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As the country wonders which big name in the construction and services industry will follow The other three English sides left in the Champions League will all have German opposition in the last They cannot, as he acknowledged This was humiliation pure and simple, painful and bitter for Manchester United.
United are falling further and further behind on the field, whatever their But he has still to make Geordan Murphy, a man who has known the best of times at Welford Road, did not mince his words after Leicester Tigers were blown away by Racing 92 and swept to the brink of Heineken Champions Cup elimination after their eighth consecutive defeat Geordan Murphy, a man who has known the best of times at Welford Road, did not mince his words At last we caught a glimpse of the old and almost forgotten Saracens. The ones who played the pure percentages The ones who played the Gabriel Jesus is among the best-paid year-olds in England, but money does not always buy you happiness.
His debut, as a substitute against Tottenham Gabriel Jesus is among the best-paid year-olds in England, but money does not always buy you A few weeks ago I said that, on and off the pitch, Manchester United reminded me of Liverpool and their struggles in A few weeks ago I said that, on and off the pitch, Manchester United reminded me of Liverpool and Humbled by Blyth Spartans in an FA Cup second-round replay, the dominoes began to topple in the bleak minds on He gave it a go, did not give up, but the gap in class was The biggest night of the Charismatic stage designer who persuaded theatre audiences to appreciate the set as a concept rather than as an illustration.
Following in a line of central European theatre practitioners that included Vsevolod Meyerhold and Bertolt Brecht In Charles Huxtable was in a helicopter en route to his battalion high on the jebel in Oman when disaster struck. The cable driving the tail rotor sheared. Almost invariably this would lead to a fatal crash, as the helicopter would spiral down out of control.
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Only maintenance of forward movement could save the The Welsh drama Keeping Faith has turned its star into an overnight success. Andrew Billen finds out how. Mermaids in the sea? A snowstorm in the Plaza? Party planner extraordinaire Bronson van Wyck has it covered. So says Dr Heather Koldewey, a marine biologist and seahorse expert from Cornwall. Who else can claim that? Nobody except Ringo Starr, who was sitting in block , next to Ronnie Wood, cheering on as his old friend launched with a raucous Click here for our interactive listings.
Watch our critics discuss the big new releases. This week Kevin Maher and Ed Potton give their Fraud in the Scottish islands is up by per cent as residents fall victim to cybercriminals. Broadband allows gangs access to remote areas that were previously off limits. Police Scotland figures show fraud rising in areas where it had been low or almost unknown.
Electronic equipment key to the Lockerbie bombing conviction was probably made the year after the terrorist attack Electronic equipment key to the Lockerbie bombing conviction was probably made the year after the terrorist attack, private investigators have claimed. A fragment of circuit board linked to Mebo, a Swiss electronics company, used to convict the late Abdul Baset Ali al-Megrahi for the bombing, does not match the Electronic equipment key to the Lockerbie bombing conviction was probably made the year after the terrorist attack, private The Catholic Church in Scotland is promoting a group that is involved in gay conversion therapy.
Derek Mackay praised Patrick Harvie, the co-convener of the Greens, yesterday British ministers have vowed to work with Holyrood to close a loophole that sees domestic abuse victims left under the financial control of their abusers. Not a single woman eligible for universal credit in Scotland has British ministers have vowed to work with Holyrood to close a loophole that sees domestic abuse victims left under A publicly owned energy company should be at the heart of policy-making, a Holyrood committee has said.
MSPs are considering whether to set up a state-owned company that would supply household power and could invest in Brendan Rodgers repeated yesterday that January would be a key month in terms of player signings at Celtic, a situation given added urgency by the defeat suffered at the hands of Hibernian at Easter Road yesterday. Brendan Rodgers repeated yesterday that January would be a key month in terms of player signings The Ladbrokes Premiership remains alive and kicking as we head into Christmas.
Hibernian went into this affair at Hibernian went into this affair at Easter Road yesterday having won one of their past eight league outings, during which they had tumbled down the table, but not for the first time in this campaign the unexpected happened. Hibernian went into this affair at Easter Road Ali Price is the most obliging of players, but the Glasgow Warriors scrum half could be forgiven the extra time he Ali Price is the most obliging of players, but the Glasgow Warriors scrum half could be forgiven The government is considering using personal public service numbers to verify that members of the public can register to vote.
