Ugo Foscolo: Letteratura e politica (Script) (Italian Edition)

Modern Italian composers such as Berio and Nono proved significant in the development of experimental and electronic music. While the classical music tradition still holds strong in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its innumerable opera houses, such as La Scala of Milan and San Carlo of Naples the oldest continuously active venue for public opera in the world , [] and performers such as the pianist Maurizio Pollini and tenor Luciano Pavarotti , Italians have been no less appreciative of their thriving contemporary music scene. Italy is widely known for being the birthplace of opera.

La Scala operahouse in Milan is also renowned as one of the best in the world. Introduced in the early s, jazz took a particularly strong foothold in Italy, and remained popular despite the xenophobic cultural policies of the Fascist regime. Today, the most notable centres of jazz music in Italy include Milan, Rome, and Sicily. In the early s, the first star to emerge from the Italian hip hop scene was singer Jovanotti. Italy was also an important country in the development of disco and electronic music , with Italo disco , known for its futuristic sound and prominent use of synthesisers and drum machines , being one of the earliest electronic dance genres, as well as European forms of disco aside from Euro disco which later went on to influence several genres such as Eurodance and Nu-disco.

By the latter half of the s, a subgenre of Eurodance known as Italo dance emerged. Taking influences from Italo disco and Italo house, Italo dance generally included synthesizer riffs, a melodic sound, and the usage of vocoders. Producers such as Giorgio Moroder , who won three Academy Awards and four Golden Globes for his music, were highly influential in the development of electronic dance music. The Italian film industry was born between and with three companies: Other companies soon followed in Milan and in Naples. In a short time these first companies reached a fair producing quality, and films were soon sold outside Italy.

After the war, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline around the s. The mids to the early s was the heyday of neorealist films , reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy. As the country grew wealthier in the s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and other film genres , such as sword-and-sandal followed as spaghetti westerns , were popular in the s and s. Actresses such as Sophia Loren , Giulietta Masina and Gina Lollobrigida achieved international stardom during this period. Erotic Italian thrillers, or giallos , produced by directors such as Mario Bava and Dario Argento in the s, also influenced the horror genre worldwide.

In recent years, the Italian scene has received only occasional international attention, with movies like Life Is Beautiful directed by Roberto Benigni , Il Postino: In the s, the number of international productions being made there led to Rome's being dubbed " Hollywood on the Tiber ". More than 3, productions have been made on its lot, of which 90 received an Academy Award nomination and 47 of these won it, from some cinema classics to recent rewarded features such as Roman Holiday , Ben-Hur , Cleopatra , Romeo and Juliet , The English Patient , The Passion of the Christ , and Gangs of New York.

The most popular sport in Italy is, by far, football. Italy's top-flight club football league is named Serie A and ranks as the third best in Europe and is followed by millions of fans around the world. Other popular team sports in Italy include volleyball , basketball and rugby. Italy's male and female national volleyball teams are often featured among the world's best. The Italian national basketball team 's best results were gold at Eurobasket and EuroBasket , as well as silver at the Olympics in Lega Basket Serie A is widely considered one of the most competitive in Europe.

Rugby union enjoys a good level of popularity, especially in the north of the country. Italy ranks as a tier-one nation by World Rugby. The men's volleyball team won three consecutive World Championships in , , and and earned the Olympic silver medal in , , and Italy has a long and successful tradition in individual sports as well. Bicycle racing is a very familiar sport in the country.

Alpine skiing is also a very widespread sport in Italy, and the country is a popular international skiing destination, known for its ski resorts.

Tennis has a significant following in Italy, ranking as the fourth most practised sport in the country. Italian professional tennis players won the Davis Cup in and the Fed Cup in , , and Motorsports are also extremely popular in Italy. Italian Scuderia Ferrari is the oldest surviving team in Grand Prix racing, having competed since , and statistically the most successful Formula One team in history with a record of wins.

Historically, Italy has been successful in the Olympic Games , taking part from the first Olympiad and in 47 Games out of Italian sportsmen have won medals at the Summer Olympic Games , and another at the Winter Olympic Games , for a combined total of medals with golds, which makes them the fifth most successful nation in Olympic history for total medals.

