Timore e tremore: Aut-aut (Diapsalmata) (Italian Edition)

IS Posse pati volui, nee me temptasse negabo ; vicit Amor. Supera deus hie bene notus in ora est; an sit et hie, dubito. Sed et hie tamen auguror esse ; famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae, vos quoque iunxit Amor. Tendimus hue omnes, haec est domus ultima, vosque humani generis longissima regna tenetis. Quod si fata negant veniam pro coniuge, certum est nolle redire mihi; leto gaudete duorum. Tunc primum lacrimis victarum carmine fama est 45 Eumenidum maduisse genas. Nee regia coniunx sustinet oranti, nee qui regit ima, negare, Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat ilia recentis inter, et incessit passu de vulnere tardo.

Hanc simul et legem RhodopeYus accipit heros, 50 ne flectat retro sua lumina, donee Avernas exierit vallis ; aut inrita dona futura. Carpitur acclivis per muta silentia trames, arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca. Nee procul afuerunt telluris margine summae. Quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam? Orantem f rustraque iterum transire volentem 65 portitor arcuerat. Septem tamen ille diebus squalidus in ripa Cereris sine munere sedit ; cura dolorque animi lacrimaeque alimenta fuere.

Qua licet, aeternus tamen es ; quotiensque repellit ver hiemem, Piscique Aries succedit aquoso, 5 tu totiens oreris viridique in caespite flores. Nee citharae, nee sunt in honore sagittae. Quern prius acrias libratum Phoebus in auras misit, et oppositas disiecit pondere nubis.

Reccidit in solidam longo post tempore terrain pondus, et exhibuit iunctam cum viribus artera. Protinus imprudens actusque cupidine lusus toUere Taenarides orbem properabat. Expalluit aeque Death 25 quam puer ipse deus, conlapsosque excipit artus ;!? Nil prosunt artes ; erat immedicabile vulnus. Ut si quis violas riguove papaver in horto 30 liliaque inf ringat fulvis horrentia Unguis, marcida demittant subito caput ilia vietum, nee se sustineant, spectentque cacumine terram ; sic vultus moriens iacet et def acta vigore ipsa sibi est oneri cervix umeroque recumbit.

Tu dolor es f acinusque meum ; mea dextera leto inscribenda tuo est ; ego sum tibi f uneris auctor. Quae mea culpa tamen? Nisi si lusisse vocari 40 culpa potest, nisi culpa potest et amasse vocari. Atque utinam pro te vitam tecumve liceret reddere! Quod quoniam f atali lege tenemur, semper eris mecum memorique haerebis in ore. Te lyra pulsa manu, te carmina nostra sonabunt, 45 flosque nevus scripto gemitus imitabere nostros.

Tempus et illud erit quo se fortissimus heros addat in hunc florem folioque legatur eodem. Ipse suos gemitus foliis inscribit, et AI AI flos habet inscriptum, f unestaque littera ducta est. Dextera Sigei, Rhoetei laeva profundi ara Panomphaeo vetus est sacrata Tonanti.

Stabat opus ; pretium rex infitiatur, et addit, perfidiae cumulum, falsis periuria verbis. Quam dura ad saxa revinctam 20 vindicat Alcides, promissaque munera, dictos poscit equos. Tantique operis mercede negata, bis periura capit superatae moenia Troiae. Nee pars militiae, Telamon, sine honore recessit, Hesioneque data potitur.

Nam coniuge Peleus 25 clarus erat diva, neque avi magis ille superbit nomine quam soceri ; siquidem lovis esse nepoti contigit baud uni, coniunx dea contigit uni. Tota est ex acre sonanti ; tota fremit vocesque refert, iteratque quod audit. Nee tamen est clamor, sed parvae murmura vocis, qualia de pelagi, si quis procul audiat, undis esse Solent ; qualemve sonum, cum luppiter atras increpuit nubis, extrema tonitrua reddunt. Nam me sibi iunxerat uni, Acis pulcher et octonis iterum natalibus actis signarat teneras dubia lanugine malas.

Pro, quanta potentia regni est, Venus alma, tui! Nempe ille immitis et ipsis 10 horrendus silvis, et visus ab hospite nullo impune, et magni cum dis contemptor Olympi, quid sit amor sentit, validaque cupidine captus uritur, oblitus pecorum antrorumque suorum. Caedis amor feritasque sitisque immensa cruoris cessant, et tutae veniuntque abeuntque carinae.

Prominet in pontum cuneatus acumine longo 30 collis ; utrumque latus circumfiuit aequoris unda. Hue ferus ascendit Cyclops, mediusque resedit ; lanigerae pecudes nullo ducente secutae. Latitans ego rupe meique Acidis in gremio residens procul auribus hausi talia dicta meis, auditaque mente notavi: Ipsa tuis manibus silvestri nata sub umbra moUia fraga leges, ipsa autumnalia coma, prunaque, non solum nigro liventia suco verum etiam generosa novasque imitantia ceras.

De laudibus harum nil mihi credideris ; praesens potes ipsa videre ut vix circumeant distentum cruribus uber. Sunt, f etura minor, tepidis in ovilibus agni ; sunt quoque, par aetas, aliis in ovilibus haedi. Nee tibi deliciae faciles vulgataque tantum munera contingent, dammae leporesque caperque, parve columbarum demptusve cacumine nidus. Non est hoc corpore maior luppiter in caelo nam vos narrare soletis nescio quem regnare lovem. Coma plurima torvos 95 prominet in vultus, umerosque, ut lucus, obumbrat.

Nee mea quod rigidis horrent densissima saetis corpora, turpe puta. Turpis sine frondibus arbor, turpis equus, nisi coUa iubae flaventia velent ; pluma tegit volucris ; ovibus sua lana decori est ; barba viros h'irtaeque decent in corpore saetae. Unum est in media lumen mihi fronte, sed instar ingentis clipei. Quid, non haec omnia magnus Sol videt e caelo? Soli tamen unicus orbis. Adde quod in vestro genitor meus aequore regnat; hunc tibi do socerum.

Tantum miserere precesque supplicis exaudi ; tibi enim succumbimus uni. Quique lovem et caelum sperno et penetrabile fulmen, Nerer, te vereor ; tua f ulmine saevior ira est. Sed cur Cyclope repulso Hate Acin amas, praefersque meis complexibus Acin? Uror enim, laesusque exaestuat acrius ignis, cumque suis videor translatam viribus Aetnam pectore ferre meo ; nee tu, Galatea, moveris. Ast ego vicino pavefacta sub aequore mergor. Terga fugae dederat conversa Symaethius heros et, "Fer opem, Galatea, precor, mihi! Puniceus de mole cruor manabat, et intra temporis exiguum rubor evanescere coepit, fitque color primo turbati fluminis imbre ,40 purgaturque mora.

Sed sic quoque erat tamen Acis, in amnem versus ; et antiquum tenuerunt flumina nomen. Cum volet, ilia dies quae nil nisi eorporis huius ius habet ineerti spatium mihi finiat aevi ; parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum. Quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris, ore legar populi perque omnia saecula f ama, si quid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam. Silvia Vestalis caelestia semina partu ediderat, patruo regna tenente suo. The Is iubet auferri parvos et in amne necari. Ex istis Romulus alter erit.

Albula, quem Tiberim mersus Tiberinus in undis reddidit, hibernis forte tumebat aquis. Hue ubi venerunt neque enim procedere possunt longius , ex illis unus et alter ait: At quam f ormosus uterque! Plus tamen ex illis iste vigoris habet. Si genus arguitur voltu, nisi fallit imago, nescio quem vobis suspicer esse deum — At si quis vestrae deus esset originis auctor, 20 in tam praecipiti tempore ferret opem.

Ferret opem certe si non ope mater egeret, quae facta est uno mater et orba die. Nata simul, moritura simul, simul ite sub undas corpora. Exposure Hi redeunt udis in sua tecta genis. Boys Heu quantum fati parva tabella tulit! Alveus in limo silvis adpulsus opacis 30 paulatim fluvio deficiente sedet. Remanent vestigia, quaeque vocatur Rumina nunc ficus, Romula ficus erat. Venit ad expositos mirum! The Quis credat pueris non nocuisse f eram? Quos lupa nutrit, perdere cognatae sustinuere manus.

Constitit et cauda teneris blanditur alumnis, et fingit lingua corpora bina sua. Marte satos scires ; timor af uit. Ubera ducunt 40 nee sibi promissi lactis aluntur ope. Ilia loco nomen fecit, locus ipse Lupercis. Contrahere agreslis et moenia ponere utrique convenit ; ambigitur moenia ponat uter. Magna fides avium est; experiamur avis. Alter adit nemorosi saxa Palatl, alter Aventinum mane cacumen init. Sex Remus, hie volucris bis sex videt ordine. Pacto statur, et arbitrium Romulus urbis habet.

Apta dies legitur qua moenia signet aratro. Sacra Palis suberant ; inde movetur opus. Fossa fit ad solidum ; fruges iaciuntur in ima, et de vicino terra petita solo. Inde premens stivam designat moenia sulco ; alba iugum niveo cum bove vacca tulit. Vox fuit haec regis: Prayer Quosque pium est adhibere deos, advertite cuncti. Auspicibus vobis hoc mihi surgat opus. Longa sit huic aetas dominaeque potentia terrae, sitque sub hac oriens occiduusque dies.

Tonitru dedit omina laevo The luppiter, et laevo fulmina missa polo. Augurio laeti iaciunt fundamina cives, et novus exiguo tempore murus erat. Neve quis aut muros aut factam vomere fossam transeat, audentem talia dede neci. Rutro Celer occupat ausum.

Remus Ille premit duram sanguinolentus humum. Dat tamen exsequias ; nee iam suspendere fletum sustinet, et pietas dissimulata patet. Osculaque applicuit posito suprema feretro atque ait, " Invito frater adempte, vale. Qui tenet hoc nomen, Romulus ante fuit. Sive quod hasta curis priscis est dicta Sabinis, bellicus a telo venit in astra deus ; sive suo regi nomen posuere Quirites ; seu quia Romanis iunxerat ille Curis.

Nam pater armipotens postquam nova moenia vidit multaque Romulea bella peracta manu, " luppiter," inquit, " habet Romana potentia viris ; sanguinis officio non eget ilia mei. Quamvis intercidit alter, pro se proque Remo, qui mihi restat, erit. Sint rata dicta lovis. Nutu tremefactus uterque est polus, et caeli pondera novit Atlas. Est locus, antiqui Capreae dixere paludem ; forte tuis illic, Romule, iura dabas. Sol fugit, et removent subeimtia nubila caelum, et gravis effusis decidit imber aquis. Hinc tonat, hinc missis abrumpitur ignibus aether. Rex patriis astra petebat equis.

Luctus erat, f alsaeque patres in crimine caedis ; haesissetque animis forsitan ilia fides, sed Proculus Longa veniebat lulius Alba, 25 lunaque fulgebat nee facis usus erat, 15 20 LUCRETIA 1 13 cum subito motu saepes tremuere sinistrae. Rettulit ille gradus, horrueruntque comae.

