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The European Union focuses its action on diplomacy, the promotion of human rights, trade, development and humanitarian aid and working with multilateral organisations. Through its European Neighbourhood Policy, the EU promotes democracy, good governance and human rights while opening trade and cooperation with our southern and eastern neighbours in many policy areas, including on migration and visa issues.

The EU is also the largest single donor of development aid. This contribution makes a huge difference to millions of people's livelihoods around the world. The EU and its Member States are also the world's largest donor of humanitarian aid. They provide life-saving needs-based humanitarian aid to the victims of disasters, refugees and others in dire need. Particular attention is given to the most vulnerable populations, i. The EU is a steadfast supporter of a rules based global order, with the United Nations at its core. These missions carry out a variety of tasks, ranging from supporting the management of borders to training local police.

The attractiveness of EU membership and the political and economic stability it brings have meant that many European countries continue to aspire to join, although they must first pass through EU membership tests, including on democracy and the rule of law. During , the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy focused above all on continuing the quest for solutions to the acute crises affecting the EU's neighbourhood whilst protecting and defending human rights, as well as on building and strengthening peace and stability globally including via CSDP missions and operations.

To the south, EU efforts continued to try to bring the conflict in Syria to a close, seen as both a major security risk to global stability and a source of mass movement of people fleeing to safety. Otherwise, the EU foreign policy focused on capitalising on positive political developments, such as in Iran, where work continued the implementation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action JCPOA and renewing bilateral relations. Other priorities included advancing the EU's work in Libya. Building on an already active role in Africa, the EU continued to strengthen peace and resilience including through CSDP missions and operations.

The Brussels Afghanistan conference in October was an important opportunity to foster peace, stability and security. The EU also continued to pursue its strategic interest through fostering dialogues on values and global challenges and priority policy areas with key partners across the world. The EU acknowledged the importance of an international system based on multilateralism and pursued active engagement with the United Nations.

Following an evaluation of the European C onsensus, in , the Commission presented a Proposal for a new European Consensus on Development 5 , which aligns European Union EU development policy with the Agenda 6. Once adopted in the form of a Joint Statement by the representatives of Member S tates meeting within the Council, the European Parliament and the Commission, the Consensus will provide a common vision and framework of action for development policy, which will apply to the EU and its Member States.

The Commission also put forward a proposal for an ambitious European External Investment Plan for sustainable investment in Africa and the European Neighbourhood 8. Strengthening the strategic Africa-EU Partnership remained high amongst political and cooperation priorities and the EU continued its efforts to boost sustainable and inclusive growth across the African continent.

In the EU has also increased its focus on the security-development nexus in the design of its programmes. Working towards a new comprehensive policy on migration continued to be one of the EU's top policy priorities. The Commission has also engaged with all neighbourhood countries through continuing political dial ogue and by providing additional guidance and support in their reform efforts. Finally, preparatory work was undertaken in view of the adoption of a horizontal, region-wide Joint Communication in Most of the countries have committed to critical reforms and positively engaged in the modernisation of their public administrations and justice systems including stepping up efforts in the fight against corruption.

For the Eastern Partnership EaP , a document on 20 deliverables due by was adopted in December as a preparation for the next EaP summit in In the South, cooperation with the UfM has continued to focus on women's empowerment, youth employability and sustainable development. The first UfM Ministerial Meeting on Regional Co-operation and Planning took place in Jordan in June and resulted in state partners committing to a stronger regional cooperation framework with the emphasis on substantive initiatives and projects.

In September, the Commission proposed to set up a new European External Investment Plan to stimulate investments in the Neighbourhood and in Africa for growth and job creation.

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In , humanitarian crises again increased in number, complexity and severity. The Syria crisis as well as several protracted confli cts in Africa, generated humanitarian needs on an unprecedented scale; and these were compounded by long-term global mega-trends such as climate change and population growth in many of the most vulnerable parts of the world. The EU's humanitarian response saw several important developments su ch as the establishment of the Facility for Refugees in Turkey including the largest-ever, cash-based humanitarian programme funded by the EU , as well as significant innovation in the EU's policy approach to long-term forced displacement, and a new polic y on hu manitarian protection.

