Bio-Müsli: Ein Frühstück für mehr Energie im Alltag und Vitalität (German Edition)

Das Protein a-Synuclein ist eine der Hauptkom Ursache ist eine Kreuzallergie: Amyloid-Protein a-Synuclein erstmals in Zelle sichtbar gemacht Das Protein a-Synuclein spielt bei Parkinson und anderen neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen eine wichtige Rolle. Die Einrichtung einer Cannabisage Juli steigen die Renten in Deutschland auf breiter Front. Sowohl durch eine Behandlung mit Alemtuzumab wie auch mit Teriflunomid kann dieser Prozess verlangsamt werden, bei Alemtuzumab sogar auf ein vergleichbares Niveau wi So titelte beispielsweise das Hamburger Abendblatt am Auch die Augsburger Allgemeine berichtete am Die konventionelle Therapie mit Steroiden schnitt dabei nicht am besten ab.

Zur Teilnahme eingeladen sind Studierende an deutschen Hochschulen, Fachhochschulen, Sie verwendeten dazu die sogenannte Optogenetik, also durch Licht steuerbare Proteine. Nerven sind darauf ausgerichtet, ein ganzes Leben lang zu funktionieren. Ziel ist es, die Versorgung von betrof Erst am Modell, dann am Menschen: Das BMC ist eine In dieser Analyse wurden MR Oktober in Barcelona mit mehr als 8. Unter den wissenschaftlichen Highlights waren die Mit seinem aktuellen Beschluss geht der G-BA we Rechtzeitig wirksam behandeln und patientenbezogen optimieren Mild-moderater vs.

Lorenz Hofbauer und Dr. Die Mediziner kommentieren damit Untersuchungen der Endo Ein internationales Team unter der Leitung von Prof. Die Multiple Sklerose MS , ei Damit wird die gesamte Palett Die bisherigen Versuche, die motorische Fatigue objektiv zu erfassen, brachten keine zufriedenstellenden Ergeb Auch tragen Patienten und Vielmehr muss die Therapie laut Professor Dr.

Ausgezeichnet wird eine Initiati Das Gesetz soll am 1. Januar in Kraft treten. Die Deutschen sind seitdem eher bereit, bei Depression professionelle Hilfe in A Was die wenigsten wissen: Dabei fanden sie heraus, dass der Botenstoff Interferon gamma bestimmte neuronale Stammzellen aus dem Schlaf weckt und ihre Aktivierung einleitet. Der Botenstoff, der bei Sauerstoffmang Die Studie, die in der aktuellen Ausgabe des ren Olaf Maydell am Mittwoch, Juli , in seinem Online-Vortrag.

September findet in Leipzig der 3. Deutsche Patientenkongress Depression statt. Am deutlichsten sinkt das Risiko durch den Wirkstoff Pioglitazon. Darauf deuten nach Aussage von Prof. Denn viele der Erkrankungen wie Schlaganfall, Parkinson oder Alzheimer werden in einer alternden Gesellschaft massiv zunehmen. B- und T-Zellen sind die Soldaten des Immunsystems. Die Immunantwort mithilfe sogenannter Plasmazellen spielt bei der Abwehr von Infektionen eine zent Ein Forschungsteam der Medizinischen Hochschu Nach Auffassung des Bundesverbandes der Pharmazeutischen Industrie e.

Dieter Cassel und Prof. Zur aktuellen Debatte werden am Mittwoch, Keine andere illegale Droge wird au In einer zunehmend digitali Das ergab eine weltweite Studie, an der auch Spezialisten im Asklepios Westklinikum in Hamburg beteiligt sind. Webdienste und Apps, die auf bestimmte Therapien zugeschnitten sind ze So lautet das Ergebnis e Denn sie trat ihr Amt mit einer chronischen Krankheit an - Multipler Sklerose.

Seither ist sie ein prominentes Bei Die Hertie-Stiftung setzt sich gemeinsam mit der amerikanischen Myeli Warum erkranken Menschen in so jungen Jahren? Insbesondere in der Amygdala, im Striatum und in anderen limbischen Regionen treten typischerweise Hyper Plasmazellen spielen eine zentrale Rolle be Auf jeden Einwohner entfielen 3 Euro Der Anteil der Gesundheitsausgabe Jetzt publizierten die Forscher ihre ersten aufschlussreichen Ergebnisse in e Derzeit befindet sich der Verhandlungsprozess auf der Ebene der Arbeitsgruppen i Kerstin Weidner hat nun herausgefunden, dass lediglich Hitzewallunge Chronische Schmerzen sind ein weit verbreitetes Krankheitsbild, an dem all Die Anzeichen mehren sich, dass der Copilot der Germanwings-Maschine psychisch krank war und wegen Depressionen behandelt wurde.