Convocat hie populos iussaque verba refert. Templa deo fiunt, collis quoque dictus ab illo est, et referunt certi sacra paterna dies. Dum vacat, et metuunt hostes committere pugnam, luditur in castris, otia miles agit ; 5 Tarquinius iuvenis socios dapibusque meroque The accipit. Ex illis rege creatus ait: Et ecquid 10 coniugibus nostris mutua cura sumus? Studiis certamina crescunt, et fervet multo linguaque corque mero. Surgit cui dederat clarum CoUatia nomen ; " Non opus est verbis, credite rebus," ait. Regalia protinus ilU tecta petunt.

Custos in fore nuilus erat Ecce nurus regis fusis per colla coronis inveniunt posito pervigilare mero.

Cuius ante torum calathi lanaque mollis erat. Lumen ad exiguum famulae data pensa traiiebant, inter quas tenui sic ait ilia sono: Lucretia " Mittenda est domino nunc, nunc properate, 'V , puellae quam primum nostra facta lacerna manu. Nam plura audire potestis. Quantum de hello dicitur esse super? Postmodo victa cades ; melioribus, Ardea, restas, improba, quae nostros cogis abesse viros, Sint tantum reduces!

Sed enim temerarius ille est meus et stricto quolibet ense ruit. Hoc ipsum decuit ; lacrimae decuere pudicam, et fades animo dignaque parque f uit. Ilia revixit, 40 deque viri collo dulce pependit onus. Nee mihi quaerenti spatiosam fallere noctem lassasset viduas pendula tela manus. Quando ego non timui graviora pericula veris? Res est soUiciti plena timoris amor. Sanguine Tlepolemus Lyciam tepefecerat hastam ; Tlepolemi leto cura novata mea est. Denique, quisquis erat castris iugulatus Achivis, frigidius glacie pectus amantis erat.

Argolici rediere duces, altaria f umant, ponitur ad patrios barbara praeda deos. Grata ferunt nymphae pro sal vis dona maritis ; 25 illi victa suis Troica fata canunt. Mirantur iustique senes trepidaeque puellae, narrantis coniunx pendet ab ore viri. Atque aliquis posita monstrat fera proelia mensa, pingit et exiguo Pergama tota mero: Ausus es, O nimium nimiumque oblite tuorum, uiystes' Dating 40 Thracia nocturno tangere castra dolo totque simul mactare viros, adiutus ab uno.

At bene cautus eras et memor ante mei? Usque metu micuere sinus, dum victor amicum dictus es Ismariis isse per agmen equis. Diruta sunt aliis, uni mihi Pergama restant, 50 incola captivo quae bove victor arat. Quisquis ad haec vertit peregrinam litora puppim, Penelope ille mihi de te multa rogatus abit ; inquiries quamque tibi reddat, si te modo viderit usquam, 60 traditur huic digitis charta novata meis.

Misimus et Sparten ; Sparte quoque nescia veri. Quas habitas terras, aut ubi lentus abes? Forsitan et narres quam sit tibi rustica coniunx, quae tantum lanas non sinat esse rudis. Fallar et hoc crimen tenuis vanescat in auras, 75 neve revertendi liber abesse velis. Me pater Icarius viduo discedere lecto cogit et immensas increpat usque moras. Tua sum, tua dicar oportet ; Penelope coniunx semper Ulixis ero. Dulichii Samiique et quos tulit alta Zacynthos, Her turba ruunt in me luxuriosa prod,.

Quid tibi Pisandrum Polybumque Medontaque dirum Eurymachique avidas Antinoique manus atque alios referam, quos omnis turpiter absens ipse tuo partis sanguine rebus alis? Sed neque Laertes, ut qui sit inutilis armis, hostibus in mediis regna tenere potest, nee mihi sunt vires inimicos pellere tectis. Tu citius venias, portus et aura tuis. Est tibi, sitque, precor, natus, qui mollibus annis in patrias artis erudiendus erat. Respice Laerten ; ut iam sua lumina condas, extremum fati sustinet ille diem.

Certe ego, quae fueram te discedente puella, protinus ut venias, facta videbor anus. Non me more patrum, dum strenua sustinet aetas, praemia militiae pulverulenta sequi, S nee me verbosas leges ediscere, nee me ingrato vocem prostituisse f oro? Mihi fama per- ennis quaeritur, in toto semper ut orbe canar. Vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ide, dum rapidas Simois in mare volvet aquas. Vivet et Ascraeus, dum mustis uva tumebit, dum cadet incurva falce resecta ceres.

Battiades semper toto cantabitur orbe; quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet. VMe-painting Nulla Sophocleo veniet iactura cothumo. Cum sole et luna semper Aratus erit. Ennius arte carens animosique Attius oris casurum nullo tempore nomen habent- Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciet aetas, aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci? Carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucreti exitio terras cum dabit una dies. Tityrus et fruges Aenelaque arm a legentur, Roma triumphati dum caput orbis erit.

Mihi flavus Apollo poeula Castalla plena ministret aqua, 35 sustineamque eoma metuentem f rigora myrtum ; atque ita sollicito multus amante legar. Paseitur in vivis livor, post fata quiescit, eum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos. Ergo etiam cum me supremus adederit ignis, 40 vivam, parsque mei multa superstes erit.

Ah, nimis ex vero nunc tibi nomen erit! Ecce, puer Veneris fert eversamque pharetram et fractos arcus et sine luce facem. Aspice demissis ut eat miserabilis alis, 10 pectoraque infesta tundat aperta manu. Fratris in Aeneae sic ilium funere dicunt egressum tectis, pulcher lule, tuis. Nee minus est confusa Venus moriente Tibullo 15 quam iuveni rupit cum f erus inguen aper.

At sacri vates et divum cura vocamur ; sunt etiam qui nos numen habere putent. Scilicet omne sacrum mors importuna profanat, omnibus obscuras inicit ilia manus. Carmine quid victas obstupuisse f eras? Aelinon in silvis idem pater, aelinon altis dicitur invita concinuisse lyra. Diffugiunt avidos carmina sola rogos. Durat opus vatum, Troiani fama laboris, tardaque nocturno tela retexta dolo. Cum rapiunt mala fata bonos ignoscite fasso , sollicitor nuUos esse putare deos.

The Vive pius ; moriere plus. Tene, sacer vates, flammae rapuere rogales, pectoribus pasci nee timuere tuis? Avertit vultus Erycis quae possidet arcis. Sunt quoque qui lacrimas continuisse negant. Hinc certe madidos fugientis pressit ocellos Last mater, et in cineres ultima dona tulit: Offices 'of hinc soror in partem misera cum matre doloris Love 50 venit, inornatas dilaniata comas ; cumque tuis sua iunxerunt Nemesisque priorque oscula, nee solos destituere rogos. Me tenuit moriens deficiente manu. Obvius huic venias hedera iuvenalia cinctus The 60 tempora, cum Calvo, docte Catulle, tuo.

Si qua est modo corporis umbra, auxisti numeros, culte TibuUe, pios. Nee spatium fuerat nee mens satis apta parandi; torpuerant longa pectora nostra mora. Non mihi servorum, comites non cura legendi, non aptae profugo vestis opisve fuit. Non aliter stupui quam qui lovis ignibus ictus vivit et est vitae nescius ipse suae.

The Poetic Art of Aldhelm (Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England)

Ut tamen banc animi nubem. Uxor amans flentem flens acrius ipsa tenebat, imbre per indignas usque cadente genas. Nata procul Libycis aberat diversa sub oris, nee poterat fati certior esse mei. Quocumque aspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonabant, formaque non taciti funeris intus erat.

Translation of «aut aut» into 25 languages

Femina virque meo, pueri quoque, f unere maerent, inque domo lacrimas angulus omnis habet. Si licet exemplis in parvo grandibus uti, 25 haec facies Troiae, cum caperetur, erat. Ut quod vos scitis, poenae quoque sentiat auctor, 40 placato possum non miser esse deo. Ilia etiam ante Lares sparsis astrata capillis contigit exstinctos ore tremente focos, 45 multaque in adversos effudit verba Penatis pro deplorato non valitura viro. Blando patriae retinebar amore ; 50 ultima sed iussae nox erat ilia fugae. Ah, quotiens aliquo dixi properante, " Quid urges?

Vel quo festines ire vel unde, vide. Saepe eadem mandata dedi meque ipse fefelli, respiciens oculis pignora cara meis. Scythia est quo mitti- mur," inquam; " Roma relinquenda est. Utraque iusta mora est. Uxor in extremum vivo mihi viva negatur, et domus et fidae dulcia membra domus, quosque ego dilexi fraterno more sodalis, 65 O mihi Thesea pectora iuncta fide. Dum licet, amplectar, numquam fortasse licebit amplius; in lucro est quae datur hora mihi. Dividor baud aliter quam si mea membra relinquam, et pars abrumpi corpore visa suo -est. Sic doluit Mettus tunc cum in contraria versos 75 ultores habuit proditionis equos.

Tum vero exoritur clamor gemitusque meorum. Tum vero coniunx umeris abeuntis inhaerens miscuit haec lacrimis tristia dicta suis: Simul hinc, simul ibimus," inquit. Et mihi facta via est, et me capit ultima terra. Accedam profugae sarcina parva rati. Te iubet a patria discedere Caesaris ira, 85 me pietas; pietas haec mihi Caesar erit.

Egredior sive illud erat sine f unere ferri 90 squalidus, immissis hirta per ora comis. Vivat, et absentem quoniam sic fata tulerunt vivat ut auxilio sublevet usque suo. Saepe premente deo fert deus alter opem. Et nobis aliquod, quamvis distamus ab illis, quid vetat irato numen adesse deo? Verba miser frustra non proficientia perdo. Ipsa graves spargunt ora loquentis aquae, terribilisque Notus iactat mea verba, precesque 15 ad quos mittuntur non sinit ire deos. Ergo idem venti, ne causa laedar in una, velaque nescio quo votaque nostra f erunt.

Me miserum, quanti montes volvuntur aquarum! Iam iam tacturas Tartara nigra putes. Quocumque aspicio, nihil est nisi ppntus et aer, fluctibus hie tumidus, nubibus ille minax. Inter utrumque fremunt immani murmure venti. Nam modo purpureo viris capit Eurus ab ortu, nunc Zephyrus sero vespere missus adest, nunc gelidus sicca Boreas bacchatur ab Arcto, nunc Notus adversa proelia fronte gerit. Scilicet occidimus, nee spes est uUa salutis ; dumque loquor, vultus obruit unda meos. Opprimet banc animam fluctus, frustraque precanti 35 ore necaturas accipiemus aquas. At pia nil aliud quam me dolet exsule coniunx ; hoc unum nostri scitque gemitque mali.