The country hosted two Winter Olympics in and , and one Summer games in Italian fashion has a long tradition , and is regarded as one most important in the world. Milan, Florence and Rome are Italy's main fashion capitals. Also, the fashion magazine Vogue Italia , is considered one of the most prestigious fashion magazines in the world. Italy is also prominent in the field of design, notably interior design, architectural design , industrial design and urban design. The country has produced some well-known furniture designers, such as Gio Ponti and Ettore Sottsass , and Italian phrases such as "Bel Disegno" and "Linea Italiana" have entered the vocabulary of furniture design.

The city of Milan hosts Fiera Milano , Europe's largest design fair. The Italian cuisine has developed through centuries of social and political changes, with roots as far back as the 4th century BC. Italian cuisine in itself takes heavy influences, including Etruscan , ancient Greek , ancient Roman , Byzantine , and Jewish. The Mediterranean diet forms the basis of Italian cuisine, rich in pasta , fish, fruits and vegetables and characterised by its extreme simplicity and variety, with many dishes having only four to eight ingredients.

A key factor in the success of Italian cuisine is its heavy reliance on traditional products; Italy has the most traditional specialities protected under EU law. Public holidays celebrated in Italy include religious, national and regional observances. The Saint Lucy's Day , which take place on 13 December, is very popular among children in some Italian regions, where she plays a role similar to Santa Claus. There are many festivals and festivities in Italy. The prestigious Venice International Film Festival , awarding the " Golden Lion " and held annually since , is the oldest film festival in the world.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the country. For other uses, see Italy disambiguation. For other uses, see Italia disambiguation. Show map of Europe. German is co-official in South Tyrol ; French is co-official in the Aosta Valley ; Slovene is co-official in the province of Trieste and the province of Gorizia ; Ladin is co-official in South Tyrol, in Trentino and in other northern areas; Sardinian is co-official in Sardinia.

The euro is accepted in Campione d'Italia but its official currency is the Swiss franc. Etruscan fresco in the Monterozzi necropolis , 5th century BC. Matera , which dates from Palaeolithic, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The Colosseum in Rome, built c. The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, AD. Italy in the Middle Ages. Italy's "Fathers of the Fatherland" Giuseppe Mazzini , leader of the Italian revolutionary movement, and Giuseppe Garibaldi , celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times [79] and the " Hero of the Two Worlds ".

History of the Italian Republic. This article contains too many pictures, charts or diagrams for its overall length. Learn how and when to remove this template message. Dolomites in the Italian alps. Undulating landscape in Tuscany. Rabbit Beach in the island of Lampedusa. List of rivers of Italy and List of lakes of Italy.

List of national parks of Italy and List of regional parks of Italy. Fauna of Italy and Flora of Italy. Sergio Mattarella President of Italy since Giuseppe Conte Prime Minister of Italy since Law of Italy and Judiciary of Italy. Law enforcement in Italy. Foreign relations of Italy. Water supply and sanitation in Italy. Science and technology in Italy. Languages of Italy , Italian language , and Regional Italian. Secondary or non-official language.

Italy is home to many of the world's largest, oldest and opulent churches. Florence Cathedral , which has the biggest brick dome in the world; [] [] St. Peter's Basilica , the largest church of Christendom ; [] Milan Cathedral , the largest Italian church and the third largest in the world; [] and St Mark's Basilica , one of the best known examples of Italo- Byzantine architecture []. Religion in Italy [2] Catholicism. The city of Venice , built on islands. Theatre of ancient Rome.

Italian fashion and Italian design. Public holidays in Italy and Italian festivals. Italy portal Italian cuisine portal Ancient Rome portal. Archived from the original on 6 August Retrieved 15 June Archived from the original PDF on 24 January Archived from the original on 4 March Retrieved 24 June United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 September Archived from the original on 30 April Retrieved 30 October Council of the European Union retrieved 13 October Central Intelligence Agency retrieved 13 October Archived from the original on 19 May Archived from the original on 25 September Archived from the original PDF on 7 October Retrieved 29 August Italy and the Mediterranean: Retrieved 17 December Archived from the original on 7 March Retrieved 19 November Archived from the original on 24 February Retrieved 17 June Archived PDF from the original on 28 April Retrieved 15 March World Economic Outlook, April , p.