The EU's Civil Protection Mechanism, meanwhile, was further enhanced by the creat ion of the European Medical Corps and by the further development of the "voluntary pool" of Member States' response assets. The Mechanism as such was activated 26 times in to respond to natural and man-made disasters around the world. According to Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, any European State which respects the values referred to in Article 2 of the treaty and is committed to promoting them may apply to become a member of the EU. The current enlargement agenda covers the countries of the Western Balkans and Turkey.

Accession negotiations have been open with Turkey since Accession negotiations have been underway with Montenegro since and with Serbia since The EU accession process with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia a candidate country since remains at an impasse.

Albania was granted candidate status in Here progress in implementing judicial reform, in particular the vetting of judges and prosecutors, is crucial for the opening of accession negotiations. A Stabilisation and Association Agreement SAA with Bosnia and Herzegovina entered into force in June and the country submitted a membership application in February ; the process of preparing a Commission Opinion is ongoing.

Enlargement is a process built on established criteria and lessons learned from the past. It supports candidate countries and potential candidates in carrying out the reforms and fundamental changes needed to meet the obligations of European Union membership. Ensuring future Member States are well prepared is crucial for the credibility of enlargement policy, as well as for public support in both current and future Member States.

The main tool for the Commission's assessment and guidance is the annual Enlargement package, with a focus on "fundamentals first", ensuring that early in the accession process, countries prioritise reforms in the key areas of rule of law, fundamental rights, strengthening democratic institutions, including public administration, as well as economic development and competitiveness. In , reporting was extended to areas linked to economic development free movement of goods, competition, transport, energy , as well as to migration, border control, asylum and the fight against terrorism and environment and climate change.

In the Enlargement package, the Commission noted that there have been efforts to modernise legal frameworks and infrastructure and provide training to the judiciary, that fundamental rights continue to be largely enshrined in legislation, that economic growth has improved in the Western Balkans and that regional cooperation has increased further, fostering political stabilisation and economic opportunities. However, effective implementation is often lacking in many areas. Enlargement policy continues to deliver results and reforms are moving forward in most candidate countries, albeit at different speeds.

Given the complex nature of the necessary reforms, it is a long-term process and structural shortcomings persist, notably in the key areas of rule of law and the economy.

Associated Data

The subsequent informal meeting of Ministers of Defence in Bratislava provided full support to the HRVP to develop a follow-up strategy in the field of security and defence. This proceeded along three tracks: The strategy was progressed through an open process of consultation with Member States, leading to the presentation and endorsement of the Implementation Plan at the November Foreign Affairs Council and the endorsement of the European Council in December.

It proposed a set of comprehensive actions to underpin the level of ambition: The December European Council endorsed the overall defence package. Along these seven priorities the common set of proposals endorsed by the European Council in December identified a further 42 actions. In a world that is constantly facing uncertainties and crises, Europe must stand together and play an active role in shaping global change. Together and in support of EU external policies, the external financing instruments funded by the EU budget and the European Development Fund aim to make the EU an active partner on the world stage and ensure it can help safeguard world-wide public goods and promote its values of democracy, human rights, peace, solidarity, stability and poverty reduction.

The EU and its external financing instruments focus their work with external partners on four policy priorities: The instruments were designed to facilitate policy implementation and provide the flexibility to respond to new priorities and challenges as they emerge. In , to check the instruments are still fit for purpose, a mid-term review was launched which will culminate with a report in The Commission has committed itself to increase the share of EU aid through innovative financial instruments.

Therefore, during , the Commission has continued to carry out exhaustive work together with development finance institutions and other stakeholders to identify specific instruments, key areas and sectors where blending can be increasingly used. In particular, an External Investment Plan was proposed in to encourage investment in Africa and the EU Neighbourhood region; strengthen partnerships with external partners and contribute towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals; and help address some root causes of migration.