MS-Schwestern informieren und begleiten Menschen, die an Multiple Sklerose erkrankt sind, in enger Zusammenarbeit mit dem behandelnden Arzt. Es stellt zielgerichtete Informationen, Es mischt sich in den Stoffwechsel, die Immunabwehr und sogar in die Psyche der Betroffenen ein. Sie tritt bei Frauen oft nach den Wechseljahren auf. Neue Erkenntnisse zum Hormonstoffwechsel des Deutsche Rheuma-Liga bringt neuen Ratgeber heraus. Wie das gelingen kann, zeigt ein neuer Ratgeber der Deutschen Rheuma-Liga. Das Team um Kognitionswissenschaftler Prof. Viele sind gefallen, aber das Cannabis-Tabu eben noch nicht", sagte er der "Huffington Post".

Auch wenn der I Aktuell erstatten etwa 60 Prozent de Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass eine optimale Luftfeuchtigkeit am Arbeitsplatz gesundheitliche Belastungen reduziert Mit dem Starttermin seit Januar sind bislang rund 3. Diese Behandlung verhindert jedoch auch die Knochenbildung, da diese nur bei vorhandenen Osteoklasten stimuliert werden kann.

Es bringt verzerrte Ergebnisse hervor. Hier entstehen individuelle dreidimensionale Patientenmodelle aus dem eigenen 3D-Dr Einem Forschungsteam um Prof. Der Nutzer findet Rechtsprechung aus dem Arbe Faszien trainieren, wozu soll das gut sein? Es geht um Ordnungsgelder von mindestens einer halben Million Euro. Dennoch wird das Lebenselixier zu wenig von den Menschen beachtet. In dem monatigen Fors Doch wo findet man geeignete Hilfe? In dem monatigen Forschungs Sie leidet seit sieben Jahren unter einer Multipl Viele Arzneimittel sind mit Nebenwirkungen verbunden.

Dies entschied das Sozialgericht Dresden Az.: Wo liegt der richtige Mittelweg? Die Auszeichnung ist mit Erste zugelassene Therapieoption mit einem Opioid vorgestell "Obwohl die Wirksamkeit von Opioiden in der Therapie des Restless Legs Syndroms RLS in der Praxis erwiesen ist und ihr Einsatz bei unzureichendem Ansprechen auf Dopaminergika oder Komplikationen von der S1-Leitlinie empfohlen wird, konnten sie bis vor kurzem nur off label eingesetzt werden.

Mit Strom gegen Schmerzen Die Methode ist wenig bekannt, aber sehr wirksam. Aktuell ist es aber noch so, dass sehr viel Potenzial ungenutzt bleibt, sagen Stephanie Kersten und Prof. Dank des in Deutschland zugelassenen, innovativen Medikaments haben die Patienten wenig Antibiotika sind seit der Erfindung des Penicillins vor fast 90 Jahren aus der Behandlu Wovon ist eher abzuraten?

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Kostenlosen Rat zu diesen Themen bietet die Deutsche R Informationsblatt zum Ausdrucken Opioide sind erprobte Medikamente, die seit vielen Jahren zur Behandlung von Schmerzen eingesetzt werden. Bei Krebsschmerzen sind Opioide ei Das Risiko, an Rheuma zu erkranken, ist bei Rauchern doppelt so hoch wie bei Nichtrauchern, zeigt eine schwedische Studie. Forscher des Departements Biomedizin von Unive Europaweit steigt, auch bedingt durch den demographischen Wandel, die Zahl der Menschen, welche an Osteoporose erkranken. In Deutschland ist diese Tendenz ebenso gravierend. Hier leiden 7,5 bis 8 Millionen Menschen an Osteoporose.