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Folsom, Wells, and Thurston. Retrieved 18 August — via Google Books. Archivio Storico dell'Emigrazione Italiana. Archived from the original on 20 July Retrieved 28 March The Chevalier de Montmagny: First Governor of New France. Translated by Elizabeth Rapley. University of Ottawa Press. Politics, Society, and Religion — Thomson, , 65— Manchester University Press — via Google Books. Archived from the original on 26 February Retrieved 6 March Modern Italy; A Political History. The University of Michigan Press. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, — Greenwood Publishing Group, The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War.

La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. General Roatta's war against the partisans in Yugoslavia: Journal of Contemporary History. I crimini di guerra italiani. Crimini e memorie di guerra: Italian partisans kill Mussolini". Archived from the original on 26 November Retrieved 17 October Archived from the original on 19 March Retrieved 2 August Retrieved 22 February Archived from the original PDF on 20 May Retrieved 30 May Archived from the original PDF on 19 August Retrieved 2 May Archived from the original on 25 April Philip Willan, Guardian, 24 June , page 19".

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Il Corriere della Sera. Archived from the original on 27 September Retrieved 24 January Archived from the original on 22 July Archived from the original on 1 July Archived from the original PDF on 20 August Retrieved 16 July World Wind Energy Association. Archived from the original PDF on 4 September Retrieved 8 August Encyclopedia of the Nations. Archived from the original on 4 January Retrieved 7 April Berlusconi accepts referendum blow".

Archived from the original on 12 June Retrieved 20 April Archived from the original on 6 October Retrieved 2 October The history of Rome. Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea. Archived PDF from the original on 18 May Network of the Air Force Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 14 November Retrieved 30 September Archived from the original on 27 April Retrieved 21 April The New York Times.

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Archived from the original PDF on 15 July Archived PDF from the original on 30 September Retrieved 26 November Archived PDF from the original on 29 November Archived from the original on 3 September Retrieved 17 August The Canadian Trade Commissioner Service. Archived PDF from the original on 5 December Archived from the original PDF on 6 December Archived from the original on 5 December Archived from the original on 17 March Retrieved 29 April Archived from the original on 15 April Archived from the original on 23 June Archived from the original on 11 February Retrieved 26 January Retrieved 23 September Retrieved 9 February Archived from the original on 29 October Retrieved 29 October Archived from the original on 2 February Retrieved 18 March The London School of Economics.

Archived from the original on 19 November Retrieved 24 November Economic growth in Europe since Archived PDF from the original on 14 July Retrieved 8 October Archived from the original on 23 November This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. April Learn how and when to remove this template message. This list about a living person needs additional citations for verification.

Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries. List of Italian actors. List of Italian actresses. List of Italian architects. List of Italian chefs. List of Italian explorers. List of film directors from Italy. Cardinals Catholic Church , Category: Roman Catholic bishops , and Category: History of Italy — Kingdom of Italy — Italian military personnel of World War I , Category: Lists of Italian politicians by party.

List of Italian composers. List of Italian painters. List of Italian scientists. Latin-language writers and Category: Philosophers of Roman Italy. Italian writers and Category: Biography portal Italy portal Lists portal. Web 2 March Communication systems in Italy, including telephone, telex, and data services, are generally considered to be modern, well developed, and fully automated. In , there were an estimated mainline telephones for every 1, people. The same year, there were approximately 1, mobile phones in use for every 1, people.

Radiotelevisione Italiana RAI , a government corporation, broadcasts on three channels. In , there were an additional four national broadcast channels, three of which were operated by Mediaset, a company owned by Prime Minister Berlusconi. A media law initiated an intent to partially privatize RAI.

In , there were an estimated radios for every 1, people. The number of television sets was unavailable in the same survey. Also in , there were There were 1, secure Internet servers in the country in As of , there were about 90 daily newspapers in the country, but not all of them had national circulation. The major daily newspapers with their political orientations and estimated circulations are: Panorama is the most popular news weekly with a circulation of , in The periodical press is becoming increasingly important. Famiglia Cristiana is a Catholic weekly periodical with a wide readership.