In , the European Commission developed its approach to implementing the Agenda internally and externally and, in November, adopted two Communications: The draft Consensus relates to EU and Member States' development partnerships with all developing countries, including in the Neighbourhood. It is structured around the priorities framing the Agenda: It highlights key drivers with transformative potential, including gender equality, youth, sustainable energy and climate action, investment, innovation and mobility.

It underlines the nexus between development and issues such as peace, humanitarian action and migration. It recognises the need to mobilise all means of implementation and puts emphasis on stronger, differentiated partnerships with a wide range of stakeholders and partner countries, including with more advanced developing countries. The draft will be discussed with the Council and with the European Parliament, with a view to signing a Joint Statement on an agreed new Consensus by June When adopted, the Consensus will guide future EU implementation of the Agenda through all relevant external instruments.

The EU has continued to emphasise the key elements of the AAAA in UN discussions, in particular that it is an integral part of the Agenda, setting out the means of implementation needed to fulfil the Sustainable Development Goals. These include public, private, domestic and international financial sources, as well as a commitment to good policies and policy coherence. This is a significant positive step towards the EU's collective commitment to reach 0. In line with the AAAA, the EU's actions in have also helped to bring together aid, investment, trade, domestic resource mobilisation and good policies.

The EU aims to minimise contradictions and build synergies between different EU policies to the benefit of partner countries. In , the Commission continued promoting PCD to ensure better consistency between EU policies and development objectives. In the light of the Ag enda, PCD was included in the new policy framework. Outreach efforts continued to increase knowledge on PCD, namely through an e-learning tool for better targeting staff in EU Delegations and also available to external stakeholders.

Reporting from EU Delegations has been further streamlined and reinforced with an extension of coverage to include Southern and Eastern Neighbourhood countries. A strategic evaluation on PCD covering the period was launched in This will look at tools and mechanisms to enhance PCD, the influence that they had on EU policies and the potential impact on developing countries.

The aim is to provide an independent assessment of the EU's actions to improve the outcomes and impact of relevant EU policies. In November Council conclusions were adopted regarding action by the EU and its Member States to prepare for the Nairobi High Level Meeting of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation GPEDC and to further the implementation of the development effectiveness principles country ownership, results, transparency and inclusive development partnerships, and the leave no-one behind agenda. Joint Programming is increasingly recognised as a means to increase the coherence and effectiveness of the EU and Member State development cooperation and to enhance the EU's political clout and voice in partner countries.

Overall, Joint Programming has been progressing in 56 partner countries covering all regions with 20 joint strategies signed or in the process of being signed. They called for consolidation and expansion of Joint Programming, including in fragile and conflict countries, as well as to accompany partner countries in transition to higher income levels. Also, the Council Conclusions aske d that Joint Programming documents should evolve to include strategic issues, such as migration, climate change, security and democracy.

The Agenda and its pledge to "leave no one behind" is grounded in international human rights norms and principles of non-discrimination, equal access, participation, accountability, access t o the rule of law, and transparency. This resonates perfectly with the continued efforts of the Commission to progressively apply a rights-based approach in its development programmes 17 , to make them more sustainable and effective, as well as in line with t he Sustainable Development Goals SDGs.

A new multi-sector approach has been introduced in to fight corruption. The idea is to further strengthen connexions across a wide array of sectors — justice, public administration reform, security sector reform, improvement of the business environment and customs reform — and actors exercising some form of oversight and control function — civil society, media, whistle-blowers, Supreme Audit Institutions, and Parliaments.

Based on recommendations by Transparency International, the Good Governance and Development Contract for Benin launched in brings under one roof support to Public Financial Management PFM , justice and the private sector to help improve Benin's overall integrity mechanisms. Supporting our partners to transform their security systems is also key for improving their gove rnance. Upholding fundamental freedoms and assessing in a participatory way the security needs of different groups, including the most vulnerable, are among the key objectives of the new EU-wide strategic framework to support the Security Sector Reform SS R This overarching and comprehensive strategy now guides the identification, planning and implementation of all EU SSR-related activities in partner countries.