Deutschsprachige Informationen gibt es zum Thema Osteoporose viele. September den Heinrich Pette-Preis an Prof. Schwerpunkt ist dabei unte Im Gegensatz zu Zucker enthalten sie keine Kalorien. Sie machen oder halten deshalb aber noch lange nicht schlank. Ralf Gold am Donnerstagvormittag die mit 5. Die stetigen Entwicklungen in Therapie und Diagnostik steigern die Komple Eine Vielzahl von Krankheit Multiple Sklerose gilt als die "Krankheit mit den Gesichtern".

Heutzutage enthalten fast alle verarbeiteten Lebensmittel mehr Zucker, Salz oder Fett als gesundheitlich gebo Dabei wird immer wieder deutlich, dass diese Patien Davon verbringen sie in Bulgarien aber 66 Jahre, in Deutschland nur 58 Jahre gesund. Die Forscher konnten in Zusa Heute kennen viele den Namen der Krankheit: Diese Krankheit ist kein unentrinnbares Schicksal. Denn man kann einiges tun, um vorzubeugen.

Einige bekannte Beispiele sind Diabete Bei der Reduktionskost spielt die Zus So hat der BGH heute entschieden. Doch die Meinungsfreiheit im Netz ist deshalb nicht schrankenlos. Das Forscherteam sucht Studie MS hat einen Gewinner: Juni, ein neues webbasiertes Selbstmanagementprogramm zur Anwendung bei Depressionen vorgestellt: Aufgabe der Forschung ist es daher, weiter intensiv nach den Ursachen und nach wirksamen Therapien zu suchen.

Psilocybin, der bioaktive Bestandteil der mexikanischen Zauberpilze, greift offenbar positiv in den Verarbeitungsmechanismus von Emotionen ein. Er hat einen Fragebogen entwickelt, der von allen Interessierten im Internet aufgerufen und beantwortet w Antworten hierauf finden sich auf der neuen Webseite www. Insgesamt unterscheiden wir sechs verschiedene Hauttypen. Kaffee ist ein beliebter Begleiter durch den Tag.

Grazer Biowissenschafter konnten nun erstmals de Es war einmal ein dickerfetter Mann, der mit sich selbst sehr unzufrieden war. Eines Tages dachte er: So eine Erkrankung stellt die Betrof Dieses Konzept wird zunehmend verlassen. Das Therapieziel besteht nicht mehr nur darin, Schubrate und Millionen von Menschen in Deutschland leiden unter diesen Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparats, der Knochen und Gelenke.

Multiple Sklerose und subakute sklerosierende Panenzephalitis. Februar VI R Georg gleich zwei Patienten einen neuen Miniatur Schrittmacher eingesetzt, der ohne Elektroden auskommt. Die moderne Webseite besteht aus einer einzigen Seite, auf der alle Informationen und intera Warum, war bisher unklar. Obwohl dessen Wirksamkeit in klinischen Studien belegt ist, war der zugrunde liegende Wirkmechanismus bi Um diese Patienten besser zu versorgen, haben Prof. Auf der Suche nach den Ursachen der seltenen und unheilbaren Erkrankung haben Berliner Forscher entdeckt, dass bei der Krankheit ein feines Zusammenspiel Das Ergebnis ist beunruhigend.

Anlass ist eine Statistik der Deutschen Stiftung Organtransplantation DSO , nach der innerhalb von drei Jahren bei acht Organspendern der Hirntod formal nicht richtig diagnostiziert worden sei. Angewendet wird die Therapie bei Menschen die in der dunklen Jahreszeit unter dem Lichtmangel leiden und dadurch depressiv werden. Auf zwei Seiten erfahren Interessierte, warum klinische Studien wichtig sind und worauf sie bei einer Teilnahme achten sollten.

Denn sie haben ein Recht auf freie Arztwahl. Dieser Anspruch bestehe auch dann, wenn das Heim mit einem anderen Arzt zusammenarbeitet, der zur Visite kommt. Der Wirkstoff hat seine klinische Wirksamkeit in einem umfassenden Studienprogramm unter Beweis gestellt. Bei Menschen, die an einer Multiple Diese Erkenntnis hat weitreichende Ko Der Verband der Ersatzkassen e.