Italy enjoys a free press, with vigorous expression of all shades of opinion. The majority of papers are published in northern and central Italy, and circulation is highest in these areas. Rome and Milan are the most important publication centers. A considerable number of dailies are owned by the political parties, the Roman Catholic Church , and various economic groups. In general, the journalistic level of the Italian papers is high, and two dailies, Milan's Corriere della Sera and Turin's La Stampa , enjoy international respect.

The law provides for freedom of speech and the press, and the government is said to respect these rights in practice. Italian society abounds with organizations of every description. Many of these are associated with or controlled by political parties, which have their ideological counterparts in labor organizations, agricultural associations, cultural groups, sports clubs, and cooperatives. Among the most important organizations are the National Confederation of Smallholders and the General Confederation of Italian Industry, which strongly influences economic policy.

There are chambers of commerce in most major cities. There are labor and trade unions and professional associations representing a wide variety of occupations. A large number of professional organizations are dedicated to research and education in specialized fields of medicine or for particular diseases and conditions. Catholic Action and the Catholic Association of Italian Workers are the most prominent of the religious organizations.

The international religious Order of St.

Augustine and the Society of Jesus Jesuits are based in Rome. A number of political and religious organizations sponsor youth chapters.

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Sports associations are plentiful and include such a variety of pastimes as tennis, badminton, tae kwon do, cricket, and football soccer. International organizations within the country include Amnesty International , Caritas, and the Red Cross. Among Italy's tourist attractions are the artistic and architectural treasures of Rome and Florence; the thousands of historic churches and galleries in smaller cities; the canals and palaces of Venice; the ruins of ancient Pompeii; the Shroud of Turin , reputed to be the burial cloth of Jesus; and the delicacies of northern Italian cooking, as well as the heartier fare of the south.

Tourists are also lured by Italy's many beaches and by excellent Alpine skiing. Italians enjoy a wide variety of sports, including football soccer , bowling, tennis, track and field, and swimming. Italy won the World Cup in soccer three times, in as host , , and Cortina d'Ampezzo, in the Dolomites, was the site of the Winter Olympics. Rome hosted the Summer Olympics in Turin was the host the Winter Olympics.

A valid passport is necessary to travel to Italy. For stays of up to 90 days a visa is not required. Within eight days all travelers must register with local police and obtain a visitor's permit. Proof of sufficient funds for the visit may also be required. Tourism, a major industry in Italy, brought in 39,, visitors in The Italian peninsula has been at the heart of Western cultural development at least since Roman times. Also prominent in Latin literature were the orator-rhetorician Marcus Tullius Cicero — 43 bc ; the satirists Gaius Petronius Arbiter d.

Gaius Julius Caesar ?

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The first of the Roman emperors was Octavian Gaius Octavianus, 63 bc — ad 14 , better known by the honorific Augustus. No history of the Christian Church during the medieval period would be complete without mention of such men of Italian birth as St. Benedict of Nursia ? Gregory the Great, ? Francis of Assisi ? Thomas Aquinas — No land has made a greater contribution to the visual arts. During the 16th century, the High Renaissance, Rome shared with Florence the leading position in the world of the arts. Major masters included the architects Bramante Donato d'Agnolo, ? Giorgio Vasari — 74 was a painter, architect, art historian, and critic.

Among the leading artists of the Baroque period were the sculptor and architect Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini — and the painters Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio ? Leading figures in modern painting were Umberto Boccioni — , Amedeo Modigliani — , Giorgio di Chirico b. Greece, — , and Giorgio Morandi — A noted contemporary architect was Pier Luigi Nervi — Music, an integral part of Italian life, owes many of its forms as well as its language to Italy. The musical staff was either invented or established by Guido d'Arezzo ?

A leading 14th-century composer was the blind Florentine organist Francesco Landini — Leading composers of the High Renaissance and early Baroque periods were Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina — 94 ; the madrigalists Luca Marenzio — 99 and Carlo Gesualdo , prince of Venosa ? Important figures of the later Baroque era were Arcangelo Corelli — , Antonio Vivaldi — , Alessandro Scarlatti — , and his son Domenico Scarlatti — Italian-born Luigi Cherubini — was the central figure of French music in the Napoleonic era, while Antonio Salieri — and Gasparo Spontini — played important roles in the musical life of Vienna and Berlin , respectively.