Extreme poverty continues to shrink worldwide, but remains widespread in Africa, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. In , million people were estimated to have been living below the international poverty line This corresponds to The substantial decline is mostly due to the lower number of the extreme poor in East Asia and Pacific 71 million fewer and South Asia 37 million fewer , while the number in Sub-Saharan Africa f ell by only four million a 1.

Income inequality between countries has also been declining in recent years, but remains high. Inequalities can hamper growth, macroeconomic stability and poverty reduction, and can lead to political and economic instability. The EU is strongly committed to poverty eradication and fighting inequality, as testified by the EU proposal for a new European Consensus on Development. As stated in the proposal, eradicating poverty in all its dimensions, tackling discrimination and inequalities and leaving no one behind will remain at the heart of EU development cooperation policy.

The renewed Gender Action Plan for External Action 21 fosters inclusion of gender perspectives in EU programmes design as well as in policy and political dialogue with partner countries and in international negotiations. It provides tools for the attainment of SDGs, not only to SDG5, but as a cross-cutting aspect of all SDGs and consolidates policy commitments to gender equality into more effective delivery of results, while promoting more efficient coordination and monitoring of EU activities in this area.

The Action Plan's implementation began in full in January Support was made available for services to commission or update national gender analysis studies as an important basis for quality project design. Commission Services have progressed in selecting thematic objectives from the Action Plan which they are pursuing through cooperation. The EU results framework was reviewed with an increased focus on disaggregation of results by sex for better monitoring of gender results.

Other measures were taken such as the revision of EU templates and procedures to include clearer instructions on gender, training on integrating gender dimensions, a greater collaboration on gender quality and women's empowerment between EU Delegations and Member States in partner countries. Results in gender mainstreaming in project design are improving across delegations and services with more focused attention. Case study — Mainstreaming gender issues in Zambia. The Zambia EDF portfolio is an example of good practice in progress on gender mainstreaming, with consistent attention to gender across the different programmes and activities, for example, attention to women traders in the agriculture sector, a focus on gender in governance, and the integration of gender issues in the policy dialogue.

The following elements played a role: Technical support to gender through a dedicated focus person who also provides monitoring and evaluation support. The gender analysis studies in the cooperation focus sectors are paving the way for more focused sectoral responsiveness to gender equality needs. Case study — Updating of gender country profile in Guinea.

In Guinea, the gender country profile elaborated in was used to feed into the Annual Action Programmes and The gender analysis focused on the three focus sectors of the EU National Indicative Programme health, governance, and sanitation. As a result, four programmes formulated under the 11 th EDF Annual Action Programme are designed to respond to gender-specific recommendations: Climate change is a major global challenge.

It impacts developing countries and risks undermining sustainable development. In , the Paris Agreement was approved: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. In , the EU has integrated this new framework in its external actions. The European Commission proposal for a new European Consensus on Development, which will guide the EU and its Member States development cooperation over the next decade, confirms these international commitments and gives high prominence to Climate Change.

The EU external action approach to address climate change is multi-dimensional and merges policy dialogue, specific climate action and mainstreaming. In Policy Dialogue, the EU has strengthened its outreach through the Green Diplomacy Network and now builds on the synergies between energy and climate diplomacies. Specific climate actions are implemented in support to developing countries and emerging economies. These actions underpin the global lead role of the EU in addressing climate change and supporting the transition towards low carbon economies. Special efforts are made to integrate climate change into the other areas of EU external action.

The energy sector is exemplary since all new actions focus exclusively on renewable energy and energy efficiency. In total, contributions from the EU and its member states to support developing countries in re ducing their greenhouse gas emissions and coping with the impacts of climate change stood at EUR The specific climate actions are complementary with broader measures to address long term environmental pressures, e.

Actions such as a new project on Improving climate resilience in a fragile context through the Water — Security Nexus are therefore important. In , the European Union stepped up efforts to deliver on its commitments in the area of migration, notably in line with the European Agend a on Migration The new results-oriented Partnership Framework was launched in June, setting up a reinforced EU approach on migration cooperation with priority partner countries.