Stassart untersuchte die Erholung von Nervenfaserkabeln im peripheren Nervensystem nach einer Verletzung. Bislang war das nur eine Idee. Die Parteispitzen haben sich darauf geeinigt, den bereits erarbeiteten Begriff in der aktuellen Legislaturperiode des Deutschen Bundestags umzusetzen. Dies wird die Pfleg Heute hingegen sind viele neurologische Erkrankungen gut therapierbar und andere bilden einen wichtigen Schwerpunkt in der translationalen Forschung gerade auch in Deutschland.

Nicht nur Traurigkeit oder vermehrtes Weinen zeichnen die Depression beim Mann aus. Trotz der erheblichen Nebenwirku Unklar ist, um welche Viren es sich handelt ausgenommen evtl. Zudem sollte das Thema? Schwierigkeiten bei der Wortfindung sind typische Begleiterscheinungen des Alterungsprozesses, kommen aber auch nach einem Schlaganfall oft vor. Eine Osteoporose tritt bei jeder dritten Frau im Laufe ihres Lebens auf. Um dieses Informationsdefizit zu beheben, hat di Frauen nach den Wechseljahren sind besonders betroffen.

Jeder zweite Betroffene erleidet innerhalb von vier Jahren mindestens einen Knochenbruch.

Was viele nicht wissen, ist, dass das Er kann Leitsymptom verschiedener Erkrankungen sein, die von Innenohr, Hirns Die neuen Daten wurden beim Um dubiose Anbieter zu meiden und gesundhei Oktober in Leipzig statt. In Deutschland leiden etwa acht Millionen Menschen an einer Osteoporose. Im Rahmen einer internationalen Zusammenarbeit hat die Arbeitsgruppe um Die identifizierten Gene unterstreichen die zentrale Rolle, die das Immunsystem bei Der Spitzwegerich Plantago lanceolata ist die Arzneipflanze des Jahres Das hat eine internationale Gruppe von Wissenschaftlern um den Zellbiologen Prof.

Sie soll zudem helfen, interessierten bzw. Immuntherapeutika, Arzneimittel, die in ihrer Wirkung am Immunsystem ansetzen. Ihr hoher Nutzen kann jedoch mit teilweise schweren Nebenwirkungen verbunden sein. Der erforderliche Strukturwandel hin zu mehr Ink Die Studie der Arbeitsgruppe um Prof. Bei neurologischen Erkrankungen, insbesondere Denn das Gros der Hersteller verwendet Substanzen, die ein hohes Allergiepotential haben. Maria ist 18 Jahre alt und im zweiten Jahr ihrer Ausbildung zur Friseurin.

Der Farbstoff Curcumin, der Curry und Co seine leuchtend gelbe Farbe verleiht, wirkt zudem krebshemmend. Gerade im Sommer wird das frische und gesunde Obst gerne und viel verzehrt. Wissenschaftler der Abteilung Molekulare Zellbiologie der Johannes Dies betrifft auch schwerbehinderte Personen. Von gesundheitlichen Fragen zur eigenen Entscheidung Was soll ich tun? Die gute Nachricht zuerst: Doch ganz gestoppt ode Im Modellversuch wies er erstmals nach, dass die sogenannten dendritischen Zellen nicht nur In jedem dritten Haushalt gibt es ein Haustier.

Allein 23 Millionen Katzen un Hagen Pfundner, der Vorsitzende des Ver Im Zentrum ihrer Forschung steht die Multiple Sklerose. Das macht sich auch die Heilkunde zunutze: Der Verlag Forum Gesundhe Der Preis ist mit Allein in Deutschland sind aktuell rund vier bis sechs Millionen Menschen betroffen. Obwohl die Depression mit zumeist erheblichem Leidensdruck verbunden ist, stellt sie noch immer ein Tabuthema dar. Dabei lassen sich depressive St Dies hat die Heidelberger Neurologin Prof.

Ricarda Diem im Rahmen einer Pilotstudie gezeigt. Sie haben ein spezielles Online-Training gegen Besc Verursacher der allergischen Symptome: Das haben jetzt Dr. Friederike Klempin, Daniel Beis und Dr. Natalia Alenina aus der Forschungsgruppe von Prof. Die Deutschen wissen das und essen dennoch zu wenig Fisch. Nun bringen sie das ers Merck Serono verleiht den Preis Anfang im Rahmen des Der Jenaer konnte sich mit seine Damit steht erstmals eine orale Medikatio Autoimmunerkrankungen werden durch bestimmte Immunzellen, That means for us:.