John Paul Phelan, the public reform minister, has today started a three-month consultation to Reports that Theresa May detests the taoiseach have been rejected by Simon Coveney. The Irish Mail on Sunday reported yesterday Today marks days since Stormont collapsed, leaving Northern Ireland without a functioning devolved government. A rulebook to implement a climate change agreement has been called a baby step by environmentalists amid claims that world leaders are not taking the issue seriously.
A total of countries, all signatories of the Paris A rulebook to implement a climate change agreement has been called a baby step by environmentalists amid claims that Scientific advice on overfishing should be applied in a balanced way to ensure continued support of the industry, the agriculture minister has claimed. Speaking before talks at the European Commission in Brussels today to set Scientific advice on overfishing should be applied in a balanced way to ensure continued support of the industry, the Six government departments are still overseeing boards that are made up only of men.
Hospitals in the midlands and the midwest will have to provide ultrasound scans for some women accessing abortion services. A private company will provide scans in larger cities and some parts of the country, but doctors will Hospitals in the midlands and the midwest will have to provide ultrasound scans for some women accessing abortion Brexit has knocked the confidence of hoteliers across the country, with less than half expecting a strong trading year in , a survey has found.
Brexit has knocked the confidence of hoteliers across the country, with less than half expecting Paddy Jackson, the former Ireland out half, has confirmed that he is in talks with a number of clubs about a possible move away from Perpignan if, as expected, the Catalan team are relegated from the Top 14 at the end of the season. Jackson confirmed he has a release clause in his two-year Paddy Jackson, the former Ireland out half, has confirmed that he is in talks with a number of clubs about a possible move away Unconvincing against their English opponents at the Recreation Grounds a week After a slow burner of a game, the cheer the bashful Irish coaching duo got was the loudest of the night.
Only 12 months ago, the executive of the Cork County Board put the final bill for the We have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details. Please update your billing details here. Please update your billing information. The subscription details associated with this account need to be updated. In astronomy , sidereal time is used to predict when a star will reach its highest point in the sky. Another form of time measurement consists of studying the past.
Events in the past can be ordered in a sequence creating a chronology , and can be put into chronological groups periodization. One of the most important systems of periodization is the geologic time scale , which is a system of periodizing the events that shaped the Earth and its life. Chronology, periodization, and interpretation of the past are together known as the study of history. In general, the Islamic and Judeo-Christian world-view regards time as linear [48] and directional , [49] beginning with the act of creation by God.
The traditional Christian view sees time ending, teleologically, [50] with the eschatological end of the present order of things, the " end time ". The Greek language denotes two distinct principles, Chronos and Kairos. The former refers to numeric, or chronological, time. The latter, literally "the right or opportune moment", relates specifically to metaphysical or Divine time. In theology, Kairos is qualitative, as opposed to quantitative. In Greek mythology, Chronos Ancient Greek: His name in Greek means "time" and is alternatively spelled Chronus Latin spelling or Khronos.
Chronos is usually portrayed as an old, wise man with a long, gray beard, such as "Father Time". According to Kabbalists , "time" is a paradox [51] and an illusion. Two contrasting viewpoints on time divide prominent philosophers. Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. This second view, in the tradition of Gottfried Leibniz [15] and Immanuel Kant , [55] [56] holds that time is neither an event nor a thing, and thus is not itself measurable nor can it be travelled.
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Furthermore, it may be that there is a subjective component to time, but whether or not time itself is "felt", as a sensation, or is a judgment, is a matter of debate. The Vedas , the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC , describe ancient Hindu cosmology , in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4, million years. Aristotle , in Book IV of his Physica defined time as 'number of movement in respect of the before and after'.
In Book 11 of his Confessions , St. Augustine of Hippo ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: However, Augustine ends up calling time a "distention" of the mind Confessions This view is shared by Abrahamic faiths as they believe time started by creation, therefore the only thing being infinite is God and everything else, including time, is finite.