Combining immediate and longer-term measures, it aims at saving lives, combatting smuggling and trafficking, and addressing the root causes of irregular migration and forced displacement. This policy framework, which includes support to both displaced populations and host communities, represented an important EU contribution to the World Hu manitarian Summit that took place on May Fully in line with the SDG Agenda, the Commission's proposal for a new European Consensus on Development acknowledges the important role of development policy in addressing global challenges. In this context, migration, mobility and forced displacement are reflected as focus areas to address both the challenges and opportunities of migration for development.

Overall, the European Union in considerably consolidated and reinforced its policy and operational approach on migration cooperation with developing partner countries. At internal EU level, coordination within and between EU services, as well as with EU Member States was strengthened, ensuring policy coherence and efficient delivery. Externally, migration and forced displacement became a key feature of political dialogue between the EU and partner countries.

A key principle in defining IcSP actions is their added value in strengthening the internal and external security dimension, which is strongly prescribed in the recent European Agenda on Security and further highlighted in the relevant thematic strat egies of the EU.

In addition, in the wake of the recent Joint Communication on Countering Hybrid Threats 25 , some IcSP actions under Article 5 of the EU Treaty are tailored to directly increase third countries' resilience and preparedness to protect their st rategic assets in cases of potential hybrid attacks. Within this framework, the IcSP under Article 5 covers the following objectives as outlined in the relevant Multiannual Indicative Programmes: In , Commission Services rolled out the revised European Neighbourhood Policy, which places a stronger emphasis on security.

At the same time, the focus of EU action in candidate countries remains on the rule of law, including security as reaffirmed in the Enlargement package. Security and Development nexus: The Council adopted on 7 December a mandate for negotiations with the European Parliament. Deliberations at the European Parliament started in March with a view to a vote on their mandate in plenary in September to pave the way for the subsequent tri-party talks. T he annual crisis declaration also called the "flexible procedure" that enables, with appropriate justifications, fragile countries and those countries affected by conflict to benefit from simplified and faster procedures due to local difficult conditions, was streamlined and the annual list was adopted within the set deadline.

Trust Fund Bekou, and Sahel. Building and reinforcing the global partnership, investing in resilience, and bridging the gap between humanitarian and development work in line with the core commitments put forward by the United Nations at the World Humanitarian Summit in May in Istanbul.

The contribution of the European Commission to the Global Strategy for the EU's Foreign and Security Policy recognised the work being done in the framework of fragility and resilience and aims to reinforcement of the current situation through: The five dimensions of risks and related fragility are covered by the Commission Services through both thematic and geographic programming. Its aim is to strengthen these actors in partner countries as well as at regional and global level.

The Instrument for Pre-Accession, as well as the European Neighbourhood Instrument, also provide substantial support to strengthen and promote the role of civil society in building stronger democracies, improve accountability systems and ultimately achieve better policies and positive socio-economic development. Localising the Agenda by empowering CSOs and LAs will bring more relevance, efficiency and accountability to the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.

CSOs and LAs are essential stakeholders playing a pivotal role in tackling global challenges and ensuring that no-one is left behind at local level. At regional and global level, networks and associations will link local concerns to regional and international debates. The European Union therefore supports their contribution to the successful implementation of the Agenda. Civil society forums with partners from the Eastern Partnership countries and from the Southern European Neighbourhood were also held in to discuss the specific challenges for these regions.

Working with the private sector. The main challenge for developing countries remains achieving growth that is inclusive and sustainable; reflected by the creation of decent jobs, improved prospects for the youth, gender equality and resilient societies. Substantial sustainable investments are needed to enhance competitiveness and diversify local, national and regional economies, support social and financial inclusion, enhance comparative advantages, accelerate industrialisation, value chain integration and preparedness for the digital economy.

In , the Commission adopted a series of new Communications further acknowledging the central role of the private sector as a contributor to the Agenda. The Plan proposes for the first time a coherent and integrated approach to improve investments in Africa and the EU Neighbourhood, to promote decent job creation, sustainable development and tackle some of the root causes of migration see chapter 5. The new approach is based on the conviction that enhanced financing needs to be coupled with business and investment climate improvements for investments to materialise and for growth and jobs to be generated.

