Policy, reports on general state of council and report on history, activity and policies of the Social Science Research Council - continuation of above.