O bene, quod non sum mecum conscendere passus, ne mihi bis misero mors patienda foret. At nunc ut peream, quoniam caret ipsa periclo, dimidia certe parte superstes ero. Quantus ab aetherio personat axe f ragor! Nee laterum levius tabulae feriuntur ab unda quam grave ballistae moenia pulsat onus. Qui venit hie fluctus, fluctus supereminet omnis ; 50 posterior nono est undecimoque prior.

Nee letum timeo ; genus est miserabile leti. Fingite me dignum tali nece, non ego solus hie vehor. Immeritos cur mea poena trahit. Aut illam invenies dulci cum matre sedentem aut inter libros Pieridasque suas. Quicquid aget, cum te scierit venisse, relinquet ; nee mora, quid venias quidve, requiret, agam. Vivere me dices, sed sic ut vivere nolim, nee mala tam longa nostra levata mora ; et tamen ad Musas, quamvis nocuere, reverti, aptaque in alternos cogere verba pedes. Tu quoque, die, studiis communibus ecquid inhaeres, doctaque num patrio carmina more canis?

Nam tibi cum facie mores natura pudicos et raras dotes ingeniumque dedit. Hoc ego Pegasidas deduxi primus ad undas, utque pater natae duxque comesque fui. Ergo si remanent ignes tibi pectoris idem, sola tuum vates Lesbia vincet opus. Sed vereor ne te mea nunc f ortuna retardet, postque meos casus sit tibi pectus iners. Dum licuit, tua saepe mihij tibi nostra legebam ; saepe tui index, saepe magister eram.

Aut ego praebebam factis modo versibus auris, aut, ubi cessaras, causa ruboris eram. Forsitan exemplo, quia me laesere libelli, tu quoque sis poenae facta remissa meae? Tantum modo femina nulla nee iuvenis scriptis discat amare tuis. Nil non mortale tenemus pectoris exceptis ingeniique bonis. En ego, cum patria caream vobisque domoque, raptaque sint adimi quae potuere mihi, ingenio tamen ipse meo comitorque f ruorque ; 45 Caesar in hoc potuit iuris habere nihil.

Quilibet banc saevo vitam mihi finiat ense, me tamen exstincto f ama superstes erit ; dumque suis septem victrix de montibus orbem prospiciet domitum Martia. Aeger in extremis ignoti partibus orbis incertusque meae paene salutis eram. Wife et plus m nostro pectore parte tenes. Te loquor absentem, te vox mea nominat unam ; nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies.

Quin etiam sic me dicunt aliena locutum 20 ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum. Si iam deficiam, suppressaque lingua palato vix instillato restituenda mero, nuntiet hue aliquis dominam venisse ; resurgam, spesque tui nobis causa vigoris erit. Liquet hoc, carissima, nobis, tempus agi sine me non nisi triste tibi.

Si tamen implevit mea sors quos debuit annos, 30 et mihi vivendi tam cito finis adest, quantum erat, o magni, morituro parcere, divi, ut saltem patria contumularer humo? Tantaque cominoti vis est aquilonis ut altas aequet humo turris tectaque rapta ferat. Pellibus et sutis arcent mala frigora bracis, oraque de toto corpore sola patent. Saepe sonant moti glacie pendente capilli, et nitet inducto Candida barba gelu.

Nudaque consistunt formam servantia testae vina, nec hausta meri sed data frusta bibunt. Quid loquar ut vincti concrescant frigore rivi, deque lacu fragiles effodiantur aquae? Ipse, papyrifero qui non angustior amne miscetur vasto multa per era freto, caeruleos ventis latices durantibus Hister congelat et tectis in mare serpit aquis. Vix equidem credar, sed cum sint praemia falsi nulla, ratam debet testis habere fidem: Nee vidisse sat est ; durum calcavimus aequor, undaque non udo sub pede summa f uit. Si tibi tale f retum quondam, Leandre, f uisset, non foret angustae mors tua crimen aquae.

Et quamvis Boreas iactatis insonet alis, fluctus in obsesso gurgite nuUus erit ; inclusaeque gelu stabunt ut marmora puppes, 40 nee poterit rigidas findere remus aquas. Vidimus in glacie piscis haerere ligatos, sed pars ex illis tunc quoque viva fuit. Sive igitur boreae nimii vis saeva marinas sive redundatas flumine cogit aquas, 45 protinus aequato siccis aquilonibus Histro invehitur celeri barbarus hostis equo. Hostis equo pollens longeque volante sagitta vicinam late depopulatur humum. Diff ugiunt alii, nuUisque tuentibus agros 50 incustoditae diripiuntur opes, ruris opes parvae, pecus et stridentia plaustra, et quas divitias incola pauper habet.

Quae nequeunt secum ferre aut abducere perdunt, et cretnat insontis hostica flamma casas. Tunc quoque cum pax est, trepidant formidine belli, nee quisquam presso vomere sulcat humum. Non hie pampinea duleis latet uva sub umbra, nee eumulant altos fervida musta laeus. Aspieeres nudos sine fronde, sine arbore eampos. Heu loea feliei non adeunda viro! Ergo tarn late pateat eum maximus orbis, 70 haee est in poenam terra reperta meam? Sulmo mihi patria est gelidis uberrimus undis, milia qui noviens distat ab urbe deeem.

Si quid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres, non modo fortunae munere faetus eques. Nee stirps prima fui. Genito sum fratre ereatus, 10 qui tribus ante quater mensibus ortus erat. Lueifer amborum natalibus adfuit idem, una eelebrata est per duo liba dies. Haee est armiferae festis de quinque Minervae, quae fieri pugna prima eruenta solet. Frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo, fortia verbosi natus ad arma Fori. At mihi iam puero caelestia sacra placebant, inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus. Interea tacito passu labentibus annis liberior fratri sumpta mihique toga est, induiturque umeris cum lato purpura clavo, et studium nobis quod fuit ante manet.

Cepimus et tenerae primos aetatis honores, deque viris quondam pars tribus una fui. Curia restabat ; clavi mensura coacta est ; 35 mains erat nostris viribus illud onus. Nee patiens corpus, nee mens fuit apta labori, soUicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram. Et petere Aoniae suadebant tuta sorores otia, iudicio semper amata meo. Saepe suas volucris legit mihi grandior aevo, quaeque necet serpens, quae iuvet herba Macer. Ponticus heroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambis dulcia convictus membra fuere mei. Et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius auris, 50 dum ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra.

Vergilium vidi tantum, nee amara TibuUo tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae. Successor f uit hie tibi, Galle ; Propertius illi ; quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui. Carmina cum primum populo iuvenilia legi, barba resecta mihi bisve semelve f uit. Moverat ingenium totam cantata per urbem 60 nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi. Multa quidem scripsi ; sed quae vitiosa putavi, emendaturis ignibus ipse dedi. Tunc quoque cum fugerem, quaedam placitura cremavi, iratus studio carminibusque meis. Cum tamen hie essem minimoque accenderer igni, nomine sub nostro fabula nulla fuit.

Paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxor 70 est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fuit. Illi successit quamvis sine crimine coniunx, non tamen in nostro firma futura toro. Et iam complerat genitor sua fata, novemque 75 addiderat lustris altera lustra novem. Non aliter flevi quam me fleturus adempto ille fuit. Matri proxima iusta tuli. Felices ambo tempestiveque sepulti, ante diem poenae quod periere meae. Si tamen exstinctis aliquid nisi nomina restat, et gracilis structos eff ugit umbra rogos ; fama, parentales, si vos mea contigit, umbrae, 85 et sunt in Stygio crimina nostra f oro ; scite, precor, causam nee vos mihi f allere fas est errorem iussae, non scelus, esse fugae.

Manibus hoc satis est. Ad vos, studiosa, revertor, pectora, qui vitae quaeritis acta meae. Causa meae cunctis nimium quoque nota ruinae indicio non est testificanda meo. OVID'S UFE Oblitusque mei ductaeque per otia vitae insolita cepi temporis arma manu, totque tuli casus pelagoque terraque quot inter occultum stellae conspicuumque polum. Tacta mihi tandem longis erroribus acto iuncta pharetratis Sarmatis ora Getis. Hie ego finitimis quamvis circumsoner armis, no tristia, quo possum, carmine fata levo. Quod quamvis nemo est cuius referatur ad auris, He sic tamen absumo decipioque diem.

Nam tu solacia praebes, tu curae requies, tu medicina venis. Tu dux et comes es, tu nos abducis ab Histro in medioque mihi das Helicone locum. Tu mihi, quod rarum est, vivo sublime dedisti nomen, ab exsequiis quod dare fama solet. Nee qui detrectat praesentia, Livor iniquo ullum de nostris dente momordit opus.

Nam tulerint magnos cum saecula nostra poetas, non fuit ingenio fama maligna meo. The Death of Orpheus. The Impiety and Punishment of Niobe The Flood 71 X. Perseus and Andromeda yy For Sight Reading: Di, coeptis nam vos mutastis et Mas adspirate meis, primaque ab origine mundi ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen. Metamorphoses, Book I, lines i- Of bodies changed to various forms I sing: Ille rumor non fuit fabula; superabat enim. Nee dicere posses pedumne laude an formae bono esset prae- stantior. Huic de coniuge scitanti Deus dixit: Nee tamen effu- gies, vivaque te ipsa carebis.

Veloci coniunx thalamlque praemia dabuntur; mors erit dabitur pretium tardls. Ea esto lex cer- tammis. Ut faciem tamen virginis et corpus posito velamine vidit, quale est meum, vel quale tuum, Adonis, si femina fias, obstipuit, manusque tollens, ' Ignoscite,' dixit, i vos quos modo culpavi. Nondum nota mihi erant praemia quae petere- Aiidentes H deus j ipse iu vat. Quae quamquam Aonio iuveni non setius ire visa est Scythica sagitta, ille tamen decorem eius magis miratur.

Et ille cursus decorem facit: Dum hospes haec notat, decursa est meta novissima, et victrix festa corona Victi gemitum dant, penduntque ex foedere poenas. Iuvenis tamen horum eventu non deterritus in medio constitit, vultuque in virgine fixo, 'Quid facilem titulum inertes superando quaeris? Seu me potentem fortuna fecerit, a tanto vinci non indignabere. Namque Megareus Onchestius mihi est genitor: Nee citra genus est virtus mea. Seu vincar, magnum et memorabile nomen Hippomene victo habebis. Atque ita 'Quis deus,' inquit, ' lormosis imquus, hunc iuvenem perdere vult, caraeque vitae discrimine hoc coniugium petere iubet?

Tanti non sum, me iudice. Nee forma illius tangor, — hac tamen quoque tangi poteram — sed quod ad hue est puer. Non iuvenis ipse sed aetas eius me movet. Quid est quod virtus el inest, et mens let! Quid, quod quartus ab aequorea orlgine numeratur? Quid, quod amat et tanti nostra conubia putat ut pereat, si me fors dura ill!