In addition to new guarantee instruments aimed at mitigating investment risk, structured dialogue with the private sector will be instrumental in identifying specific bottlenecks for investment that can then be addressed through EU support and policy dialogue. In this framework, a new Sustainable Business for Africa Platform SB4A for structured dialogue with the private sector is currently under preparation, and expected to be operational before the end of , as a key building block of the third pillar of the External Investment Plan. SB4A will reflect and deliberate on the body of structured dialogues operating at country, sector and strategic level to ensure the right level of private sector perspective, ownership and engagement in implementing the EIP.

Through geographic and thematic programmes, the EU will invest over EUR two billion by to support local Private Sector Development in developing countries.

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In , a new intra African, Caribbean and Pacific states ACP programme "Fit for market" was adopted with the objective of strengthening the competitiveness and sustainability of the smallholder farmers, producer groups, farmer organisations, and Micro, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises MSMEs in the horticultural sector. A number of strategic dialogues on development took place in with non-EU providers of assistance against the backdrop of the UN Agenda and its SDGs.

The EU-US development dialogue at senior level in June in Brussels was an exchange of views on respective efforts to implement the Agenda and strengthen co-operation in key areas, such as energy. In , preparations took place for the next consultations at senior level with Japan in the framework of our development dialogue, while field cooperation between the Japan International Cooperation Agency and EU Delegations continuing. In line with the new EU strategy on China, adopted in , contacts have been further developed with relevant authorities in China on global development and regional issues to promote a more structured dialogue on development issues.

Because of elections in Australia in , it was agreed to hold the next senior official development dialogue in early This has been the case for the refugee crisis and migration related issues in in particular. The European Commission also worked closely with the Council of Europe, implementing joint projects in both the South and the East Neighbourhood, as well as with the Western Balkans and Turkey in line with a Statement of Intent from April The two other pillars of cooperation are legal cooperation and high-level political dialogue.

Throughout the European Commission continued to engage in close collaboration with International Financial Institutions, in particular with the World Bank and International Monetary Fund IMF , but also with European Financial institutions and regional development banks on a range of topics including domestic resources mobilisation, public financial management, private sector, blending platforms, Africa and the Neighbourhood.

The European Commission continued to play an active role with G7 leaders to take development issues into account, reflecting the Agenda. The G7 launched initiatives inter alia on health, gender equality and countering violent extremism. With the launch of the framework, the Commission Services involved with International Cooperation and Development pioneered the measurement of systematic results, their reporting; and publishing both in aggregated and non-aggregated form.

So far, two Results Reports have been published. The first report, covering completed programmes in , was published in This was a complement to the Annual Report by the European Commission on the implementation of EU international cooper ation and development cooperation. Since , reporting on results has become a structural part of the Annual Report An ambitious new operational information management system Opsys will support project management, including results reporting, at both headquarters and EU Delegation level.

This will facilitate the implementation of the results framework, responding to the Council conclusions adopted in May This present chapter first sets the context by presenting the development progress made by the partner countries, before moving onto the EU contribution to results in partner countries through the presentation of EU aggregated results.

Setting the context — development progress in partner c ountries. It aggregates and reflects results achieved by the EU partner countries based on collaboration between partner countries, donors and other development players, including the private sector. The aggregated values presented in Section 2. Data have been obtained from international statistical sources e. A complete list of the data sources for the indicators presented in Section 2.

EU contribution to results in partner countries: The results reported here have been achieved during the full period of their implementation, and they have been aggregated using EU RF indicators. Information on results presented in this section has been drawn from reporting by partners implementing the projects and programmes i.

The results reported have been calculated using a contribution approach. This means that where a project has been financed by the EU jointly with other funders — such as partner country governments or other donors — the overall results of the collective effort are reported, rather than results attributed to the share of funding provided by the EU. The European Commission aims to progressively step up results reporting to include ongoing operations rather than completed operations for continual project management improvements and increased transparency.

This would also widen the reporting base and give a more comprehensive picture of EU development and cooperation assistance. It should be noted that the seven countries involved in the Enlargement process are not included within scope of the EU RF. Please see further details on the methodology in Chapter 6. This section gives information on how European Commission Services are managing their operational processes and resources in order to contribute to achieving development results.