Composers of the 19th century who made their period the great age of Italian opera were Gioacchino Antonio Rossini — , Gaetano Donizetti — , Vincenzo Bellini — 35 , and, above all, Giuseppe Verdi — More recent operatic composers include Ruggiero Leoncavallo — , Giacomo Puccini — , and Pietro Mascagni — Ferruccio Busoni — , Ottorino Respighi — , Luigi Dallapiccola — 75 , Luigi Nono , and Luciano Berio — are major 20th-century composers. Arturo Toscanini — is generally regarded as one of the greatest operatic and orchestral conductors of his time; two noted contemporary conductors are Claudio Abbado b.

Bartolommeo Cristofori — invented the pianoforte. Italian literature and literary language began with Dante Alighieri — , author of The Divine Comedy , and subsequently included Petrarch Francesco Petrarca, — 74 , Giovanni Boccaccio — 75 , Lodovico Ariosto — , Pietro Aretino — , and Torquato Tasso — An outstanding writer of the Baroque period was Metastasio Pietro Trapassi, — , and Carlo Goldoni — 93 was the most prominent playwright of the 18th century.

The time of Italy's rebirth was heralded by the poets Vittorio Alfieri — , Ugo Foscolo — , and Giacomo Leopardi — Alessandro Manzoni — was the principal Italian novelist of the 19th century, and Francesco de Sanctis — 83 the greatest literary critic. In philosophy, exploration, and statesmanship, Italy has produced many world-renowned figures: Notable intellectual and political leaders of more recent times include the Nobel Peace Prize winner in , Ernesto Teodoro Moneta — ; the sociologist and economist Vilfredo Pareto — ; the political theorist Gaetano Mosca — ; the philosopher, critic, and historian Benedetto Croce — ; the educator Maria Montessori — ; Benito Mussolini — , the founder of Fascism and dictator of Italy from to ; Carlo Sforza — and Alcide De Gasperi — , famous latter-day statesmen; and the Communist leaders Antonio Gramsci — , Palmiro Togliatti — , and Enrico Berlinguer — Italian scientists and mathematicians of note include Leonardo Fibonacci ?

Not a Normal Country: Ann Arbor , Mich.: Cambridge University Press, Italy, — University of California Press, A Concise History of Italy. On the Front Lines of the Cold War. Rowan and Littlefield, A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, — Oxford University Press, Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture.

Broken Time, Fragmented Space: A Cultural Map for Postwar Italy. University of Toronto Press, Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Retrieved December 12, from Encyclopedia. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia. Supplemental material has been added to increase coverage of minor cities, facts have been updated, and some material has been condensed.

Readers are encouraged to visit the Department of State's web site at http: Like the Roman god Janus, Italy wears two faces. One, soft with the patina of age, looks back on a glorious history — the awesome monuments of Imperial Rome, the ruins of Pompeii, the magnificence of canal-fretted Venice or colorful Florence, cradle of the Renaissance. The other face, shiny new, reflects the modernity of a nation surging with superhighways, busy factories, and skyscrapers.

Northern Italy, center of the nation's economic life, sprawls busily across the Po River plain. Industries sprout alongside time-worn medieval towns, and the alluvial soils make the area one of the richest agriculturally in southern Europe. Terraces on mountain slopes along the northern border grow grapes for wines and mulberry trees for leaves to feed silk-worms. Central Italy is dominated by Apen-nine ridges. Once they helped bar unity; even now a village dialect may not be well understood only a few miles away. This is the nation's heartland; the region of Dante, Saint Francis , and Leonardo.

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Southern Italy, once poverty ridden and ravaged by malaria and erosion, rebounds under reclamation projects and expanding industry. Pacing its life is sunny Naples, the city of Vesuvius, of Capri , and Amalfi, of effervescent people who sing when they are happy, sad, or in love. Italy is one of the most attractive assignments in the Foreign Service. The country boasts not only a rich cultural and historical tradition, but also enjoys a varied, pleasant climate.