Crudele enim est meum coniugium. Tibi autem nubere nulla virgo nolet ; et a sapiente puella optari potes. Cur tamen mihi est cura tul, tot aliis iam ante peremptis? Intereat, quoniam tot procorum caede non est admonitus agiturque M Uti,nam de Sistere , voiles! Vivere , dignus e,ras. Victoria nostra invidiae erit non ferendae. Sed non est culpa mea. Aut, quoniam es depiens, utinam esses velocior! At quam virgineus est vultus in ore eius puerili!

Namque vivere eras dignus. Quod si essem fellcior, nee mihi fata importuna coniugium nega- rent, tu unus eras quocum cubilia sociare vellem! N Medi 6 nitet , arbor in , arvo, fulva co,mam, , ful,v6 ra,mis crepi tantibus auro. Hinc tria f6rte me a veniens ,, decerpta fe r6bam 90 aurea , p6ma ma,nu: Nee opis longa mora dabatur. Est ager, pars optima telluris Cypriae indigenae Tamasenum nomine earn dicunt quam prisci senes mihi sacravere, templisque meis hanc dotem accedere iussere.

Medio in arvo nitet arbor, fulva comam, ramis eius fulvo auro crepitantibus. Hinc veniens tria aurea poma forte ferebam manii mea decerpta: Tubae signa dederant, cum uterque e carcere pronus emicat, et celeri pede summam harenam libat. Nunc utere totis viribus. Pelle moram, nam vinces! O quotiens, cum iam transire posset, morata est, invltaque vultus diu spectatos reliquit! Aridus veniebat anhelitus ex ore lasso, longe- que erat meta. Turn denique misit proles Neptunia unum e tribus fetibus arbo- rels. Obstipuit virgo, cupldineque nitidi pomi cursum decllnat, aurumque volubile tollit: Ilia celeri cursu moram temporaque cessata corrigit, atque iterum iuvenem post terga relinquit.

Et rursus secundi pomi iactu remorata virum consequitur transitque. Ultima pars cursus restabat. J aurumque nitidum ab obllquo in latus campi, quo tardius ilia rediret, iuvenaliter iecit. Dubitare visa est virgo an peteret pomum: Vicinia notitiam gradusque primos fecit ; amor tempore crevit ; taedae quoque iure coissent, sed patres vetuere. Ambo ex aequo menti- bus captis ardebant, id quod patres vetare non potuere: Quoque magis tegitur, e5 magis aestuat Ignis tectus.

Id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum, vos, amantes, primi vidistis — quid non sentit amor? Saepe, ubi constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc, anhelitusque oris in. Quantum erat ut toto cor- pore nos iungi sineres, aut si hoc est nimium vel ad oscula danda pateres! Nee tamen sumus ingrati ; tibi enim nos de- bere fatemur quod transitus ad arnicas aures verbis nostris est datus. Turn multa prius murmure parvo questi, statuunt ut nocte silenti custodes fallere eque foribus excedere temptent, cumque domo exierint, ut urbis quoque tecta relinquant ; neve els sit errandum in lato arvo spatiantibus, statuunt ut ad busta Nini conveniant, lateantque sub umbra arboris: Pacta placent ; et lux, quae amantibus tarde discedere est visa, praecipitatur aquis, et nox ab Isdem aquis surgit.

Thisbe callida per tenebras cardine versato egreditur fallitque custodes suos, Audacem amor earn faciebat. Ecce leaena tamen recenti bourn caede oblita rictus spumantes, venit sitim in unda fontis vicini depositura. Quam Babylonia Thisbe procul ad liinae radios vidit, et trepido pede in antrum obscurum fugit, dumque fugit velamina sua a tergo lapsa reliquit.

Lea autem saeva ut sitim multa unda compescuit, dum in silvas redit, amictus tenues forte sine ipsa inventos ore cruentato laniavit. Pyramus, serius egressus, in alto pulvere certa ferae vestigia vidit, expalluitque toto in ore. Divellite nostrum corpus, O leones, quicumque sub hac rupe habitatis, et scelerata viscera morsu fero consumite.

Sed optare necem est hominis timidi. Utque loc um 6t visa cogn6scit in arbore f6rmam, sic facit incertam B pomi color: Arborei fetus aspergine caedis in atram faciem vertuntur, radlxque sanguine madefacta mora pendentia puniceo colore tinguit. Ecce ilia, metu nondum posito, ne amantem fallat, redit, iuve- nemque oculis animoque requirit, quantaque pericula vitarit nar- rare gestit.

Utque locum formamque in arbore visa cognoscit, sic color pomi earn incertam facit: Dum dubitat, tremebunda membra cruentum solum pul- sare videt, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo pallidiora gerens Quaeque postquam vestem suam cognovit et ebur ense vacuum Et mihi est manus fortis in hoc unum, et mihi est amor; hie vires in vulnera mihi dabit.

Te exstinctum persequar, causaque mi- serrima comesque let!

Hoc tamen, O multum miser! At tu, arbor, quae nunc ramls tuls miserabile corpus unlus tegis, mox duorum cor- pora es tectura, tene signa caedis, fetusque pullos et luctibus aptos semper habe, gemini monumenta cruoris. Talia dixit, et mucrone sub imum pectus aptato, ferro quod Vota tamen eorum tetigere deos, parentesque tetigere: Delius victo serpente superbus hunc cornua nervo adducto flectentem nuper viderat, dixeratque, ' Quid est tibi, lasclve puer, cum fortibus armis?

Ista gestamina umeros decent nostros, qui ferae dare , qui Id quod amorem facit est hamatum et cuspide acuta fulget: B Dedit hoc pater , ante Di,anae. Protinus alter amat ; fugit altera ipsum nomen amantis, silvarum tenebris gaudens, exuviisque captivarum ferarum, innuptaeque aemula Phoebes. Vitta capillos eius sine lege positos coercebat.

Saepe pater eius dixit, ' Generum mihi, mi filia, debes. Namque Dianae pater hoc ante ill! Sed te iste decor esse quod optas vetat, formaque tua tuo voto repugnat. Phoebus amat, conubiaque cupit Daphnes visae, idque quod cupit sperat: Capillos in illlus collo inornatos pendere spectat, et ' Quid, si comantur?

Oculosque Igne micantes sideribus similes videt, videtque oscula, quae vldisse non est satis: Sed ilia ocior aura lev! B non , insequor , hostis: H Amor , est mihi , causa seiquendi. Cui placets in quire tajinen. Iuppiter 1 est geni,tor. B Per , me con,cordant , carmina nervis. Mihi sequendl amor est causa.

Aspera sunt loca qua properas. Curre, igitur, moderatius, oro, fugamque inhibe. Inse- quar moderatius ipse. Inquire tamen cui placeas. Non incola montis, non pastor ego sum ; non horridus armenta gregesque hie observo. Nescis, O temeraria puella, nescis quern fugis, ideoque fugis. Mihi enim Delphica tellus et Claros et Tenedos Pataraeaque regia servit. Iuppiter mihi est genitor. Per me autem patet id quod fuit estque eritque.

Per me etiam carmina nervis concor- dant. Nostra sagitta quidem est certa, certior tamen nostra est Medicina autem inventum est meum, opiferque per orbem terrarum dicor, et herba- rum potentia subiecta est nobis. Ei mihi, quod amor sanabilis est nullis herbis, nee domino prosunt illae artes quae omnibus pro- sunt! Sed enim iuvenis deus blanditias suas perdere non ultra sustinet, utque amor ipse eum movebat, admisso passu vestigia virginis sequitur.

Ut cum Galli- cus canis vacuo in arvo leporem vidit, et hie praedam, ille salutem Is tamen qui pennis amoris adiutus insequitur est ocior, requiemque ill! Nitor unus in ilia remanet. Hanc quoque Phoebus amat, dextraque sua in stipite posita pectus Daphnes novo sub cortice adhuc trepidare sentit, complexusque ramos illlus ut membra lacertis suis, oscula ligno dat: Semper te coma, te citharae, te pharetrae nostrae, laure, habebunt. Tu Latiis ducibus aderis cum vox laeta Triumphum canet, et visent Capitolia longas pompas. Tu eadem postibus Augustis fidissima custos ante fores stabis, quer- cumque mediam tuebere.

Utque meum caput iuvenale est intonsis capillis, tu quoque semper gere perpetuos frondis honores. Laurea ramis modo factis adnuit, cacumenque ut caput agitasse est visa. Materiam superabat opus ; nam Mulciber illic aequora caelarat medias cingentia terras, terrarumque orbem caelumque, quod imminet orbi.

Quo simul acclivo Clymeneia limite proles venit et intravit dubitati tecta parentis, protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus consistitque procul: Purpurea velatus veste sedebat in solio Phoebus Claris lucente smaragdis. A dextra laevaque Dies et Mensis et Annus Saeculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus Horae, Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona; stabat nuda Aestas et spicea serta gerebat; stabat et Autumnus calcatis sordidus uvis, et glacialis Hiems canos hirsuta capillos.

At genitor circum caput omne micantes Quoque minus dubites, quodvis pete munus, ut illud me tribuente feras: Non est tua tuta voluntas. Magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis munera conveniant nee tarn puerilibus annis. Sors tua mortalis ; non est mortale quod optas. Plus etiam, quam quod superis contingere fas est, 40; nescius adfectas.

Placeat sibi quisque licebit ; non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe me valet excepto. Ultima prona via est et eget moderamine certo: Adde quod adsidua rapitur vertigine caelum, sideraque alta trahit celerique volumine torquet. Nitor in adversum, nee me qui cetera, vincit impetus, et rapido contrarius evehor orbi.

Forsitan et lucos illic urbesque deorum concipias animo delubraque ditia donis esse? Utque viam teneas nulloque errore traharis, per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri Haemoniosque arcus viclentique ora Leonis saevaque circuitu curvantem bracchia longo Scorpion atque aliter curvantem bracchia Cancrum. Nee tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus lllis, quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, in promptu regere est: Adspice vultus ecce meos: Denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus, eque tot ac tantis caeli terraeque marisque posce bonis aliquid: Quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis?

Ne dubita, dabitur — Stygias iuravimus undas! Ergo qua licuit genitor cunctatus, ad altos deducit iuvenem, Vulcania munera, currus. Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summae curvatura rotae, radiorum argenteus ordo. Per iuga chrysolithi positaeque ex ordine gemmae clara repercusso reddebant lumina Phoebo. Dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur opusque perspicit, ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum atria; diffugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit Quem petere ut terras, mundumque rubescere vidit, cornuaque extremae velut evanescere lunae, iungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis.

Iussa deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes ambrosiae suco saturos praesaepibus altis quadrupedes ducunt adduntque sonantia frena. Turn pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati contigit et rapidae fecit patientia flammae, imposuitque comae radios, praesagaque luctus pectore sollicito repetens suspiria dixit: Nee tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus. Sectus in obliquum est lato curvamine limes, zonarumque trium contentus fine, polumque effugit australem iunctamque aquilonibus Arcton. Utque ferant aequos et caelum et terra calores, nee preme, nee summum molire per aethera cursum.

