SUN NAVIGATION MADE EASY VOLUME 6

The concepts and terminology of bird navigation. Journal of Avian Biology, 32, Daytime calibration of magnetic orientation in a migratory bird requires a view of skylight polarization. Development of sunset orientation cues in a migratory bird: Animal Behaviour, 53, Effects of wind deflection at home cage on homing behaviour. Journal of Comparative Physiology A.: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology, 99, Turbulent transfer in a deciduous forest. Tree Physiology, 5 , Magnetic responses of the trigeminal nerve system of the Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus.

Neuroscience Letters, 80 , Does the avian ophthalmic nerve carry magnetic navigational information? Journal of Experimental Biology, , Effects of magnetic pulses on initial orientation. The Auk, 3 , Site simulation by means of atmospheric odours. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, , Spatiotemporal programs and genetics of orientation. Experientia, 46 , Genetic control of migratory behaviour in birds.

Hippocampal participation in the sun compass orientation of phase-shifted homing pigeons. Journal of Comparative Physiology A , , The magnetic field as reference for the innate migratory direction in blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla. Naturwissenschaften, 83 , True navigation and magnetic maps in spiny lobsters. Nature, , Skylight polarization patterns and animal orientation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 96 , Further evidence for visual landmarks involvement in the pigeons' familiar area map.

Animal Behavior, 53, Memory for spatial and object-specific cues in food-storing and non-storing birds. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology , , Information content of odor plumes: What do Leach's Storm Petrels know? Sensitivity and evolution of sea-turtle magnetoreception: Observations, modelling and constraints from geomagnetic secular variation. Terra Nova, 9, Extraocular magnetic compass in newts. Magnetic compass mediates nocturnal homing by the alpine newt, Triturus alpestris.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 58 , Its importance in the development of migratory orientation. Science, , Evidence for the use of a magnetic map by an amphibian. Magnetic navigation by an avian migrant?

Navigation menu

Ultrastructural analysis of a putative magnetoreceptor in the beak of homing pigeons. Journal of Comparative Neurology, , Homing pigeons subjected to section of the anterior commissure can build up two olfactory maps in the deflector lofts. Light-dependent shift in bullfrog tadpole magnetic compass orientation: Evidence for a common magnetoreception mechanism in anuran and urodele amphibians. Ethology, , The role of the hippocampal formation in the representation of landmarks used for navigation.

Journal of Neuroscience, 19, Hippocampal lesions do not dirupt navigational map retention in homing pigeons under conditions when amp acquisition is hippocampal dependent. Behavioural Brain Research, , Piriform cortex ablations block navigational map learning in homing pigeons.

Behavioural Brain Research, 86 , Towards the map of the homing pigeon. Animal Behaviour, 40 , Geographical patterns in the initial orientation of homing pigeons in upstate New York. Animal Behavior, 44 , Patterns of air pollution as model for the physical basis for olfactory navigation in pigeon homing. Journal of Ornithology, , Deutsche Ornithologen Gesselschaft, Bonn. The map sense of pigeons. Are animal maps magnetic? McFadden Eds , Magnetite biomineralization and magnetoreception in organisms: A new biomagnetism pp.

New York and London: Homing orientation by olfaction in newts Taricha rivularis. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 27, Homing pigeons use olfactory cues for navigation in England. Endogenously controlled changes in the migratory direction of garden warbler, Sylvia borin. Journal of Comparative Physiology, , Island-finding ability of marine turtles. Ontogenetic stability of inherited migratory directions in a nocturnal bird migrant: Comparison between the first and second year of life. Ecology, Ethology, Evolution, 4 , Genetic basis, mode of inheritance and evolutionary changes of migratory directions in paleaarctic warblers Aves: Journal of Experimental Biology , 1 , Magnets and pigeon orientation.

Monitore Zoologico Italiano N. Hippocampal participation in navigational map learning in young homing pigeons is dependent on training experience.

• Backstaff - Wikipedia!
• Acknowledgements;
• Children Do Kick Up Dust;
• Heavenly ( Celestial ) (Spanish Edition).
• Navigation - Wikipedia?
• ;

European Journal of Neuroscience, 12, Unpacking the cognitive map: The parallel map theory of hippocampal function. Psychological Review , , Fidelity to the breeding site in the alpine newt Triturus alpestris. Behavioural Processes, 19 , How does a newt find its pond? The role of chemical cues in migrating newts. Ethology, Ecology, Evolution, 5 , A repetition of the deflector loft experiment. Deprivation of olfactory information does not affect the deflector loft effect. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 6 , A preliminary evaluation of factors involved or not involved in the deflector loft effect.

Can pigeons be fooled about the actual release site position by presenting them information from another site. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 18 , Orientation and open-sea navigation in sea turtles. Geomagnetic map used in sea-turtle navigation. The orientation of pigeons as affected by the learning of landmarks and by the distance of displacement. Animal Behaviour, 11 , Is the homing pigeon's mag geomagnetic? Sunset and the orientation behavior of migratory birds.