Italians are favorably disposed toward Americans, partly for historical reasons, but mainly because of their general appreciation of things American. Americans generally enjoy Italy, though some find it more difficult than they expect. There is a chaotic element to life here that becomes immediately visible in street traffic, in bank lines, and in getting repairs done on an emergency basis.

Urban air pollution has become a serious problem, particularly in Milan, Rome, and Naples. Italy, as other Western democracies, currently faces striking economic and political challenges. It must reduce the economic differences between the wealthy north and the poorer south and control organized crime. In recent years, significant steps have been taken to deal with these problems, but they stubbornly persist. Approached with a spirit of adventure, humor, and patience, a tour in Italy is sure to be rewarding, both personally and professionally. Rome, one of the world's most famous cities, has been the capital of Italy since the nation's unification in Rome is located about halfway down the Italian Peninsula, 15 miles inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea, astride the Tiber River.

Although the seven original hills of the city are small roughly feet above sea level , some of the hills on the west bank of the Tiber, such as Monte Mario elevation feet , are considerably higher. A city of about 2. It remains a city deeply imbued with a sense of history. Nevertheless, it is also a modern city with all the modern amenities, and difficulties.

Rome is an international capital. A sizable foreign community is in Rome.

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Approximately 17, Americans permanently live in the consular district, which includes the regions of Lazio Latium , Abruzzo, Marche, and Umbria. A large variety of fresh produce is available locally. Prices and availability of particular items vary greatly with the season. Good beef can be hard to find, but veal is plentiful. Meats and poultry are much more expensive than in the U. Groceries are available in great variety, including typically American cereals, crackers, and cheeses.

Local bread keeps only a short time because it lacks preservatives. American clothing is practical and satisfactory. Summer suits of synthetic materials can be worn here 6 months a year. Winter suits, a medium-weight overcoat, and a raincoat are also needed. Sports jackets are very useful.

Tuxedos are worn for formal nights at the opera. Formal wear can be rented in Rome. Good ready-made suits are available, as are excellent tailors and a good selection of materials. Although prices vary greatly, the best tailoring is cheaper and the best material more expensive than in the U. Custom-made shirts of cotton and silk, worn by well-dressed Italians, are expensive.

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Underclothing, socks, and ready-made shirts are expensive. Fine silk ties and scarves, leather gloves, coats, and bags are a good buy. Although Americans generally prefer American styling for their shoes, Italian shoes are considered attractive and are available in a wide range of styles and sizes. Wool or knit dresses and suits are popular and practical in Italy most of the year.

American cottons are ideal for the summer. Cocktail tail and short dinner dresses are worn frequently to the opera, concerts and parties. Sportswear of all kinds is useful. Dress shops are abundant in Italy, but the selection found in any one shop is limited. Clothing is in high fashion and made mostly of natural fibers all wool, cotton, or silk.

Casual wash-and-wear summer fashions are hard to find i. Winter skirts and sweaters are abundant, of good quality, and are reasonably priced. Remember that sizes and cuts are different and are not always to American taste. Good-quality undergarments are usually more expensive than similar items in the U. Some American brands are found locally. Italian women occasionally have clothes made.

This is expensive, but it assures quality. Quality materials are expensive, and simple cotton dresses may often cost as much as silk dresses. Silks and woolens, or blends, are beautiful and of good quality. Italian shoes are stylish and attractive, but sizes generally vary by length only and do not always fit American feet. A few stores carry American-last shoes. Good comfortable walking shoes are hard to find, but all-leather boots are abundant.

Hats are seldom worn. Several hat shops in Italy sell ready made or made to order hats at prices comparable to those in the U. Ladies gloves and other leather goods are an Italian specialty and are generally cheaper than those in the U. Designer items from houses such as Gucci, Fendi and Valentino are expensive but cheaper than in the U.

Beautiful handmade baby clothing and children's party dresses are abundant but expensive. Play clothes for children under 10 are available, but also expensive. Adequate laundry and dry cleaning services are available, although not as numerous as in the U. Dry cleaning is expensive. Rome has both laundromats and coin-operated dry cleaning machines; however, paid attendants operate the machines with varying reliability.