Altius egressus caelestia tecta cremabis, inferius terras: Fortunae cetera mando, quae iuvet et melius quam tu tibi consulat opto. Dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas umida nox tetigit ; non est mora libera nobis. Quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris! Quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis, reppulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi, corripuere viam, pedibusque per aera motis obstantes scindunt nebulas, pennisque levati praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros.

Sed leve pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent solis equi, solitaque iugum gravitate carebat. Quod simul ac sensere, ruunt tritumque relinquunt quadriiugi spatium, nee quo prius, ordine currunt. Ipse pavet; nee qua commissas flectat habenas, nee scit qua sit iter; nee, si sciat, imperet illis. Et iam mallet equos numquam tetigisse patfernos; iam cognosse genus piget et valuisse rogando: Et modo quos illi fatum contingere non est, prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus.

Quidque agat ignarus stupet, et nee frena remittit, nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum. Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula caelo vastammque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum. Quae postquam suramo tetigere iacentia tergo, exspatiantur equi, nulloque inhibente per auras ignotae regionis eunt ; quaque impetus egit, hac sine lege ruunt, altoque sub aethere fixis incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum. Et modo summa petunt, modo per declive viasque praecipites spatio terrae propiore feruntur. Inferiusque suis fraternos currere Luna admiratur equos, ambustaque nubila fumant.

Pabula canescunt; cum frondibus uritur arbor, Turn vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem adspicit accensum, nee tantos sustinet aestus, ferventesque auras velut e fornace profunda ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit. Et neque iam cineres eiectatamque favillam ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique fumo.

Quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum. Turn facta est Libye raptis umoribus aestu arida ; turn nymphae passis fontesque lacusque deflevere comis. Corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo exanimata natant ; ipsum quoque Nerea fama est Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto, inter aquas pelagi, contractos undique fontes, qui se condiderant in opacae viscera matris, sustulit oppressos collo tenus arida vultus ; opposuitque manum fronti, magnoque tremore omnia concutiens paulum subsedit et infra quam solet esse fuit ; sacraque ita voce locuta est: Vix equidem fauces haec ipsa in verba resolvo' — presserat ora vapor — ' tostos en adspice crines, inque oculis tantum, tantum super ora favillae.

Quod si nee fratris, nee te mea gratia tangit, at caeli miserere tui! Atlas en ipse laborat, vixque suis umeris candentem sustinet axem.

Si freta, si terrae pereunt, si regia caeli, in chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis siquid adhuc superest, et rerum consule summae. Sed neque quas posset terris inducere nubes tunc habuit nee quos caelo dimitteret imbres. Intonat et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure misit in aurigam pariterque animaque rotisque expulit, et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes. Consternantur equi et saltu in contraria facto ' colla iugo eripiunt abruptaque lora relinquunt. Illic frena iacent, illic temone revulsus axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum, sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus. At Phaethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos, volvitur in praeceps longoque per aera tractu At Clymene, postquam dixit quaecumque fuerunt in tantis dicenda malis, lugubris et amens et laniata sinus totum percensuit orbem: Quilibet alter agat portantes lumina currus!

Si nemo est, omnesque dei non posse fatentur, ipse agat; ut saltern, dum nostras temptat habenas, orbatura patres aliquando fulmina ponat. Conligit amentes et adhuc terrore paventes Phoebus equos, stimuloque domans et verbere caedit ; saevit enim natumque obiectat et imputat illis. Jupiter from a Cameo V. Alterius telum lapis est, qui missus in ipso aere concentu victus vocisque lyraeque est, ac veluti supplex pro tarn furialibus ausis ante pedes iacuit.

Sed enim temeraria crescunt bella, modusque abiit, insanaque regnat Erinys. Cunctaque tela forent cantu mollita ; sed ingens clamor et infracto Berecyntia tibia cornu tympanaque et plausus et Bacchei ululatus obstrepuere sono citharae. Ac primum attonitas etiamnum voce canentis Inde cruentatis vertuntur in Orphea dextris et coeunt ut aves, si quando luce vagaritem noctis avem cernunt; structoque utrimque theatro ceu matutina cervus periturus harena praeda canum est, vatemque petunt et fronde virentes coniciunt thyrsos, non haec in munera factos.

Neu desint tela furori, forte boves presso subigebant vomere terram ; nee procul hinc multo fructum sudore parantes dura lacertosi fodiebant arva coloni. Agmine qui viso fugiunt, operisque relinquunt arma sui ; vacuosque iacent dispersa per agros Membra iacent diversa locis: Iamque mare invectae flumen populare relinquunt, et Methymnaeae potiuntur litore Lesbi. Tandem Phoebus adest, morsusque inferre parantem arcet, et in lapidem rictus serpentis apertos congelat et patulos, ut erant, indurat hiatus.

Orpheus and Eurydice Hie modo coniunctis spatiantur passibus ambo, nunc praecedentem sequitur, nunc praevius anteit Eurydicenque suam iam tuto respicit Orpheus. Utque suum laqueis, quos callidus abdidit auceps, crus ubi commisit volucris, sensitque teneri, plangitur, ac trepidans adstringit vincula motu ; sic, ut quaeque solo defixa cohaeserat harum, exsternata fugam frustra temptabat ; at illam lenta tenet radix, exsultantemque coercet.

Dumque ubi sint digiti, dum pes ubi, quaerit, et ungues, adspicit in teretes lignum succedere suras. Pectus quoque robora fiunt ; robora sunt umeri ; longos quoque bracchia veros esse putes ramos, et non fallare putando. Hunc adsueta cohors satyri bacchaeque frequentant, at Silenus abest. Titubantem annisque meroque ruricolae cepere Phryges, vinctumque coronis ad regem duxere Midan, cui Thracius Orpheus orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo. Qui simul adgnovit socium comitemque sacrorum, hospitis adventu festum genialiter egit per bis quinque dies et iunctas ordine noctes.

Et iam stellarum sublime coegerat agmen Lucifer undecimus, Lydos cum laetus in agros rex venit, et iuveni Silenum reddit alumno. Ille, male usurus donis, ait ' Effice, quicquid corpore contigero, fulvum vertatur in aurum. Vixque sibi credens, non alta fronde virentem ilice detraxit virgam: Si postibus altis admovit digitos, postes radiare videntur. Vix spes ipse suas animo capit, aurea fingens omnia. Gaudenti raensas posuere ministri exstructas dapibus, nee tostae frugis egentes: Miscuerat puris auctorem muneris undis: Vis aurea tinxit flumen, et humano de corpore cessit in amnem.

Nam freta prospiciens late riget arduus alto Tmolus in ascensu, clivoque extensus utroque Sardibus hinc, illinc parvis finitur Hypaepis. Isque deum pecoris spectans, i In iudice ' dixit 'nulla mora est. Post hunc sacer ora retorsit Tmolus ad os Phoebi ; vultum sua silva secuta est. Turn stamina docto pollice sollicitat, quorum dulcedine captus Pana iubet Tmolus citharae submittere cannas. Arguitur tamen atque iniusta vocatur unius sermone Midae. Nee Delius aures humanam stolidas patitur retinere figuram ; sed trahit in spatium, villisque albentibus implet, instabilesque imas facit et dat posse moveri.

Ille quidem celare cupit, turpique pudore tempora purpureis temptat velare tiaris; sed solitus longos ferro resecare capillos viderat hoc famulus. Qui cum nee prodere visum dedecus auderet, cupiens efTerre sub auras, nee posset reticere tamen, secedit humumque effodit, et domini quales adspexerit aures voce refert parva terraeque immurmurat haustae; indiciumque suae vocis tellure regesta obruit, et scrobibus tacitus discedit opertis. Creber harundinibus tremulis ibi surgere lucus coepit, et, ut primum pleno maturuit anno, prodidit agricolam: Haud procul hinc stagnum est, tellus habitabilis olim, nunc celebres mergis fulicisque palustribus undae.

Mille domos adiere, locum requiemque petentes: Tamen una recepit, parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri: Nee refert, dominos illic famulosne requiras: Furca levat ille bicorni sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno ; servatoque diu resecat de tergore partem exiguam, sectamque domat ferventibus undis.

Vestibus hunc velant, quas non nisi tempore festo sternere consuerant ; sed et haec vilisque vetusque vestis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno. Mensam succincta tremensque ponit anus: Quae postquam subdita clivum sustulit, aequatam mentae tersere virentes. Post haec caelatus eodem. Parva mora est, epulasque foci misere calentes, nee longae rursus referuntur vina senectae dantque locum mensis paulum seducta secundis. Candidus in medio favus est. Super omnia vultus accessere boni nee iners pauperque voluntas. Attoniti novitate pavent, manibusque supinis concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon, et veniam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant.

Ille celer penna tardos aetate fatigat, eluditque diu, tandemque est visus ad ipsos confugisse deos. Tantum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta missa potest: Dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum, ilia vetus, dominis etiam casa parva duobus vertitur in templum: Annis aevoque soluti ante gradus sacros cum starent forte locique narrarent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis, Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon, lamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus Ostendit adhuc Thineius illic incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos.

Haec mihi non vani, neque erat cur fallere vellent, narravere senes: Mihi Tantalus auctor, cui licuit soli superorum tangere mensas. Me gentes metuunt Phrygiae, me regia Cadmi sub domina est, fidibusque mei commissa mariti moenia cum populis a meque viroque reguntur. In quamcumque domus adverti lumina partem, immensae spectantur opes. Hue natas adice septem et totidem iuvenes, et mox generosque nurusque. Tutam me copia fecit Maior sum, quam cui possit Fortuna nocere; multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquet.

Fingite demi huic aliquid populo natorum posse meorum: Ite, satisque superque sacri, laurumque capillis ponite. Nee dolor hie solus: Planus erat lateque patens prope moenia campus, adsiduis pulsatus equis, ubi turba rotarum duraque mollierat subiectas ungula glebas. Proximus, audito sonitu per inane pharetrae, frena dabat Sipylus: Ingemuere simul, simul incurvata dolore membra solo posuere ; simul suprema iacentes lumina versarunt ; animam simul exhalarunt.

Adspicit Alphenor, laniataque pectora plangens advolat, ut gelidos complexibus adlevet artus, inque pio cadit officio; nam Delius illi intima fatifero rupit praecordia ferro. Ictus erat, qua cms esse incipit, et qua mollia nervosus facit internodia poples. Expulit hanc sanguis, seque eiaculatus in altum emicat, et longe terebrata prosilit aura. Nam pater Amphion ferro per pectus adacto finierat moriens pariter cum luce dolorem. Heu quantum haec Niobe Niobe distabat ab ilia, quae modo Latois populum submoverat aris et mediam tulerat gressus resupina per urbem, invidiosa suis, at nunc miseranda vel hosti!