Isaac Newton believed in absolute space and absolute time; Leibniz believed that time and space are relational. Immanuel Kant , Critique of Pure Reason , trans. Immanuel Kant , in the Critique of Pure Reason , described time as an a priori intuition that allows us together with the other a priori intuition, space to comprehend sense experience.
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Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of an abstract conceptual framework, together with space and number, within which we sequence events, quantify their duration, and compare the motions of objects. In this view, time does not refer to any kind of entity that "flows," that objects "move through," or that is a "container" for events.
Spatial measurements are used to quantify the extent of and distances between objects , and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between events. Time was designated by Kant as the purest possible schema of a pure concept or category. Henri Bergson believed that time was neither a real homogeneous medium nor a mental construct, but possesses what he referred to as Duration. Duration, in Bergson's view, was creativity and memory as an essential component of reality. According to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time, we are time.
Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been , which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is related to the human propensity for caring and being concerned, which causes "being ahead of oneself" when thinking of a pending occurrence. Therefore, this concern for a potential occurrence also allows the future to exist in the present. The present becomes an experience, which is qualitative instead of quantitative. Heidegger seems to think this is the way that a linear relationship with time, or temporal existence, is broken or transcended.
McTaggart 's The Unreality of Time argues that, since every event has the characteristic of being both present and not present i. These arguments often center on what it means for something to be unreal. A modern philosophical theory called presentism views the past and the future as human-mind interpretations of movement instead of real parts of time or "dimensions" which coexist with the present. This theory rejects the existence of all direct interaction with the past or the future, holding only the present as tangible.
This is one of the philosophical arguments against time travel. This contrasts with eternalism all time: Until Einstein's reinterpretation of the physical concepts associated with time and space, time was considered to be the same everywhere in the universe, with all observers measuring the same time interval for any event. Einstein, in his special theory of relativity , [73] postulated the constancy and finiteness of the speed of light for all observers.
He showed that this postulate, together with a reasonable definition for what it means for two events to be simultaneous, requires that distances appear compressed and time intervals appear lengthened for events associated with objects in motion relative to an inertial observer. The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime , a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time.
In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e. Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval , which can be either space-like , light-like , or time-like.
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Events that have a time-like separation cannot be simultaneous in any frame of reference , there must be a temporal component and possibly a spatial one to their separation. Events that have a space-like separation will be simultaneous in some frame of reference, and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation. Different observers may calculate different distances and different time intervals between two events, but the invariant interval between the events is independent of the observer and his or her velocity.
In non-relativistic classical mechanics , Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience.
In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event.
Time has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer , and the human perception as well as the measurement by instruments such as clocks are different for observers in relative motion. For example, if a spaceship carrying a clock flies through space at very nearly the speed of light, its crew does not notice a change in the speed of time on board their vessel because everything traveling at the same speed slows down at the same rate including the clock, the crew's thought processes, and the functions of their bodies.
However, to a stationary observer watching the spaceship fly by, the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling and the clock on board the spaceship appears to move very slowly. On the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew perceives themselves as quickly traveling between regions of space that to the stationary observer are many light years apart.
This is reconciled by the fact that the crew's perception of time is different from the stationary observer's; what seems like seconds to the crew might be hundreds of years to the stationary observer. In either case, however, causality remains unchanged: Einstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect , measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events.
Though these effects are typically minute in the human experience, the effect becomes much more pronounced for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light. Subatomic particles exist for a well known average fraction of a second in a lab relatively at rest, but when travelling close to the speed of light they are measured to travel farther and exist for much longer than when at rest.
According to the special theory of relativity , in the high-speed particle's frame of reference , it exists, on the average, for a standard amount of time known as its mean lifetime , and the distance it travels in that time is zero, because its velocity is zero. Relative to a frame of reference at rest, time seems to "slow down" for the particle. Relative to the high-speed particle, distances seem to shorten. Einstein showed how both temporal and spatial dimensions can be altered or "warped" by high-speed motion.
Einstein The Meaning of Relativity: Time is then defined as the ensemble of the indications of similar clocks, at rest relative to K, which register the same simultaneously. Einstein wrote in his book, Relativity , that simultaneity is also relative , i. The animations visualise the different treatments of time in the Newtonian and the relativistic descriptions.