Shoe repair prices are comparable to those in the U. Excellent hairdressers and barbers are available, but they are expensive by American standards. Several have English-speaking hairstylists. One should inquire about expertise with different hair-styles and types. It is possible to have an American manicure and pedicure. Repairs to American radios, sound systems and electrical appliances are not always dependable because most local repairmen are not familiar with equipment made for the American market. It helps to have circuit diagrams or maintenance instructions for each item.

Other repair services are generally good, but substantial effort may be required to locate the particular service needed. Domestic help is expensive, particularly if you are seeking experienced personnel. Italian workers are rare and the majority does not speak English. There are many third-country nationals available. The mandatory requirement for locally hired non-EU household workers is that they possess a valid sojourn permit for work in Italy. Household worker employment is governed by specific Italian laws and by a National Contract for Household Workers, which is reviewed and renewed every four years.

The cost of these benefits may equal the worker's basic salary. Workers' rights are based on Italian standards that are legally enforceable and failure to observe these basic standards can lead to unpleasant situations for the employer. The following schools should be contacted as far in advance as possible for registration. Most schools provide student lunch facilities, athletic and recreational programs and bus service. The school year begins in September and ends in June. Good American, British, French and German schools are available.

Private schools, including English and French, enroll an increasing number of Italian students because of disciplinary and curriculum reform problems in Italian public schools. Nondenominational, coeducational day school offering instruction in the American educational system kindergarten through grade Instruction is by a multinational but predominantly American faculty. The school program is primarily designed to prepare students for American universities. Credits are transferable to U.

The school has boarding facilities available for high school students at the Villa St. Middle school students can board with local families. Preschool is available for 3-and 4-year-olds. An independent private day school is operated by the Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Mary. It follows the same course system and offers the same credits as their school in Tarrytown, N. Y, which is guided by the N. Y State Board of Regents program. It also offers the International Baccalaureate program. The faculty is primarily non-clerical and international, drawing many teachers from Ireland and Great Britain.

Instruction is offered in English to girls and boys from kindergarten through grade Early childhood classes are available for 3-and 4-year-olds. Stephen's Schoo l, Via Aven-tina 3, Rome. A private international high school accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, it offers a program in English designed to meet the entrance requirements of U. Faculty is primarily American. Boarding facilities are available for both boys and girls.

The school does not provide bus service for day students. Faculty is British and the curriculum is the standard general college preparatory program designed to prepare students for British schools and universities. For students in the International Baccalaureate program, it is adaptable for transfer to American schools and universities. This school was established in by a group of British-trained teachers and was formed as a cooperative.

It is open to children of all nationalities from ages 3 to All lessons are in English, although an optional Italian program provides for those who wish to enter the Italian state system at a later date. The curriculum emphasizes the basic skills, with each CORE teacher specializing in a subject that they teach throughout the school.

Music, art, physical education and drama are part of their program. Providing an international education based on American and British approaches and techniques, the school's programs of study and activities foster the development of the whole child with opportunities for growth in all areas.

Awareness and understanding of different cultures is encouraged, especially an appreciation of Italy, its language and its culture. Foreign language instruction is introduced at any early age. Instruction is in English. AUR offers bachelor-degree programs in business administration, international relations, interdisciplinary studies, and Italian studies and an associate degree in liberal arts. It is the Rome study-abroad center for several American colleges and universities.

John Cabot University offers bachelor degree programs in business administration, international affairs art history and English language literature. Some associate degree programs are also available. All courses at John Cabot are transferable to Hiram College, which issues official transcripts for John Cabot students. The center offers an interdisciplinary program of graduate studies in international relations.

Courses are given in international economics, European studies history, politics and culture , international law , U. Degrees earned at the Center are granted by the Johns Hopkins University. The Graduate Center of St. John's University, located at the Oratorio San Pietro in Rome, offers programs of study in business administration, church administration, and international relations. The church administration program began in ; the M. This is a program of St. John's University in New York. Almost any form of sports activity can be enjoyed in the vicinity of Rome, including golf, tennis, skiing, swimming, riding, boating, bicycling, hunting, and fishing.