Some of the results presented in Section 2. Data reported in this section are based on the financing decisions taken by the European Commission from 1 January to 31 December More detailed results and methodologies can be found in the following annexes in Chapter 6 of this Staff Working Document — Part 2. Methodological basis for the report on selected results. Development progress — Countries grouped by region Development progress - Countries grouped by Instrument Country List.

Partner country results supported by the EU — list of countries covered by this reporting exercise broken down by region. Aggregated results achieved with EU support — results disaggregated by sex. Aggregated results achieved with EU support — results broken down by region. Aggregated results achieved with EU support — results by funding instrument.

This section presents the development progress made by partner countries and sets the context in which the EU's contributions to results should be understood. It focuses on the longer-term development outcomes and impact in the countries and reflects the results from the collective effort of partner countries, donors and other development actors. The aggregated values presented below are based on data from all partner countries in which the EU is financing bilateral progra mmes over the programming period.

The statistics used to report on the indicators are taken from international statistical sources 34 and mostly consist of weighted averages. Figure 1 below and Annex 2 in Chapter 6 give the breakdown of countries b y defined region. Every year, the latest available data at the time of report drafting are used to collate each indicator. The latest available values presented in this report were collected in November , with the majority of country values referring to The table columns present the values that were provided in: This means care should be taken when comparing year on year results as information each year is dependent on country updates that are not necessarily released each year, and results may not be directly comparable.

Development progress in EU bilateral cooperation countries - Map of countries grouped in regions. Development progress in EU partner countries — Summary Values available as of Percentage of the population with access to energy services. Change in domestic revenue mobilisation as a percentage of GDP over three years. Under-five mortality rate per 1 live births. Maternal mortality ratio per live births.

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Hebrew letters were cultivated in liturgical and secular poetry especially in Spain and Italy , in collections of fables, and even in romances. Medieval C a tal a n literature , h ig h quality, [ Music and dance genres of African origin blend with dramatic plots, legends and. Among the university professors who actively collaborated from the beginning and who left their research as a heritage we must name: Jose Camon Aznar who was also director of the Lazaro Galdiano museum; Father Diez-Macho, the great scholar internationally known for discovering and translating the. Hist or y ; medieval s t ud ies; class ic s ; literature ; f in e arts; philosophy; [ Most frequent English dictionary requests: These researchers also used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR , thermal analysis and powder X-ray diffraction PXRD to infer the existence of solid native CD—steroid inclusion complexes, some of them having host—guest stoichiometric ratios of 2: However, no definitive structural studies were subsequently published.

While being of significant interest in the context of modern anaesthesia [ 18 ], this more exotic supramolecular construct does not serve to illustrate CD—steroidal interactions that might be associated with the vast majority of bioactive steroids and our search further revealed that no representative CD—steroid structures containing more common CDs and steroidal guests e.

However, no crystal structure of any of its inclusion complexes was reported. Finally, the lack of published studies on the potential for CDs to improve the aqueous solubility of 2ME also prompted our study of this pharmaceutically relevant aspect of the bioactive compound. Here, we report original data that reflect significant solubility enhancements for 2ME effected by a range of CDs as well as comparative dissolution data in aqueous medium to highlight the potential advantages for further development of 2ME.

Following neat co-grinding of each CD and 2ME 1 h, 1: However, despite this deficiency, the inclusion complex was chemically well-defined and hence met the criterion for subsequent solubility studies. In each case, kneading an equimolar physical mixture of the respective host and 2ME produced an amorphous phase, as evidenced by a PXRD pattern devoid of peaks characteristic of the crystalline component 2ME.

Hot stage microscopy HSM was employed for preliminary investigation of single crystals of a putative inclusion complex between 2ME and DIMEB, prepared using the co-precipitation method. This process appeared to be continuous, posing difficulty in estimating the temperature corresponding to complete dehydration. The absence of any endothermic effect for the fusion of pure 2ME was consistent with inclusion complex formation. Together with the TGA estimate of water content 5. PXRD subsequently confirmed the presence of a new crystalline phase. Since the unit cell dimensions of the two inclusion complexes had no counterparts in the Cambridge Crystallographic Database [ 16 ], structure solution by isomorphous replacement was not possible.

