A New Forest Childhood: 1903 - 1916

Following his expulsion from the seminary, Stalin worked as a tutor for middle class children but earned a meager living. In October , Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis Meteorological Observatory , where his school-friend Vano Ketskhoveli was already employed.

Stalin had attracted a group of radical young men around him, giving classes in socialist theory in a flat on Sololaki Street. He decided to remain on the tram and get off at a later stop. Stalin next helped plan a large May Day demonstration for , in which workers and leftists marched from Soldiers Bazaar to Yerevan Square. The Committee then sent Stalin to the port city of Batumi , where he arrived in November In Batumi, Stalin gained employment at Rothschild refinery storehouse.

The company's workers helped to put out the blaze, and insisted that they be paid a bonus for doing so. When the company refused, Stalin called a strike. Many of the strike leaders were arrested by police. The demonstrators stormed the prison in an attempt to free the imprisoned strike leaders, but were fired upon by Cossack troops.

Around people took part in the march, which was heavily policed. Stalin was initially interred in Batumi Prison. In July , the Justice Minister recommended that Stalin be sentenced to three years of exile in eastern Siberia. Stalin had several attempts to escape Novaya Uda. On the first attempt he made it to Balagansk , but suffered from frostbite to his face and was forced to return.

They saw this as a betrayal of Marxist internationalism and compared it to the views of the Jewish Bundists. At workers' meetings around Georgia, Stalin frequently debated against the Mensheviks. In January , a massacre of protesters took place in St Petersburg that came to be known as Bloody Sunday.

The Life of Edvard Munch

On 26 November , the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin and two others as their delegates to a Bolshevik conference due to be held in St. Both agreed that the land should be expropriated from the gentry, but whereas Lenin believed that it should be nationalised under state ownership, the Mensheviks called for it to be municipalised under the ownership of local districts. Stalin disagreed with both, arguing that peasants should be allowed to take control of the land themselves; in his view, this would strengthen the alliance between the peasantry and the proletariat.

For some time, Stalin had been living in a central Tiflis apartment owned by the Alliluyev family. The ceremony took place in a church at Tskhakaya on the night of 15—16 July. Stalin was possibly among those who carried out this operation. After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organized the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank on 26 June His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Yerevan Square with gunfire and homemade bombs.

Around 40 people were killed, but all of Jughashvili's gang managed to escape alive. In Baku, he moved his family into a seafront house just outside the city. During the funeral, Stalin threw himself onto the coffin in grief; he then had to escape the churchyard when he saw Okhrana members approaching. There, Stalin reassembled the Outfit and began publicly calling for more workers' strikes. On 25 March , Stalin was arrested in a police raid and interred in Bailov Prison. By July , Stalin was back in Baku.

In October , Stalin was arrested alongside several fellow Bolsheviks, but bribed the police officers into letting them escape. He would never see her again. During his exile, he had an affair Stalin was given permission to leave Solvychehodsk in June At the Prague Conference, the first Bolshevik Central Committee was established; Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev subsequently proposed co-opting the absent Stalin onto the group.

By May , he was back in Tiflis.

Poletaev , the Bolsheviks' Duma deputy. There he waited for Sverdlov to follow him, and the two proceeded to St Petersburg, where they were hidden by supporters. Stalin returned to Tiflis, [] where the Outfit planned their last big action. They attempted to ambush a mail coach, but were unsuccessful; after fleeing, eighteen of their members were apprehended and arrested.

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They continued to disagree on the issue of reunification with the Mensheviks. In January , Stalin travelled to Vienna , where he stayed with the wealthy Bolshevik sympathiser Alexander Troyanovsky. The article was published in March under the pseudonym of "K. Stalin", [] a name he had been using since In February , Stalin was back in St. At the time, the Okhrana were cracking down on the Bolsheviks by arresting leading members. Stalin was subsequently sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk , a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult.