Biological Reviews, 62, Magnetoreception and its trigeminal mediation in the homing pigeon. Spatiotemporal orientation strategies of long-distance migrants. Magnetic compass orientation in European robins is dependent on both wavelength and intensity of light. Journal of Experimental Biology, 24 , Calibration of magnetic and celestial compass cues in migratory birds- a review of cue-conflict experiments.

Polarized light cues underlie compass calibration in migratory songbird. Science , , Evidence for a magnetite-based navigational 'map' in birds. Naturwissenschaften, 84 , Effect of wavelength of light and pulse magnetization on different magnetoreception systems in a migratory bird. Australian Journal of Zoology, 45 , Testing olfactory foraging strategies in an Antarctic seabird assemblage. Olfactory navigation in birds. Two types of orientation in migrating Starlings Sturnus vulgaris and Chaffinches Fringilla coelebs as revealed by displacement experiments.

Ardea, 46 , Magnetic compass orientation in the Eastern red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Two magnetoreceptor pathways in a migratory salamander. Journal of Theoretical Biology, , This revolution is known as the Solar System's galactic year. The Solar System's location in the Milky Way is a factor in the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Its orbit is close to circular, and orbits near the Sun are at roughly the same speed as that of the spiral arms.

Because spiral arms are home to a far larger concentration of supernovae , gravitational instabilities, and radiation that could disrupt the Solar System, this has given Earth long periods of stability for life to evolve. Near the centre, gravitational tugs from nearby stars could perturb bodies in the Oort cloud and send many comets into the inner Solar System, producing collisions with potentially catastrophic implications for life on Earth.

The intense radiation of the galactic centre could also interfere with the development of complex life. It is thought to be near the neighbouring G-Cloud but it is not known if the Solar System is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud, or if it is in the region where the Local Interstellar Cloud and G-Cloud are interacting. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma, that suggests it is the product of several recent supernovae. There are relatively few stars within ten light-years of the Sun.

The closest is the triple star system Alpha Centauri , which is about 4. Alpha Centauri A and B are a closely tied pair of Sun-like stars, whereas the small red dwarf , Proxima Centauri , orbits the pair at a distance of 0. In , a potentially habitable exoplanet was confirmed to be orbiting Proxima Centauri, called Proxima Centauri b , the closest confirmed exoplanet to the Sun. The largest nearby star is Sirius , a bright main-sequence star roughly 8.

The nearest brown dwarfs are the binary Luhman 16 system at 6. Other systems within ten light-years are the binary red-dwarf system Luyten 8. Compared to many other planetary systems , the Solar System stands out in lacking planets interior to the orbit of Mercury. Also, these super-Earths have closer orbits than Mercury. The orbits of Solar System planets are nearly circular. Compared to other systems, they have smaller orbital eccentricity.

This section is a sampling of Solar System bodies, selected for size and quality of imagery, and sorted by volume. Some omitted objects are larger than the ones included here, notably Eris , because these have not been imaged in high quality. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article is about the Sun and its planetary system. For other similar systems, see Star system and Planetary system. The Sun and planets distances not to scale. Discovery and exploration of the Solar System. All planets of the Solar System lie very close to the ecliptic. The closer they are to the Sun, the faster they travel inner planets on the left, all planets except Neptune on the right.

Distances are to scale, objects are not. Formation and evolution of the Solar System. Interplanetary medium and Solar wind. Outer planets and Giant planet. Pluto and Charon moon. Detached object and Sednoid. Vulcanoid , Planets beyond Neptune , and Planet Nine. Diagram of the Milky Way with the position of the Solar System marked by a yellow arrow. Astronomical symbols Ephemeris is a compilation of positions of naturally occurring astronomical objects as well as artificial satellites in the sky at a given time or times.

The International Astronomical Union , the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature, specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects, but uses mixed "Solar System" and "solar system" in their naming guidelines document. The name is commonly rendered in lower case " solar system " , as, for example, in the Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary.

Although bigger than Mercury, both moons have less than half the mass of Mercury. A planet is any body orbiting the Sun whose mass is sufficient for gravity to have pulled it into a near- spherical shape and that has cleared its immediate neighbourhood of all smaller objects. By this definition, the Solar System has eight planets: Because it has not cleared its neighbourhood of other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto does not fit this definition. Ceres , Haumea , Makemake , and Eris.

Both pairs of coordinates are for J epoch. The result of the calculation is Retrieved 20 April Robert Johnston 12 April Retrieved 21 May A window on the early solar system".

• Stochastic Linear Programming: Models, Theory, and Computation: 80 (International Series in Operations Research & Management Science).
• .
• History of navigation.
• Texting Guys: A Girl’s Guide to Confidence, Attraction and Love.!