A quibus ad caelum liventia bracchia tollens ' Pascere, crudelis, nostro, Latona, dolore ; pascere p ait, ' satiaque meo tua pectora luctu: Post tot quoque funera vinco. Ilia malo est audax. Stabant cum vestibus atris ante toros fratrum demisso crine sorores ; e quibus una trahens haerentia viscere tela De multis minimam posco ' clamavit ' et unam. Orba resedit exanimes inter natos natasque virumque, Nullos movet aura capillos; in vultu color est sine sanguine ; lumina maestis stant immota genis: Ipsa quoque interius cum duro lingua palato congelat, et venae desistunt posse moveri; nee flecti cervix nee bracchia reddere motus nee pes ire potest: Flet tamen, et validi circumdata turbine venti in patriam rapta est.

Ibi fixa cacumine montis liquitur, et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant. Protinus Aeoliis Aquilonem claudit in antris et quaecumque fugant inductas flamina nubes, emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alis, terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum: Utque manu late pendentia nubila pressit, fit fragor, inclusi funduntur ab aethere nimbi. Sternuntur segetes et deplorata coloni vota iacent, longique perit labor inritus anni. Nee caelo contenta suo est Iovis ira, sed ilium caeruleus frater iuvat auxiliaribus undis. Convocat hie amnes ; qui postquam tecta tyranni intravere sui, ' Non est hortamine longo nunc ' ait ' utendum ; vires effundite vestras, sic opus est ; aperite domos, ac mole remota fluminibus vestris totas immittite habenas.

Ipse tridente suo terram percussit ; at ilia intremuit motuque vias patefecit aquarum. Siqua domus mansit potuitque resistere tanto indeiecta malo, culmen tamen altior huius unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turres. Iamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant: Occupat hie collem ; cymba sedet alter adunca et ducit remos illic ubi nuper ararat ; ille super segetes aut mersae culmina villae navigat ; hie summa piscem deprendit in ulmo ; figitur in viridi, si fors tulit, ancora prato, aut subiecta terunt curvae vineta carinae.

Et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellae, nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phocae. Mirantur sub aqua lucos urbesque domosque Nereides ; silvasque tenent delphines, et altis incursant ramis, agitataque robora pulsant. Nat lupus inter oves, fulvos vehit unda leones, unda vehit tigres ; nee vires fulminis apro, crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo. Maxima pars unda rapitur: Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus, nomine Parnasus, superantque cacumina nubes.

Hie ubi Deucalion nam cetera texerat aequor , cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit, n6c Corycidas nymphas et numina montis adorant, fatidicamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat. Non illo melior quisquam nee amantior aequi vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum. THE WATERS SUBSIDE Iuppiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem, et superesse virum de tot modo milibus unum, et superesse videt de tot modo milibus unam, innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos, nubila disiecit, nimbisque aquilone remotis et caelo terras ostendit et aethera terris.

Omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis, et quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes. Flumina subsidunt, collesque exire videntur: Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae certa satis ; terrent etiam nunc nubila mentem. Quis tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses, nunc animus, miseranda, foret? Namque ego, crede mihi, si te quoque pontus haberet, te sequerer, coniunx, et me quoque pontus haberet.

Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus ; sic visum est superis: Nulla mora est ; adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, ut nondum liquidas, sic iam vada nota secantes. Inde ubi libatos inroravere liquores vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae ad delubra deae, quorum fastigia turpi pallebant musco stabantque sine ignibus arae. Ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque pronus humi, gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo.

Magna parens Terra est: Descendunt velantque caput tunicasque recingunt et iussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt. Saxa — quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas? Mox ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior illis contigit, ut quaedam, sic non manifesta, videri forma potest hominis, sed uti de marmore coepto, non exacta satis rudibusque simillima signis.

Inde per immensum ventis discordibus actus nunc hue, nunc illuc, exemplo nubis aquosae , fertur, et ex alto seductas aethere longe despectat terras totumque supervolat orbem. Ter gelidas Arctos, ter Cancri bracchia vidit: Iamque cadente die veritus se credere nocti, constitit Hesperio, regnis Atlantis, in orbe: Ultima tellus Mille greges illi, totidemque armenta per herbas errabant ; et humum vicinia nulla premebant.

Arboreae frondes auro radiante virentes ex auro ramos, ex auro poma tegebant. Quantus erat, mons factus Atlas: Turn partes auctus in omnes crevit in immensum — sic di statuistis — et omne cum tot sideribus caelum requievit in illo. Pennis ligat ille resumptis parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco, et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit.

Illic immeritam maternae pendere linguae Andromedan poenas immitis iusserat Ammon. Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes vidit Abantiades, — nisi quod levis aura capillos moverat, et tepido manabant lumina fletu, marmoreum ratus esset opus — trahit inscius ignes et stupet ; et visae correptus imagine formae paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas. T Ut stetit, ' O ' dixit ' non istis digna catenis, sed quibus inter se cupidi iunguntur amantes, pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque, et cur vincla geras.

Lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis. Et nondum memoratis omnibus unda insonuit, veniensque immenso belua ponto imminet et latum sub pectore possidet aequor. Conclamat virgo ; genitor lugubris et una mater adest, ambo miseri, sed iustius ilia. Hanc ego si peterem Perseus love natus et ille Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator, et alis aetherias ausus iactatis ire per auras, praeferrer cunctis certe gener. Ut in aequore summo umbra viri visa est, visam fera saevit in umbram. Nixus eo rupisque tenens iuga prima sinistra ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. Litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum implevere domos.

Gaudent, generumque salutant auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris. Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda: At pelagi nymphae factum mirabile temptant pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent, seminaque ex illis iterant iactata per undas.

Lapidge and Pheifer have shown that the ultimate origins of early Anglo-Saxon glossaries are to be sought in the great burst of intellectual activity which took place in the school at Canterbury under Theodore and Hadrian towards the end of the seventh century. Indeed, after a detailed comparison of a number of related glossaries from the period, Pheifer postulates that 'X, the common ancestor of Epinal-Erfurt, Corpus, and Erfurt II.

Marenbon, 'Les sources du vocabulaire', esp. Schlutter noted several traces of Celtic terms in the Epinal-Erfurt and Corpus glossaries, which have since been associated with the influence of the Irish vernacular on the early Anglo-Saxon glossators. Pheifer confesses himself exasperated, but the evidence indicates an ultimately Southumbrian origin.

Old English Glosses, p. If we discount altum for the reasons already stated, and also ignore those words which Aldhelm could equally have derived from the Vulgate or Vergil, then we are left with the following words: Whilst it is certainly striking to note that of the relevant 'glossary-words' in Altus prosator no fewer than ten are also found in Aldhelm's works, it is more important to note the distribution of such words throughout Aldhelm's corpus.

The prominence of the letters to Wihtfrith and Heahfrith in this context is particularly interesting, since it suggests that Aldhelm may have considered a number of these words to have a particularly Irish flavour; in both cases Aldhelm writes to students and casts aspersions on the standards of learning and morality to be found in Ireland. The letters to Heahfrith and Wihtfrith are in Opera, pp. Herren, Prose Works, pp. Such clustering of terms from Altus prosator, strongly suggesting conscious borrowing, is found in other passages by Aldhelm too. In the same way the Carmen rhythmicum has a large overlap of ornate vocabulary with Altus prosator; in addition to crebro and dodrans, we find from Stevenson's original list furibundus, grassor, mano, oceanum and four times turbo.

There are also some possible verbal echoes of Altus prosator in such phrases from the Carmen rhythmicum as mundi machina CR 17; cf. Oceani dodrantibus , and simul ruptis radicibus CR 44; cf. So, for example, we m i g h t note in this context luminaria CR 3 8 ; cf. Almost every line of Boniface's metrical hexameters reveals a debt to the phraseology and metrical technique of Aldhelm's verse, and clear acquaintance with the whole range of his poetry.

Three such poems survive. In one verse line 8 Boniface borrows a line For t h e details of his life w e rely principally o n t h e early hagiographical w o r k of Willibald, Vitae Sancti Bonifatii Archiepiscopi Moguntini, ed. On his birth-date, seeF. Law, ' T h e Ars Bonifacii: Lehmann, 'Ein neuentdecktes W e r k eines angelschsischen Grammatikers vorkarolingischer Zeit', Historische Vierteljahrschrift 27 , 7 3 8 - 5 6 , at 7 5 5 - 6 ; his error was swiftly corrected by N.

Fickermann, in a review in Neues Archiv 4 9 , , and Lehmann later retracted, adding a few comments of his own in his 'Die G r a m m a t i k aus Aldhelms Kreise', Historische Vierteljahrschrift 27 , 7 5 8 - 7 1. Lehmann's error was based on a rubric in one of t h e four extant manuscripts, Trier, Stadtbibliothek, s. Thefirstof these is appended to a letter to the young Nithard, urging him in the furtherance of his ecclesiastical studies. Tangl dates the letter to the period x , before Wynfrith as he styles himself here, a sure indication of a date before , when he took on the name Boniface finally left for the Continent.

The text of the poem itself is unremarkable, but shares many stylistic features with the rest of Boniface's octosyllables. We may compare the couplet excels? Schrobler, ' Z u d e n Carmina rhythmica', p. Schrobler, ' Z u den Carmina rhythmica', p. So one m i g h t compare the phrase Christum laudespraeconio in this poem line 28 , with Christum laudes per aethera in the poem just discussed line 9. It is, however, possible that Boniface may have borrowed directly from A l d h e l m ' s own source, Caelius Sedulius, whose Carmen paschale 1.

A further fragmentary octosyllabic poem is appended to a letter from Wynfrith to Abbess Eadburg of Thanet describing the otherworld vision of a monk of Much Wenlock, dated to the year by Tangl. It is surely significant, moreover, that all the octosyllabic compositions by Boniface that survive date from his youth in England, when his allegiance to Aldhelm in all literary matters was strongest, and before years of missionary activity had apparently dimmed his zeal for pyrotechnic prose and derivative verse. It seems highly likely, however, that it was Boniface who carried the spark of the octosyllabic rhythm to Germany and handed over the form to the next generation of English abroad.

Another Englishman, Lul, was the successor of Boniface as archbishop of Mainz. Through Lul's extant correspondence it is possible to gain a detailed picture of his educational background and reading. One letter from an anonymous monk conveys greetings from Hereca, abbot of Malmesbury, along with a charming reminiscence from the monk, Lul's contemporary at The letter is in Die Briefe, ed.

Et hoc signum recordor, quod pro nomine vocavit te Lytel'. Lul's longest metrical poem is appended to a letter to Boniface, dated x , included for the master's correction, as Lul says: Tangl identified many further examples of direct borrowing from Aldhelm in Lul's extant correspondence, which contains an even higher proportion of such second-hand phrases than that of Boniface. See, for example, t h e critical apparatus t o Tangl's Letter, n o. See Tangl's notes, Die Briefe, p. The octosyllables are preceded by a short poem of twelve hexameters, again highly reminiscent of Aldhelm's own metrical verse.