Model development involved successive difference Fourier syntheses and iterative refinement by the full-matrix least-squares technique using SHELXH [ 22 ]. Table 1 summarises the crystal data and refinement details for the two complexes. Guest inclusion involves entry of the D-ring terminus of the 2ME molecule from the wider secondary side of the DIMEB molecule and location of this ring near the narrower primary side. A side-view of the complex unit Fig. The mode of inclusion of 2ME in the DIMEB cavity a , space-filling side view of the complex with the 2ME molecule in green b and cutaway view c , location of the A-ring of 2ME protruding from the central DIMEB complex unit orange within the space created by the quartet of displaced neighbouring host molecules d , H-bonding between the representative A-ring hydroxy group —O22—H and three neighbouring CD units mediated by water molecules blue spheres e , and the extended packing arrangement viewed along [ 10 ] f.

Quantitative indications that the host molecule maintains a fairly symmetrical shape while accommodating the 2ME molecule include the narrow ranges in parameters that measure distortion in CD molecules [ 24 ]. These include the radii r of the O4-heptagon, i.

A full listing of these and other parameters is provided in Supporting Information File 1. To assess the extent of possible host molecule distortion that the inclusion of a molecule of 2ME in DIMEB might produce, the above tilt angle range for the seven glucose residues in the complex was compared with the ranges calculated for crystalline forms of DIMEB containing either no guest or water molecules only [ 16 ].

This combination results in the methoxymethyl chains on the primary side of the DIMEB molecule being significantly extended and thus providing space directly above the included 2ME molecule Fig. The remaining four components reside outside the DIMEB cavity, where they engage in hydrogen bonding with oxygen atoms on the periphery of the host molecule. Comparison of the conformation of the encapsulated 2ME molecule and that of the same molecule in its own crystal structure [ 9 ] shows that there is minimal difference, with a RMSD of only 0. A graphical overlay of the molecules appears in the Supporting Information File 1.

Thus, no significant distortions of the host or guest conformations are evident as a result of inclusion of the 2ME molecule in the host DIMEB. Protrusion of the A-ring of the 2ME molecule from the secondary side of the DIMEB host molecule leads to a unique crystal packing arrangement, details of which are shown in Fig.

The A-ring of the 2ME molecule in the central complex unit Fig. As shown in Fig. In summary, the phenolic group oxygen atom labelled 1 is hydrogen bonded to water oxygens 2 and 4, which respectively hydrogen bond to O6G2 3 of host molecule a and O3G7 7 of host molecule d. Finally, the water cluster is hydrogen bonded to atom O3G4 6 of host molecule b via water oxygen atom O2 5.

The A-ring is thus strongly tethered within the interstitial pocket. The unique layering that results in the extended crystal structure is shown in Fig. Since the space group is P 1, the asymmetric unit corresponds to the full unit cell content, implying also that each of the complex units A—D is unique, being unrelated to any other by crystallographic symmetry elements. What is immediately evident from Fig. Further examination of the arrangement of the complex units in Fig. The hydrogen bond that links the host and guest molecules is indicated in the cutaway view of Fig.

This results in steric crowding of the primary methoxy groups, creating a bowl-like surface on the host primary side above the D-ring of the included 2ME molecule. The least-squares overlay of host molecules C and D reveals several differences in the torsional parameters of the primary methoxy residues see Figure S15, Supporting Information File 1 , which result in a RMSD of 0. This is evident in the cutaway diagram in Fig.

Complex unit C is unique in having neither host nor guest disorder and complex unit D also shows a unique feature, namely disorder in both the C- and D-rings of the 2ME molecule, which is thus present as two conformers in the ratio 0. One consequence of this is that there are two distinct positions for the O19—H phenolic group, each conformer forming a hydrogen bond with a different TRIMEB acceptor oxygen atom. Further details of this disorder and its implications are given below.