Spectator sports include soccer, boxing, horse racing , and auto and motorcycle racing. Much of Rome's sports activity is organized around private clubs. Most memberships in private clubs are expensive and are not refundable. The Acqua Santa Golf Club , 5 miles from the city, has an hole course. The Olgiata Country Club, about 10 miles north of the city, has a hole golf course, swimming pool, tennis courts, riding horses, and a fine clubhouse.

The membership fee is very high and you need a club member sponsor. Several other tennis and swimming clubs are open to Americans. An incredible number and variety of places of historical and artistic interest are found in and around Rome. Commercial and cultural organizations arrange tours and visits daily. Tours are conducted in a variety of languages, including English.

Naples is less than 3 hours by car and Florence is almost as close. Rome itself has major monuments and archeological and historical sites. These exist in greater richness and variety in Italy than in any other country. The many good guidebooks to Italy available locally or in the U. Many recreation areas and campgrounds are found in the countryside. Good, but often crowded, beaches with cabanas and some beach equipment for rent lie within 20 miles of Rome and can be reached by public transportation.

To the south, 2 hours or less by car, are beautiful and spacious beaches. Terminillo and Ovindoli, 2 hours by car or bus, are the nearest ski resorts with tow systems and equipment for rent. Some hunting and fishing is available in the countryside around Rome, but most hunting is generally limited to invitation-only private reserves. Horses are available from several riding academies in Rome at reasonable prices. Hikers and mountain climbers will find a wealth of possibilities in the nearby Apennines. The Club Alpino Italiano offers 1-day trips for mountain hiking and, in winter, cross-country skiing.

Rome has many parks for children. The large, beautiful Villa Borghese park has a zoo, a small theater where children's movies are shown in Italian, Punch and Judy shows, pony rides, small bicycles for rent, a lake with boats for rent, and a large playground. Rome offers a variety of entertainment facilities appropriate to a major capital city. Knowledge of Italian is valuable. Movie theaters show current Italian, American, and other films with Italian soundtracks. One or two theaters offer French, English, and American films with original soundtracks. Several theaters present classics, modern plays, and revues, usually in Italian.

Rome's formal opera season opens in December and continues through May, with excellent productions and performances by leading Italian artists. During the summer, opera moves outdoors to the ruins of the Baths of Caracalla and Ostia Antica. Concert performances are given frequently during the winter season; outdoor performances are held in summer, usually in the late evening. Prices for most of these musical events are reasonable. Visiting theatrical groups, as well as local pageantry, offer additional interest.

Rome has many discos and a few nightclubs. Good restaurants are plentiful, some steeped in atmosphere and others featuring famous food specialities. Many places offer outdoor dining in summer. Meals in fine restaurants can be expensive, but the discerning diner can often find a good buy as well as a good meal. Rome has a variety of American organizations for men and women. Several hold monthly luncheons. Described by Petrarch as the "Pearl of Cities," Florence's glorious past and dynamic present never cease to fascinate students and visitors from all parts of the world.

The splendors of the Italian Renaissance are seen not only in its famous churches, palaces, and museums, but are also kept alive in the tradition of crafts-manship, which makes Florence and the region of Tuscany one of the world's major artisan centers. Florence is in the heart of a rich agricultural region whose principal products are cereal grains, vegetables, olives, and the famous Chianti wines. The city has a population of , About 30, are non-Italian residents, mainly other Europeans, Americans and Chinese citizens. Most members of the foreign colony except the Chinese and the Italians who move in this circle speak English.

Very few in the general Italian population, however, and virtually no Italian officials speak or understand English. Shopkeepers, travel agencies, and hotels catering to tourists have English-speaking personnel. The following churches have services in English: Marks Anglican , Via Maggio, The American International School of Florence offers an American curriculum as well as an international baccalaureate program for children from preschool through grade 12, with preparation for American schools and colleges.

Information on tuition and other charges can be obtained by writing directly to the school. Florence also has a number of good private and state-run nursery and elementary schools. Italian is the language of instruction in most of these schools, although a few teach in French or German. Many schools provide bus transportation at an additional charge. A number of American parents have found Italian public schools very satisfactory, especially in the lower grades.

No English-language schools are in Florence for children with learning disabilities. Italian schools include handicapped children in classes with regular students under the guidance of specially trained teachers.