The letter itself contains several clear echoes of Aldhelmian phraseology including a borrowing from the Carmen rhythmkum itself. The very form and nature of Lul's octosyllabic compositions, however, demonstrate that Aldhelm's rhythmical work was known, read and imitated by Anglo-Saxons on the Continent. Compare Lul's 'sis m e m o r verborum nostrorum, quae pariter p e p i g i m u s , quando profectus fueram' Die Briefe, p. So w e m i g h t well regard t h e opening line of Lul's p o e m , vale, Christo virguncula, as a confection of two opening lines by Boniface vale, Christo veraciter, and vale, vere virgo vite.

Sed Chunihilt et filia eius Berhtgit, valde eruditae in liberali scientia, in Turingorum regione constituebantur magistrae. There are, however, several difficulties in reconciling the tradition with the evidence of the correspondence itself. Twice Beorhtgyth notes that she was abandoned by her parents in her youth, and in one letter she begs Bealdheard to allow her back home to die in the place where their parents are buried 'ubi requiescunt corpora parentum nostrorum et temporalem vitam ibi finire'.

B u t Cynehild and her daughter Beorhtgyth, being greatly learned in the liberal arts, were established as teachers in the district of Thuringia'; in Vitae Sancti Bonifatii, ed. Bonifaz und Lul, p. T h e stone in question, which is dated to t h e eighth century, is printed as no.

Whole verses are lifted verbatim from the poems of both earlier authors, whilst others of Beorhtgyth's lines simply rearrange or slightly alter borrowed phrases. In matters of rhyme, however, Beorhtgyth is both less ambitious and less accurate than her predecessors. The second of her poems, 'Pro me quaero oramina' is particularly execrable in this respect, and also contains two verses ending with the words maiestate line 12 and sorore line 14 , both of which are properly stressed on the long penultimate syllable. So, for example, in t h e 'Vale vivens feliciter' we find t h e following 'borrowed' lines: So, for example, in 'Vale vivens feliciter' we find t h e following: In 'Pro me quaero oramina' we find cum inmensa dementia line 8; cf.

Yorke's 'Introduction', in Bishop Mthelwold: Yorke Woodbridge, , pp. Life of St Mthelwold, ed. London, 1, Swithuni are scarcely compelling. Indeed, it would not be too harsh to describe them as the least distinguished examples of the form in Anglo-Latin literature. The rhymescheme is consistently monosyllabic. The poem has much more in common with conventional hymnody than with any of the Anglo-Latin octosyllables analysed; there is no parallel phraseology whatsoever to connect this sorry example with its more illustrious predecessors.

In view of this apparent confusion between traditional hymn-forms and the indigenous Anglo-Latin octosyllable here, it is interesting to note the possibility of Aldhelm's influence on a rather curious hymn to St Cuthbert preserved in three English manuscripts, the earliest of which dates to the tenth century. Magnus miles mirabilis, Multis effulgens mentis, Cuthbertus nunc cum Domino Gaudet perenni praemio.

In later leonine hexameters -al -at is a permissible r h y m e. Battiscombe Oxford, , p p. AH XIV, no. Legis mandata Domini Laetus implevit opere, Largus, libens, lucifluus Laudabatur in merit is. Gloria patri ingenito Ej usque unigenito Una cum sancto spiritu In sempiterna saecula. All verses are octosyllabic. There is occasional end-rhyme, and copious alliteration, with several couplets incorporating double alliteration. There is, in short, a clear formal resemblance to the Aldhelmian octosyllable. Evidence for a more direct knowledge of Aldhelm's own verse is perhaps provided by the doxology in the last stanza, which bears a resemblance to the final verses of the Carmen rhythmicum.

The octosyllabic form that 'Cuthbert, the marvellous mighty soldier, shining with many qualities, now rejoices in eternal reward with the Lord. Quenching the fires of the flesh, he believed in the Lord with his heart, despising all things transient in the service of Love. In his deeds he joyfully carried out the demands of the Lord's Law; he was praised for his qualities: Glory to the Father uncreated and to his only-begotten Son, together with the Holy Spirit, world without end.

To these anonymous seventh-century Irishmen we may attribute the introduction of ornamental alliteration and a regular rhyme-scheme. Whether through simple ignorance of Latin metrical practice, or through conscious imitation of vernacular verse or both , these early Hiberno-Latin poets invented a simple verse-form with but one fixed stress, and frequent hiatus. As with metrical hexameter verse, Aldhelm transformed the Latin pattern he adopted. In the Carmen rhythmkum he practically re-invented the octosyllabic form, and it is significant that his alone of all Anglo-Latin octosyllables bear any clear stamp of the HibernoLatin model.

He packed his octosyllabic verses with an unparalleled degree of alliteration, and may be credited here as in his hexameters with writing verse stylistically reminiscent of vernacular Old English poetry. He experimented with polysyllabic rhyme of a most ambitious sort, and brought a fluency to the form as far removed from the opaque bombast of the Altus prosator as from his own end-stopped metrical verse.

Again, as with his prose and hexameter verse, Aldhelm's impact was immediate. For later poets the student proved as much an influence if not more as his master. The Aldhelmian brand of octosyllable seems predominantly if not exclusively a West Saxon preoccupation, and in a period not normally noted for the richness of its sources we are unusually lucky in being able to trace with some clarity the influence of a small body of some octosyllabic verses on the isolated West Saxon missionaries on the Continent.

When the tenth century turned to Aldhelm for inspiration, it is again fitting that his octosyllables should come to the fore, and again characteristic that his methods should have been so abused and misunderstood. In the octosyllable we can see Aldhelm at work, blending foreign and native elements together in a typically Anglo-Saxon way, and having great scope to do so simply by the freedom of the form. This introduction of vernacular elements into Latin verse is as we shall see characteristic of his metrical composition also, and demands more attention from Old English scholars too used to thinking of Aldhelm as a 'hard' Latin author, 71 The poetic art of Aldhelm interesting but irrelevant to the literary history of the language.

But Aldhelm's concerns were Caedmon's, who is credited at about the same date with mingling Christian and English elements in his verse. Aldhelm is more copious and more lettered, and perhaps unlike Caedmon understudied. Caedmon was never so fine. The possibility of vernacular poetic influence is occasionally raised, but the evidence presented so far is ambiguous or unclear.

In addressing in turn such issues as prosody, elision, hiatus, metrics, line-structure and use of repeated metrical formulae, it will be helpful in each case to seek Latin models from those poets that Aldhelm can be shown to have read; only where there are no clear parallels amongst such authors will we be compelled to look elsewhere, to other Latin texts and even, ultimately, to vernacular sources. The breadth of reference is therefore necessarily great; the clearest result of the following study is to confirm just how remarkable Aldhelm was in his Latin hexameter verse style: Ehwald's edition has a useful if incomplete metrical analysis, compiled by Karl Strecker, at pp.

Neil Wright contributes a translation of several of Aldhelm's writings on metrics, with introduction and notes, Poetic Works, pp. Wright also has in preparation a detailed study of the Anglo-Latin hexameter. For specific studies, see, for example, Baesecke, Das lateinisch-althochdeutsche Reimgebet, pp. Strecker gives a lengthy and by no means complete list of anomalies in Aldhelm's prosody in his appendix to Ehwald's edition.

Aldhelm seems to have aimed at a level of consistency in scanning his verse to which most late antique and medieval Latin authors did not aspire. Ut potui cavi, ne mens errore sinistro Devia tractaret; salva virtute fidei Posthabui leges, ferulas et munia metri: The phrase is Wright's, Poetic Works, p. With regard to medieval practice, see Norberg, Introduction, pp.

On individual poets, see Opera, pp. See, for example, Norberg, Introduction, pp.

Meaning of "aut aut" in the Italian dictionary

Et primo similis volucri, mox vera volucris. But I would argue that Aldhelm, in common with several Late Latin grammarians, and with Bede, extends the device, counting all vowels communes not merely before combinations of mute and liquid, as above, but also before other consonant combinations, notably sp, sc, st and z. I have not considered it a great crime if one syllable long or short is placed in a doubtful position instead of another'; quoted by Campbell, JEthelwulf: See Muller, De Re Metrica, pp.

CdV , and ; librorum: CdV, , , , and ; patris: Here the consonant combinations of j-groups have not caused lengthening of the preceding syllable as they would in other Latin poets, for example Vergil. The parallel with the situation of the communes vowels before consonant combinations of mute and liquid is clear. Such a parallel is made still more evident by a consideration of the effect on final vowels of consonant combinations beginning the following word. Strecker notes nineteen occasions where a naturally short final vowel is lengthened metri gratia before a combination of mute and liquid beginning the following word, as in these lines: The forty-three lines containing this licence are: See Fortunati Carmina, ed.

When we turn to consider the position of short final vowels followed by words beginning with sp-, sc- and st-, we find similar results. Strecker's lists of such occurrences are partial and incomplete; I count approximately cases where a notionally short vowel appears before such consonant combinations, of which only about one in eight is scanned long. The contrast with general Latin usage is striking. I can find no parallel for this development in the works of any other poets.

The phenomenon in Aldhelm's work can be illustrated by listing the cases of correption in Aldhelm noted by Strecker, as follows: Vowels are lengthened in this position in the following lines: W i n b o l t , Latin Hexameter Verse, p. Strecker also includes the following lines in his list: C u m mihi vita comes fuerit nihil aurea forma E XIV. Crudus athleta Dei Cyprianus fuso cruore CdV Such cases, quite apart from demonstrating a notable localization of such correption within the line to which I shall return below, all surely significantly occur before consonant combinations of mute and liquid or of s-impura of the sort which we have been discussing above.

Aldhelm, then, demonstrates comparative consistency in the application of his own idiosyncratic rules of prosody, being in this sense more regular than his peers. With regard to the -a of the ablative of first declension nouns, for example, Norberg quotes a line from Isidore to show how certain authors and he cites Aldhelm by name shortened this final vowel metri gratia. T h e remaining example E X I V. In all matters of prosody, Aldhelm's regularity of usage contrasts sharply with the practice of his peers, and extends even to those words and forms where he departs from Classical norms.

Strecker lists several words which admit a false quantity, but his list is not exhaustive. Consider, for example, a case not noted by Strecker, namely the word statim, which is elsewhere scanned as a trochee statim , but appears only twice in Aldhelm E LXII. Parallels for this scansion in the works of earlier poets are not numerous, but stdtim is found in the hexameter verses of Avitus Carmina II. It is this pronounced regularity in matters of prosody which sets Aldhelm apart from other medieval Latin poets.