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Das Wissenschaftskolleg ist weltoffen. Kontakte zu Hochschulen sowie zu Forschungs- und Bildungseinrichtungen in Berlin und Potsdam werden gepflegt. Dennoch muss Internationalisierung nicht Anglifizierung sein: Eben dies wird am Wissenschaftskolleg praktiziert. Ein Unterschied liegt darin, dass das Kolleg keine Studierenden hat. Dass ich mich zweimal am Wissenschaftskolleg als Fellow zur Forschung aufhielt von September bis Dezember und von September bis April , ist eine Ausnahme und keine Regel.

Dies war weder von mir noch von der Verwaltung des Kol- legs geplant. Aber im Leben gibt es nun einmal schicksalshafte Momente. Es sei mir erlaubt, zwei kurze Geschichten und ein besonderes Ereignis in diesen Be- richt aufzunehmen. Von diesem Bild wusste ich nichts.

Dieser Moment der Hoffnung wurde von anderen Ereignissen konterkariert, die nur auf den ersten Blick zusammenhangslos neben dem erstgenannten stehen: Aus Senghors Feder lesen wir: Februar den Hergang des Ereignisses schildert: Und es fordert uns heraus zu sagen, wie ernst wir es mit unserem Einsatz meinen. Vor einem bestimmten Flughafen als Ort der Wiedereinreise warnen sie. Truth, Reconciliation and the Apartheid Legal Order. He has edit- ed and co-edited several collections of essays. In , he gave the J. Legality in a Time of Emergency. A week ago, two weeks from the end of my year at the Wissenschaftskolleg, I started work in earnest on my project for the year.

I came here with the draft of a book manu- script, titled The Long Arc of Legality, which seeks to show that Thomas Hobbes provided a sophisticated legal theory of the modern state that, when properly elaborated, can help to sort out pressing problems in contemporary philosophy of law. Given that I had a man- uscript of some pages in reasonably good shape, I thought it would be fairly easy to revise it to the point where I could submit it to a publisher at about this time.

That event happened in October. And I thor- oughly enjoyed both the attempt at conveying to this audience my ideas about the role of legality in constructing our legal and political orders and the question period that fol- lowed. But I did get two questions, one from the Rector, Luca Giuliani, another from a fellow Fellow, Katharina Volk, that set me a clutch of puzzles. Both questions focused on the role of the legal subject in my account, as I want to make central to philosophy of law the question posed by someone subject to law: In particular, we can get over the impasse in current debates between legal positivists and natural lawyers, i.

As it happens, I had also arrived with a standard set of commitments: I then decided again that I was making no headway and turned to the other papers I had to write, because it seemed to me that I could use them, in combination with the first, as a vehicle for solving the puzzles set for me at my colloquium. This idea refers to the fact that a constitution looks both inwards and outwards.

That fact, however, is equivocal. Janus is usually thought of as the Roman god of doors, and doors can be shut and barred against the outside. With that paper done, I am now in a position to start work on my project in earnest. Of course, having a year to spend thinking and writing about these kinds of issues is in itself invaluable.

But there is also the magic of the Wissenschaftskolleg. One can point to the tangible things that are the preconditions for the magic to happen, both the generosity of all the people who worked tirelessly to make things so easy for us to have a productive year and the social and intellectual company of my fellow Fellows and their partners, who quickly formed a friendly and collegial community.

But the whole is much, much bigger than the sum of its parts. Here is one of many illustrations of how the Wissenschaftskolleg worked its magic. Another of the projects I undertook this year was to preside over a translation of a book by Hermann Heller. Heller was one of the leading public lawyers and legal and political theorists of the Weimar era, which is high praise, as his main interlocutors were two of the giants of twentieth-century legal and political thought, Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt. However, Heller is hardly known outside of Germany, in large part because he, a Jewish socialist and militant opponent of the Nazis, died in exile in Spain in , aged Oxford University Press has agreed to publish the book in their series, The History and Theory of International Law, and I en- gaged a translator to prepare an initial draft of the translation.

She and I have been over this translation line by line three times and it is now complete. Once I go over the text one more time and write a long introduction, the task will be done. The Wissenschaftskolleg provided an ideal environment for this work. First, there is the serendipity that Heller wrote the book near the Schlachtensee, just a few kilometers from Grunewald. Second, the incomparable librarians were able to supply me with the material, often very hard to find, that I needed from time to time.