Advances in Space Research. Archived from the original on 7 January Retrieved 2 March Retrieved 13 July Archived from the original on 3 June Retrieved 13 October International Astronomical Union , Paris. Archived from the original on 13 June Retrieved 11 June Archived from the original on 13 November Friedrich Bessel Measures Distance to a Star". Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science.

Solar System

Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii. Archived from the original PDF on 29 January Retrieved 3 January Retrieved 26 May Levison; Martin J Duncan The Spatial Distribution of Ecliptic Comets". Retrieved 10 October Retrieved 15 February Archived from the original on 22 February Retrieved 8 November Progress in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. Retrieved 29 July The Solar Results From Skylab.

Archived from the original on 21 August Retrieved 31 July Archived from the original on 5 October Retrieved 8 August Encyclopedia of the solar system. Planetary and Space Science. The Evolving Universe 9th ed. A Journey to the Beginning of the Solar System".

Archived from the original on 24 May Retrieved 3 November Retrieved 10 May Archived from the original on 12 April Norrbotten Kuriren in Swedish. Archived from the original on 15 July Retrieved 2 April The Nebular Theory of the origin of the Solar System". Retrieved 27 December Cometary exploration; Proceedings of the International Conference.

National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 January Ree; Thibault Lejeune; Sydney Barnes The Y 2 Isochrones for Solar Mixture". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Journal of Geophysical Research. New Vistas in Astronomy. Archived from the original on 27 May Retrieved 7 December Archived from the original on 2 January Retrieved 14 May Journey from the Center of the Sun. Most Stars are Single". Retrieved 1 August New Spectral Types L and T. Lineweaver 9 March Quantifying Metallicity as a Selection Effect".

Marshall Space Flight Center. Retrieved 3 October Archived from the original on 12 May Retrieved 4 February Archived from the original on 18 July Solar cycle variations" PDF. Archived from the original PDF on 14 August Archived from the original on 29 September Retrieved 3 February ESA Science and Technology. Retrieved 9 February Archived from the original on 11 May A moveable shadow vane was placed on the upper arc so that its shadow was cast on the horizon vane. A moveable sight vane was mounted on the lower arc C. It is easier for a person to place a vane at a specific location than to read the arc at an arbitrary position.

This is due to Vernier acuity , the ability of a person to align two line segments accurately. Thus an arc with a small radius, marked with relatively few graduations, can be used to place the shadow vane accurately at a specific angle. On the other hand, moving the sight vane to the location where the line to the horizon meets the shadow requires a large arc.

This is because the position may be at a fraction of a degree and a large arc allows one to read smaller graduations with greater accuracy. The large arc of the instrument, in later years, was marked with transversals to allow the arc to be read to greater accuracy than the main graduations allow. Thus Davis was able to optimize the construction of the quadrant to have both a small and a large arc, allowing the effective accuracy of a single arc quadrant of large radius without making the entire instrument so large.

This form of the instrument became synonymous with the backstaff. It was one of the most widely used forms of the backstaff. Continental European navigators called it the English Quadrant. A later modification of the Davis quadrant was to use a Flamsteed glass in place of the shadow vane; this was suggested by John Flamsteed. It was useful under conditions where the sky was hazy or lightly overcast; the dim image of the sun was shown more brightly on the horizon vane where a shadow could not be seen. Figure 1 — A simple precursor to the Davis Quadrant after an illustration in his book, Seaman's Secrets.

The arc above is replaced with an arc below and a shadow-casting transom above. Figure 3 — The Davis Quadrant as it evolved by the midth century.

History of navigation - Wikipedia

In order to use the instrument, the navigator would place the shadow vane at a location anticipating the altitude of the sun. Holding the instrument in front of him, with the sun at his back, he holds the instrument so that the shadow cast by the shadow vane falls on the horizon vane at the side of the slit.

He then moves the sight vane so that he observes the horizon in a line from the sight vane through the horizon vane's slit while simultaneously maintaining the position of the shadow. This permits him to measure the angle between the horizon and the sun as the sum of the angle read from the two arcs. Since the shadow's edge represents the limb of the sun, he must correct the value for the semidiameter of the sun. The Elton's quadrant derived from the Davis quadrant. It added an index arm with spirit levels to provide an artificial horizon. The demi-cross was an instrument that was contemporary with the Davis quadrant.

It was popular outside England. The vertical transom was like a half-transom on a cross-staff , hence the name demi-cross. It supported a shadow vane A in Figure 4 that could be set to one of several heights three according to May, [4] four according to de Hilster [6]. By setting the shadow vane height, the range of angles that could be measured was set.

The transom could be slid along the staff and the angle read from one of the graduated scales on the staff. The sight vane C and horizon vane B were aligned visually with the horizon. With the shadow vane's shadow cast on the horizon vane and aligned with the horizon, the angle was determined.

In practice, the instrument was accurate but more unwieldy than the Davis quadrant. The plough was the name given to an unusual instrument that existed for a short time. In Figure 5 , A is the transom that casts its shadow on the horizon vane at B. It functions in the same manner as the staff in Figure 1. C is the sighting vane.