The same tendency towards uniformity in verse-structure and disposition of words is observed at all levels in the study of caesura-patterning, metrics, hiatus and elision, all treated below. This despite Aldhelm's evident theoretical interest in various forms of elision evidenced in his De metris, where, as Wright notes: Alcuin almost certainly influenced by Aldhelm also scans statim with first syllable long; cf. O n elision, see Miiller, De Re Metrka, p p. Ovid, Prudentius and Fortunatus every three-and-a-half lines ; Paulinus of Nola every four lines ; Juvencus every four-and-a-half lines ; Lucan every six-and-a-half lines ; Alcuin every seven-and-a-half lines ; Sedulius and Bede every eight lines ; Arator every ten lines.

In several cases elision occurs in phrases which must have formed part of Aldhelm's remembered reading, or where Aldhelm is simply echoing an earlier author. Nor are Aldhelm's few elisions evenly spread. There is certainly no suggestion that he is employing elision for the sort of descriptive or artistic effects favoured by other Latin poets, and the distribution of the licence is haphazard and baffling.

In the same poem there is only one elision CdV in the whole line section from lines to There seems no particular rationale behind such usage of elision, and 29 Cf. Lapidge, Prose Works, p. T h e Aldhelm figure refers to the whole hexameter corpus, the rest to —line samples analysed by myself. Claudian, however, is still more sparing in his use of elision about every thirty-one lines. See W i n b o l t , Latin Hexameter Verse, p p. Aphaeresis, the suppression in hiatus of the short initial syllable of es or est, is notably absent; I count only three examples in Aldhelm's works, compared with countless examples in Vergil, and some thirty-eight in Alcuin's Versus de.

Sanctis Euboricensis Ecclesiae, where Godman describes aphaeresis as a 'distinctive feature of Alcuin's metrical practice'. Of these, the latter is curiously frequent in Aldhelm's works. Perhaps the best illustration of this, and of the general character of elision in Aldhelm, is provided by a comparison with the usage in some passages from Vergil, who employs elision in ways much closer to those of the other cited poets.

Winbolt has analysed elisions from some lines of Vergil; these may be compared with the cases of elision found in the whole 4, lines of the Aldhelmian hexameter corpus. Such comparative reluctance to elide short syllables, and instead to focus on ecthlipsis of-urn, -am, -em and -im in that order , is difficult to parallel in Latin poetry from any period. Indeed, according to figures published by Green relating to elision in 2,line samples from eight Latin poets, Vergil's tendency 33 34 35 36 Poetic Works, p. In his practice of eliding monosyllables, Aldhelm is distinctly unclassical, but much closer to standard Late and Medieval Latin practice.

I count twelve examples throughout Aldhelm's extant corpus, all in the Carmen de virginitate. Vollmer lists roughly thirty elided monosyllables in the poems of Dracontius, and Leo about forty-five in his edition of Fortunatus, of which a good proportion would offend Miiller.

I include CdV 7 8 4 in this list rather tentatively, since it is rather a problematic line, and can be scanned a n u m b e r of ways. Aldhelm's hexameter verse style and its origins elided monosyllables in Alcuin's Versus de. Sanctis Euboricensis Ecclesiae, two begin the verse, whilst Jaager lists six similar cases in his edition of Bede's metrical Life of St Cuthbert.

It may be concluded, therefore, that the general disposition and nature of Aldhelm's few elisions is not derived from any earlier model, and thus contrasts with the practice of other Latin poets, whose usage is in no case so idiosyncratic. Consider, for example, the comments of Strzelecki after a thorough analysis of elision in the Spanish poet Juvencus fl. Strzelecki considers that 'non esse Iuvencum vatem artis suae conscium, sed unum e servili imitatorum pecore, optimos quaerentem auctores nihilque audentem nisi ea, quae ab his auctoribus saepissime sunt solita adhiberi'.

Hiatus, by contrast, is perhaps best regarded as a failure of elision, and is fairly frequent in Aldhelm's hexameters; I count some twenty-two examples. Strzelecki, Studia prosodiaca et metrica II. Longpre, 'Aspects de metrique et de prosodie chez Juvencus', Phoenix 29 , , at O n medieval practice, see particularly Norberg, Introduction, p p. Latin Hexameter Verse, p.

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Further clues to the nature of that technique are offered by Aldhelm's metrical methods. The Carmtna ecclesiastica, Enigmata and Carmen de virgtnttate are each composed entirely in hexameters, divided as the name implies into six metrical 30 51 52 Bedas metrische Vita Sancti Cuthberti, ed. The seven exceptions are found in the following verses: T h e scansion of these syllables in -m in hiatus varies according t o position.

Donee apostolicam hauserunt aure loquelam CE IV. But in the following examples the syllables in hiatus are lengthened in thesis and arsis respectively: Aldhelm's hexameter verse style and its origins Table 4. The other five feet may each be either a dactyl or a spondee " " , although Aldhelm and Bede explicitly forbids the use of a spondee in the fifth foot.

Wright provides a good simple introduction to the metre, in Poetic Works, pp. The most apparent feature is the top-heavy layout of the table. Thus the most popular pattern constitutes some Aldhelm's idiosyncratic metrical usage is further apparent when measured against that of earlier Latin hexameter poets on a number of other criteria. Duckworth employs several further measures in his detailed analysis; he lists not only the percentage of the total occupied by the first four and first eight patterns, but also the variety of patterns found in sixteen-line units of verse.

I have analysed such sixteen-line units in Aldhelm's Carmen de virginitate;37 figures for Aldhelm, and for all the poets mentioned above, with respect to all these criteria for homogeneity, are given in Table 5. Aldhelm far surpasses all the Latin poets measured here in monotony of metrical patterning, employing his four most favoured patterns in about three-quarters of his lines, and demonstrating little metrical variety in each 35 56 57 The most thorough analysis of hexameter poets, spanning several centuries, is to be found in Duckworth, Vergil and Classical Hexameter Poetry; see particularly the summarizing tables on pp.

See Vergil and Classical Hexameter Poetry, p p. T h e l e n g t h of the individual Carmina ecclesiastica and Enigmata renders a similar survey in their case pointless. Lapidge, Poetic Works, pp. The figures from the Enigmata differ significantly from the remarkably similar figures gleaned from the Carmina ecclesiastica and Carmen de virginitate.

Such disparity is confirmed by further investigation. Altmann has devised a series of statistical tests to measure the homogeneity of metrical patterning in different hexameter texts and authors. Vergil and Classical Hexameter Poetry, p. Applying Altman's relevant formulae to the figures from these texts we obtain the following results: Aldhelm describes himself as 'inexperienced' in the verse prologue to the Enigmata rudis E P.

But whilst Aldhelm outdoes his Latin predecessors in sheer repetition of metrical patterning, he is quite unremarkable as to the distribution of his favoured metrical verse-types. It seems possible that Aldhelm was influenced in this matter by what he had read; certainly his distribution of verse-types shows striking similarities to that of Vergil and Juvencus.

Furthermore, it is interesting to consider the parallelism of disposition of these metrical verse-types in Aldhelm. Aldhelm's metrical patterning is certainly far from random, therefore; he seems to be composing after a more-or-less fixed pattern. One further result of Aldhelm's relative lack of variety in the distribution of his metrical verse-types is his tendency to repeat a single pattern several times in consecutive lines.

Duckworth notes that Vergil allows himself a maximum of four repeated patterns in succession, and indulges this licence only four times in the Georgics and only seven times in the whole course of the Mneid. To quote only three such passages: Maxima millenis auscultans organa flabris Mulceat auditum ventosis follibus iste, Quamlibet auratis fulgescant cetera capsis!

Quis poterit digne rerum misteria nosse Arrius infaustus, ventris dum viscera foeda Turpiter egessit ruptis extalibus ani, Quae cava per criptas complebant antra latrinae. Such repeat-clusters are found in the following lines: The first three lines of the first passage, each containing exactly five words of identical scansion, show a degree of parallelism of word-division caesura-patterning for which I can find no parallel in Latin verse of any period; moreover countless lines in Aldhelm share this same basic pattern.

There are indeed notably few patterns of word-division employed by Aldhelm, and analysis reveals a remarkably rigid verse-structure, by comparison with that found in any of his predecessors. Aldhelm, more strictly than any other Latin poet, seems to have considered the hexameter verse line as the sum of several smaller units the metrical cola of the grammarians , and to have devised each line itself generally end-stopped, and therefore self-contained as a composite structure made up of a number of these self-contained cola.

Several times in the course of his works he speaks of composition by cola et commata; and we are given a definition of the terms by Bede, who says in his De arte metrica that 'Ubi post duos pedes superest syllaba, comma dicitur; ubi post duos pedes nihil remanet, colon uocatur. Quae tamen nomina apud oratores indifferenter ponuntur, qui integram sententiam periodon apellant; partes autem eius cola et commata dicuntur. Orators, however, use these terms indifferently, and describe a complete sentence as aperiodos, b u t its parts are called cola and commata'.

T h e combination cola et commata is found in DM 7 6. For Bede's definition, largely derived from P o m p e i u s , see his De arte metrica, in Bedae Venerabilis Opera, ed. Each occurs in one of two possible positions in any given hexameter line: Only one alternative of each pair is generally found in any single hexameter, although this rule is by no means so clear-cut in Latin as in Greek. These principal caesuras are found in the following positions in the line: All word-breaks occurring at the relevant point in the line are here loosely counted as caesuras, to obviate occasional difficulties in the later poets in determining which of two possibilities constitutes the main break in any given position.

The first point of interest to note from the table is that in every case Aldhelm is clearly seen to occupy an extreme position with respect to all other poets analysed. His favoured caesura is clearly B l , effectively splitting the line in two, and occurring in about Of other poets analysed, only Alcuin approaches Aldhelm's rigidity in this respect, and he may well have been consciously influenced by the practice of his earlier compatriot. I count only nine examples of the weak B2 caesura in the first lines of his Versus de.

Sanctis Euboricensis Ecclesiae only 1. It should be noted that in his definitions of these principal caesuras Peabody includes a number of metrical divisions which are technically diaereses Al and C2 above ; I have followed him in this. Peabody's system differs slightly from that used by other scholars. Peabody's system is geared more towards strong so-called masculine caesuras, immediately after the first long syllable in a metrical foot, and is therefore perhaps better suited to the situation which obtains in Latin hexameter verse.

This caesura, which is the commoner in Greek, is comparatively rare in Latin; its popularity in Sedulius and most notably Arator, both poets well known to Aldhelm, is as intriguing as is Aldhelm's failure to follow two of his most-copied predecessors. The final cadence, for example, after the C2 caesura, is commonly composed of two words, as in all the examples quoted above, having a disyliable followed by a trisyllable or vice 71 72 Cf.

A l d h e l m ' s model for such self-alliterating cadences may have been Vergil, whose fondness for this form has been noted by Cordier, L'alliteration latine, p p. Again, however, A l d h e l m seems to have used such self-contained cadences to a degree u n m a t c h e d elsewhere.

But Aldhelm sometimes ends lines with one or more monosyllables or more commonly polysyllabic forms. So, for example, in the first fifty lines of the Carmen de virginitate we find the following: In every case b u t one E P. Polysyllabic endings are found in E P.