She subsequently fell pregnant with Stalin's child. Near the end of summer , the authorities moved Stalin to Selivanikha , where he was visited by his close friend Suren Spandarian. The Russian government began conscripting exiles into the Russian Army. In October , Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted, leaving for Monastyrkoe. Stalin was in Achinsk when the February Revolution took place; uprisings broke out in Petrograd—as St Petersburg had been renamed—and the Tsar abdicated, to be replaced by a Provisional Government.

Stalin was involved in planning an armed demonstration of the Bolsheviks' supporters. Lenin began calling for the Bolsheviks to seize power by toppling the Provisional Government in a coup. Stalin and Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was opposed by Kamenev and other Bolsheviks. Trotsky censured Stalin for publishing it, with the latter responding with offering his resignation, which was not accepted. Besarionis dze means "son of Besarion," and was Russified to Vissarionovich "son of Vissarion", the Russian version of "Besarion".

In one version, the name derives from the village of Jugaani in Kakhetia , eastern Georgia. Neo-Nazi and other anti-Semitic sources have claimed that "Dzhuga" or "Jugha" means "Jew" in Georgian and hence "Dzhugashvili" literally means "Jew-son" or son of a Jew. An article in the newspaper Pravda in claimed the word derives from the Old Georgian for " steel " which might be the reason for his adoption of the name Stalin.

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The surname "Jughashvili" could possibly be of non-Georgian origin since the various peoples of the Caucasus region had moved around for centuries. However, like many other parts of Stalin's early life, his ancestry is often mixed up with facts and rumours. In , Munch bought his first, small Kodak camera. In an exhibition entitled Presentation of a number of images of life, Munch exhibited The Frieze of Life at Secession in Berlin in At this time, The Frieze of Life consisted of 22 works.

He returned to this event repeatedly in subsequent years. Munch's art made a strong impression on the art collector and critic Gustav Schiefler, whom he met at the end of December. Schiefler later catalogued Munch's prints.

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He entered a contract with the Berlin publisher and art dealer Bruno Cassirer for sole rights to the sale of prints in Germany for three years, and a contract with Commeterer's art house in Hamburg for the sale of paintings and the organisation of exhibitions for the next three years. Munch was commissioned to produce a frieze for the children's room in Linde's house, but on completion Linde refused to accept the frieze, which he found unsuitable.

Munch is introduced to the architect, painter and interior designer Henry van de Velde in Herbert Esche's home in Chemnitz. Later, Munch travelled to Weimar to pain a posthumous portrait of Friedrich Nietzsche on commission from the art collector Ernest Thiel in Stockholm. Munch made short trips to Berlin in During the summer, he produced drafts for the stage sets for Max Reinhardt's production of Ibsen's Ghosts at Kammerspiele, Deutsches Theater in Berlin.

Afterwards, he started working on drafts for the stage sets for the production of Hedda Gabler. There, he tried to gather strength while also developing a new and more life-affirming expression than previously. He experimented with different techniques, as is evident in scenes of bathing men at the beach. His contract with Cassirer expired during this period. Munch received a visit from the philosopher Eberhard Grisebach.

During autumn , he had a breakdown in Copenhagen and checked in to Dr. Jacobson's private clinic, where he spent the following eight months. Munch was awarded the Royal Order of St. Jappe Nilsen and his friends organised a successful exhibition at Blomqvist Kunsthandel in Kristiania, and the first director of the National Gallery, Jens Thiis, made a large purchase of Munch's paintings despite strong protests.

Munch's relative Ludvig Ravensberg brought him back to Norway from Copenhagen. His reunion with Norwegian nature after his return resulted in a new interest in harmony and classical composition. This manifested itself in a multitude of landscapes executed with bold, vital brush strokes in a new, monumental style. Munch consciously used his impressive natural surroundings in the decorations he produced for the University Aula. Today, the two most well-known pictures that decorate the Aula are: The Sun and History. In order to have enough space to produce the large Aula decorations, Munch had to use untraditional methods.

These included building his first outdoor studio at Skrubben. At Nedre Ramme, he continued working on the Aula decorations. Munch spent in Hvitsten, taking a brief trip to Germany and holding an exhibition in Kristiania with more than paintings and nearly prints. Munch also purchased a lithographic press to print lithographs and woodcuts in In , Munch travelled to Copenhagen and Paris. On invitation, he participated in the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne as one of the exhibitors of honour. Munch was introduced to the German art historian Curt Glaser in He used the large main building as a studio and as storage for his paintings and prints.