Finally, I must mention that the magic of the Wissenschaftskolleg extends to the part- ners of Fellows. Cheryl Misak, my wife, is a philosopher who works on pragmatism. She is writing an intellectual biography of Frank Ramsey, who died in just before his 27th birthday, but managed in his short life to make contributions of the first importance to philosophy, economics, and mathematics.

Her significant progress on this project was in large part made possible by the librarians who procured hundreds of books and other material that would have been hard to find in any one institution and who took care to reassure her that, as the partner of a Fellow, she was just as welcome to this magnificent resource. These last weeks are strange, marked by the last colloquium, the last book the librarians will get for us, the last time Dunia and her fabulous staff in the kitchen make some last-minute adjustment so that they can serve a guest a delicious meal, the last trip to the shops or the Floh along Hasensprung, the last run or bike ride in the Grunewald, and above all the last time I will go to lunch in happy anticipation of sitting for at least an hour in the company of people whom I did not know a year ago, but now know in a way that usually takes two decades in an ordinary academic institution.

While it will be hard for both of us to leave the Wiko, the inevitable day will be made bearable by the knowledge that these friendships will be lasting ones. Fewell is a Behavioural Ecologist interested in the evolution and organization of complex social groups. During this time, she worked collaboratively with Robert Page, at the University of California, Davis, using self-organizational models to address the question of how division of labor can emerge and evolve.

This became a primary research focus throughout her career. Those Fellows reading this report have likely already experienced the first day of Wiko.

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As we did in our September session, they have congregated in the seminar room and in- troduced themselves by their expertise and planned projects. A Wiko group could, in theory, move through the year as a loose collection of individuals, each one continuing their projects from home institutions, albeit in a very lovely space. If so, it would be a productive but boring year.

Wiko offers the opportunity to expand intellectually and culturally far beyond what any Fellow brings upon arrival. As humans and as intellectuals, we grow opportunistically from our communities, and this was certainly the case for me.

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Over the year, our group of Fellows became something more coalescent, something more cohesive and perhaps something more interesting than a loose association of intellectuals. A community emerged from our collective selves. I suppose I should not be surprised at this. After all, my research centers on the emergence of social organization. It focuses primarily on the organization of work in insect societies, scaling in size from small social collectives to the thousands millions of workers coordi- nating tasks within a mature social insect colony.

We are clearly not ants, but there are still insights to be gained, and one of these is that groups self-organize. Whether humans, social primates, or social insects, individuals brought together with a common purpose form cohesive societies; we see the emergence of a cooperative group. As an academic, however, the question is how this new community might influence or expand a research program. How do we move outside of our intellectual comfort zones, or break through our intellectual facades? In that first Wiko meeting, a brave col- league stood up and declared that perhaps our success should be measured not in the projects that we accomplished, but instead in not accomplishing that project at all.

If so, then I can report partial success. This resulted in a collection of new inspirations, only some of which may materialize as products, but all of which have expanded my perspec- tive. At Work at Wiko: My core project at Wiko was to draft a synthesis on division of labor and the organization of work in animal systems. I have spent much of my research career on this topic, and there is currently no grand synthesis. The book, in progress, presents the argument that division of labor is in large part a product of social self-organization.

By this, I mean that it emerges spontaneously when individuals coordinate and participate collectively in the multiple tasks they perform as a society. This task specialization is initiated through natural variation in individual task propensities; differ- ent individuals have intrinsically different sensitivities to the need for a given task.

It is also driven by the consequence that performing a task reduces subsequent need for that task. Simply put, we only wash the dishes when we see there are dishes to be washed, and some of us see this before others do. Because some individuals are more responsive to the need for a task, they are more likely to perform it. Because different individu- als have sensitivities for different tasks, a division of labor naturally emerges. This seems at first to be a simplistic vision of the complexities of work organization.

Indeed, multiple layers are added during the evolution of division of labor in insect and vertebrate societies. These include the adaptive coordination and regulation of work within cohesive societies, as exemplified by the social insects. On a more individual level, other social dynamics are also involved. Task performance is often determined by domi- nance hierarchies, and also by social policing. All of these contribute to the organization of work. They also potentially generate emergent disparities in work performance, influ- encing the social costs and benefits of working together.