At the heart of these differences are the Galilean and Lorentz transformations applicable in the Newtonian and relativistic theories, respectively. In the figures, the vertical direction indicates time. The horizontal direction indicates distance only one spatial dimension is taken into account , and the thick dashed curve is the spacetime trajectory " world line " of the observer. The small dots indicate specific past and future events in spacetime. The slope of the world line deviation from being vertical gives the relative velocity to the observer.
Note how in both pictures the view of spacetime changes when the observer accelerates. In the Newtonian description these changes are such that time is absolute: However, in the relativistic description the observability of events is absolute: Notice that with the change from a Newtonian to a relativistic description, the concept of absolute time is no longer applicable: Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time , and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse.
This is generally a consequence of time being modelled by a parameter in the system being analysed, where there is no "proper time": Examples of this include the cosmological arrow of time, which points away from the Big Bang , CPT symmetry , and the radiative arrow of time, caused by light only travelling forwards in time see light cone. In particle physics , the violation of CP symmetry implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry to preserve CPT symmetry as stated above.
The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is also time asymmetric see Measurement in quantum mechanics. The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy must increase over time see Entropy. This can be in either direction — Brian Greene theorizes that, according to the equations, the change in entropy occurs symmetrically whether going forward or backward in time. So entropy tends to increase in either direction, and our current low-entropy universe is a statistical aberration, in the similar manner as tossing a coin often enough that eventually heads will result ten times in a row.
However, this theory is not supported empirically in local experiment. Time quantization is a hypothetical concept. In the modern established physical theories the Standard Model of Particles and Interactions and General Relativity time is not quantized. Current established physical theories are believed to fail at this time scale, and many physicists expect that the Planck time might be the smallest unit of time that could ever be measured, even in principle.
Tentative physical theories that describe this time scale exist; see for instance loop quantum gravity. Time travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through space, and different from the normal "flow" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time including future times "persist" in some way. Time travel has been a plot device in fiction since the 19th century. Travelling backwards in time has never been verified, presents many theoretical problems, and may be an impossibility.
A central problem with time travel to the past is the violation of causality ; should an effect precede its cause, it would give rise to the possibility of a temporal paradox. Some interpretations of time travel resolve this by accepting the possibility of travel between branch points , parallel realities , or universes. Another solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen.
As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not be possible to enact the grandfather paradox because it is a historical fact that your grandfather was not killed before his child your parent was conceived. This view doesn't simply hold that history is an unchangeable constant, but that any change made by a hypothetical future time traveller would already have happened in his or her past, resulting in the reality that the traveller moves from.
More elaboration on this view can be found in the Novikov self-consistency principle. The specious present refers to the time duration wherein one's perceptions are considered to be in the present. The term specious present was first introduced by the psychologist E. Clay , and later developed by William James.
The brain's judgment of time is known to be a highly distributed system, including at least the cerebral cortex , cerebellum and basal ganglia as its components. One particular component, the suprachiasmatic nuclei , is responsible for the circadian or daily rhythm , while other cell clusters appear capable of shorter-range ultradian timekeeping.
Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time.
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Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, [81] [82] while depressants can have the opposite effect. Mental chronometry is the use of response time in perceptual-motor tasks to infer the content, duration, and temporal sequencing of cognitive operations. Children's expanding cognitive abilities allow them to understand time more clearly. Two- and three-year-olds' understanding of time is mainly limited to "now and not now. Seven- to ten-year-olds can use clocks and calendars.
In addition to psychoactive drugs, judgments of time can be altered by temporal illusions like the kappa effect , [87] age, [88] and hypnosis. Psychologists assert that time seems to go faster with age, but the literature on this age-related perception of time remains controversial. In sociology and anthropology , time discipline is the general name given to social and economic rules, conventions, customs, and expectations governing the measurement of time, the social currency and awareness of time measurements, and people's expectations concerning the observance of these customs by others.
Arlie Russell Hochschild [91] [92] and Norbert Elias [93] have written on the use of time from a sociological perspective. The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior , education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc. Time use changes with technology, as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways.