Munch built a wood studio with a glass roof in the large garden, and this is where he worked on the monumental Aula decorations. He painted portraits of Mr. He exhibited in Berlin in October, and was celebrated on his 50th birthday. During the spring and summer of , Munch painted the Aula decorations in Hvitsten.

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In August, he travelled to Trondheim. Munch produced an exhibition poster for the Norwegian Art Exhibition in Copenhagen, using irony to express his opinions about the conditions in the neutral countries Denmark and Sweden during the First World War. He provided financial support for young German artists in In , the decorations for the University Aula were completed: These showcase the new tendencies in his art, and the pictures are now considered major works in Norwegian monumental painting.

In parallel with the drafts for the Aula, Munch developed landscape paintings that used a similar mode of expression. He lived at Ekely for the rest of his life. Ekely consisted of 11 acres of fields, apple trees, bushes and shrubs. He had a broad view of the city and surrounding hills from Ekely. In time, Munch built several large outdoor studios on the property. He published the 'Frieze of Life' booklet later.

Munch contracted the Spanish Flu in He commissioned the architect Arnstein Arneberg to draw a studio for Ekely, and he painted and drew the construction workers. For years, Munch worked on monumental projects in the outdoor studios at Ekely, including the series of pictures known as The Late Frieze of Life and The Human Mountain. However, he did not receive any further commissions for decorations, with the exception of a frieze for Freia Chokolade Fabrik in In March , the Rasmus Meyer Collection in Bergen opened as a public museum, and Munch's paintings and prints constituted an important part of the collection.

His sister Laura died in Munch held several exhibitions that year and travelled to places such as Venice, Munich, Copenhagen, Paris and Mannheim. Munch travelled to Berlin in February , where the largest retrospective Munch exhibit to date was presented in the National Gallery. In the summer of , the National Gallery in Oslo showed paintings, watercolours, drawings and prints. During this period, he also worked on ideas for decorations for the Oslo City Hall. At Ekely, his winter studio was expanded in based on drawings by the architect Henrik Bull.

The construction workers inspired his drafts for the decorations of Oslo City Hall. Munch contracted an eye disease in May , and had to rest until August.

He took a series of photographic self-portraits. His aunt Karen died in Munch continued to suffer from the eye disease, and worried about losing his sight entirely. He was celebrated on this 70th birthday, and was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Jens Thiis and Pola Gauguin published monographs about Munch. Curt Glaser, who converted to Judaism in , fled Germany during the autumn, and prints by Munch from Glaser's private collection were auctioned in Berlin.

The Norwegian author, art collector and financier Rolf E. Stenersen offered his art collection to Aker municipality in His collection included more than 20 paintings and approximately prints by Munch. The collection was exhibited in several paces that year. In , 82 of Munch's works were confiscated from German collections and labelled 'degenerate'. In the autumn, Munch visited Gothenburg. In his will, Munch left all his artwork that was in his own possession to Oslo municipality. During the last years of his life, Munch made several unflinchingly revealing self-portraits, showing an old man facing death.

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In , four of Munch's paintings were shown in the exhibition 'Art and Not. Clean-up April ' 'Kunst og ukunst. Oppryddingen april ' in the National Gallery.

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In , Munch continued to have great capacity for work, and he celebrated his 80th birthday in December. Munch left approximately 1, paintings, We use cookies to improve your experience on our website. Click here to find out more about our privacy policy and use of cookies. Christian Munch on the Couch , From Vestre Aker , Death in the Sickroom , Around the Parafin Lamp , Andreas Munch , Inger Munch in Black , The Sick Child , — Betsy Nilsen , Summer Night, Inger on the Beach , Standing Nude with Stick , Night in Saint-Cloud , Night in Nice , Rue Lafayette , Inger in Black and Violet , Evening on Karl Johan , The Scream , Self-portrait with Cigarette , August Strindberg , Red and white , —