Thus, emergent division of labor can generate advantages for a social group as is the case with the highly social insects , or alternatively disrupt social evolution, as when the costs of specializing in a difficult task fail to outweigh the benefits of cooperating. Models of the emergence of division of labor in insect societies have been explored in detail for decades now. What is less apparent is how ideas about work organization in animal societies could inform, and in turn be informed by, sociological and economic perspectives on human social organization.

The many discussions I had with researchers in these fields and the asso- ciated reading lists I simultaneously thank you and complain presented invaluable addi- tions to my work. In turn, I was able to assess the level to which my work on the biological underpinnings of division of labor might connect with a much broader audience than the one to which I am typically exposed. My project on division of labor fit well with my initial view of the utility of Wiko. It required a shift in my perspective, however, to go beyond this and realize the more transformational benefit of this space and the community tem- porarily residing within.

A partial wake-up occurred during a seminar by a Fellow on historical architecture. In her seminar, she spoke of architectural facades, their symbolism and function. From this, two thoughts struck me.

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Does architecture provide a unifying theme, or is it a way to sepa- rate the cultural human from the human as biological being? The second thought was more personal. What of our own intellectual facades? From this, I began to move beyond considering the weekly Fellows presentations as useful summaries of our projects, to potentially valuable and varied sources of intellectual connections. Some of these have led to useful project ideas. I hope, for example, to join with my Co-Fellows in interdisciplinary workshops on the human and animal faces of architecture. I had a lively series of discussions with a classicist on human versus animal use of identifying tags, perhaps as a general mechanism for de- ciding with whom to cooperate; these again allowed me to connect basic principles be- tween the human and animal realms.

I also particularly enjoyed arguing alternate biolog- ical interpretations of Shakespeare, which had no bearing at all on my research but were pure fun. A subset of these connections may gel into cross-disciplinary products, but even if they do not, they widened the boundaries of my research and provided much enjoy- ment.

The discussions and exchanges in our Fellows group also exposed me to a diverse set of political, ethical, and religious values. These exchanges were empowering, and often less than comfortable. They widened my perspective beyond the bubble that I normally inhabit. This was the case in November , when the US went through one of the most unusual and in some ways disturbing leadership changes of its modern history. Leaves and the Spaces Beyond: When I initially thought of how to organize this report, I thought first in terms of space use.

In an institute, this happens during seminars and associated discussions, but it also occurs in the myriad less formal spaces in which we meet. The intellectual space that a year at the Institute gave was of immense value. Wiko gave me the breathing room need- ed to move the division of labor project forward. Of the spaces that I occupied during my time there, most of my measurable productivity occurred in the seclusion of my apart- ment office. This was a lovely space, where I could look out over the walkways and take tea breaks while watching the birds. Other Fellows distributed themselves among offices, coffee shops, side rooms, and the library.

There are multiple spots to choose. In this space, we did the work we came for. These spaces, however, cannot be where the most exciting points of intersection occur. Discussions initiated in the restaurant over meals and wine were continued as Fellows met along the sidewalk of Koenigsallee, on our daily walk from the main buildings to the Villa Walther, and on across the Hasensprung.

We met unexpectedly on walks and explorations into the forest Grunewald, or even on the M19 heading downtown. One day on my way out of the seminar, I passed another Fellow, a photographer shooting pictures of the leaves falling on the sidewalk. That beautiful distraction, to me, is Wiko. Among other books, he has published La grilla y el parque. Arquitectura, ciudad, cultura Buenos Aires, and together with Fernanda Peixoto edited Ciudades sudamericanas como arenas culturales Buenos Aires, In Buenos Aires, soon before traveling to Berlin, I had the opportunity to meet Franco Moretti, who was in the city presenting two of his books that had recently been translated into Spanish.

If I mention it here, it is because this was a revealing, almost premonitory meeting: As soon as I arrived, I was immediately struck by the contrast between my prospect of productive seclusion and the intensity of intellectual exchanges that were offered to me at every step. It was a contrast that plunged me into a mixture of excitement and anxiety. Since I had begun my stay a month late, I initially thought that such a situation was the consequence of my difficulty keeping up with the rest of the Fellows, who seemed settled and comfortable with the Wiko lifestyle.