However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in transport, has been observed to be about 20—30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period. Time management is the organization of tasks or events by first estimating how much time a task requires and when it must be completed, and adjusting events that would interfere with its completion so it is done in the appropriate amount of time.
Calendars and day planners are common examples of time management tools. A sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order chronological order , often with causality relationships among the items. A sequence of events can be presented in text, tables , charts , or timelines.
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The description of the items or events may include a timestamp. A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a world line. Uses of a sequence of events include stories, [97] historical events chronology , directions and steps in procedures , [98] and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine.
A sequence of events may be focused on past events e. The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines cam timer , documentaries Seconds From Disaster , law choice of law , computer simulation discrete event simulation , and electric power transmission [99] sequence of events recorder. A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Although time is regarded as an abstract concept, there is increasing evidence that time is conceptualized in the mind in terms of space.
Using space to think about time allows humans to mentally organize temporal events in a specific way. Conversely, Arabic, Farsi, Urdu and Israeli-Hebrew speakers read from right to left, and their MTLs unfold leftward past on the right with future on the left , and evidence suggests these speakers organize time events in their minds like this as well.
This linguistic evidence that abstract concepts are based in spatial concepts also reveals that the way humans mentally organize time events varies across cultures——that is, a certain specific mental organization system is not universal. So, although Western cultures typically associate past events with the left and future events with the right according to a certain MTL, this kind of horizontal, egocentric MTL is not the spatial organization of all cultures. Although most developed nations use an egocentric spatial system, there is recent evidence that some cultures use an allocentric spatialization, often based on environmental features.
A recent study of the indigenous Yupno people of Papua New Guinea focused on the directional gestures used when individuals used time-related words. When speaking of the future, they gestured uphill, toward the source of the river. This was common regardless of which direction the person faced, revealing that the Yupno people may use an allocentric MTL, in which time flows uphill.
A similar study of the Pormpuraawans, an aboriginal group in Australia, revealed a similar distinction in which when asked to organize photos of a man aging "in order," individuals consistently placed the youngest photos to the east and the oldest photos to the west, regardless of which direction they faced. Therefore, this group also appears to have an allocentric MTL, but based on the cardinal directions instead of geographical features.
The wide array of distinctions in the way different groups think about time leads to the broader question that different groups may also think about other abstract concepts in different ways as well, such as causality and number. Leading scholarly organisations for researchers on the history and technology of time and timekeeping. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the concept in physics, see Time in physics.
For the magazine, see Time magazine. For other uses, see Time disambiguation. Past Present Future Eternity arguments for. Presentism Eternalism Event Fatalism. Motion Space Spacetime Time travel. Second law of motion. Newton's laws of motion. Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton—Jacobi equation Appell's equation of motion Udwadia—Kalaba equation Koopman—von Neumann mechanics. Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed.
History of timekeeping devices. Earth's rotation , Diurnal motion , and Hour circle. Time and fate deities. Time cycles and Wheel of time. Philosophy of space and time and Temporal finitism. Time is not an empirical concept. For neither co-existence nor succession would be perceived by us, if the representation of time did not exist as a foundation a priori. Are you looking for a free clock for your own web site or blog? Just want to know what time it is? The Internet can bring you closer to the world, but with time zones and daylight saving time rules, World Time Server is here to help by providing accurate time information when you need it!
World Time Server shows current time and date in cities and countries in all time zones, automatically adjusted for local Daylight Saving Time rules. Convert times from one location to another or even check current international weather conditions. Every time zone is represented, but instead of limiting our time data to a select list of cities, we start with country borders to define our time locations.
We even document smaller exceptions as necessary to cover the places other sites avoid! With no official resource to get this data such as the UN , many Fortune companies depend on our vigilant research and our contacts with governments, embassies, newspapers to keep up with the ever-changing Daylight Saving Time rules for zones around the world. You can depend on us, too! Pick the one exact place and exact time your event will occur and we'll give you a link to email or post on your website.
Everyone who follows the link gets to pick their home location to compare their time directly with yours. No big list of world cities to distract anyone, no math required. If you aren't sure of the best time to hold your next event or meeting, try our cool Meeting Planner. How did we get started with this?