It was not simply a matter of lack of time, but rather of an incompatibility between two types of spiritual and intellec- tual attitudes: My book project, thus, continued, but the world in front of me offered too many temptations. To begin with, each conversation with Wiko Fellows entailed a fascinating trip to a double geography: Finally, of course, Berlin itself, an endless urban experience.

I abandoned the book entirely and indulged without reservations in the exploration of the new. I mention here only three of its territories. Reading is hospitable to stimuli: Yet, its base, the roadmap that on that occasion guided me to the construction of a new personal library, came, as said, from continual intellectual exchange with the closest Fellows. This state of continuous conversation led me to reflect more seriously about an essential dimension of the experience at Wiko: The translation effort required to reframe my research in broader cultural terms led me to rethink it critically.

But Berlin takes that general fact to an extreme and exquisite degree of fulfillment. My experience was more modest, but I like to think, equally intense. This was my third time in Berlin. It felt as if I had gathered all the dots on the plan, but without the lines that convey meaning to it. This time, based on that prior knowledge and favored by the length and the conditions of my stay, I was able to have another type of experience, putting into practice the famous motto that opens Berlin Childhood: Or, at least, it was the point of departure from which I could plan an overall attack on the city: With typical surrealist wit, Guy Debord once mentioned the experience of a friend of his who had used a map of London to ramble through a German city.

It is an anecdote that contains much of the situationist program: It is a program that Georges Perec would use to produce the best of his literature and that I have always found exciting. Yet, I discovered this time in Berlin that such a program is valid only for locals, who need to become estranged from their own city in order to understand it. So, we establish spontaneous parallel- isms, made out of constant and minuscule comparisons and contrasts, which somehow make the situationist game redundant and, more importantly, useless.

I am confident that all I have done and learned through my year at Wiko will somehow become palpable in my writing. I am certain, in fact, that it is already perceiv- able in my post-Wiko life. And, most importantly, I now know what to recommend to any prospective Wiko Fellow: Menaka Guruswamy practices law at the Supreme Court of India. She is also B. In her law practice she has litigated cases ensuring access of disadvantaged children to elite schools, ensuring large scale bureaucratic reform in the country, challenging the colonial era sodomy law and ensuring prosecution for extra judicial executions.

She has law degrees from all three schools, with a Doctor of Philosophy in Law D. An Examination of the Supreme Court of India. She is admitted to the Bar in New York and in Delhi. All of that is possible at the Wiko. From painting to music, my daily conversations spanned worlds that were otherwise re- served for only weekend readings, if at all. I now seek out other disciplines and crafts more than I would before the Wiko. The extraordinary care, the grace that all the staff and members of the Wiko typify, was singularly revelatory to me. The friendships offered, the care delivered, and the home that was created for us Fellows will always stay with me.

The Rector, Thorsten, Daniel, Vera both! For me, I wrote more than I have ever written, but I also learned to see in ways that I have not seen before. Leaves, poetry, long quiet walks, and wondrous bike rides that I had not experienced since college. But, a better way to truly experience the Wiko is to come with your loved ones. J That is the Wiko for you! The feedback that I re- ceived is also rather different from what I get when presenting to colleagues within the discipline or to judges in a courtroom!

However, even at the Wiko there is some scope to push further the reach of the Institute and the worlds that it engages. I write this with great respect for the arts and the classics. But, if we must better appreciate the world around us, we must also have access to those engaged in unpacking the present and predicting the future. While lessons from the past are hugely consequential to our future, I found my class of Fellows skewed mostly toward those appreciating only what has gone by. This is the na- ture of much academic scholarship, but there are promising critics, scholars, and activists of our contemporary times whom the Wiko must consider reaching out to.

Traditional academia, while invaluable, offers partial views of the world. I can think of no better environment for that than the Wiko! Germany, India and the United States. Blog, May 31, , at: This piece was also cross-posted in http: Unique Identification and Beyond. All these pieces also were published on scroll. Draft of book on South Asian Constitutionalism, written substantially at the Wiko, which I hope to finish by the end of this year.

He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford and, having fallen under the spell of Italy at an early age, started to pursue Roman history at the British School at Rome. He migrated to New York and Columbia University at the age of twenty-six and has stayed there ever since apart from travels in every continent except Australasia. He chaired the Columbia History Department for six years. In recent years, he has concentrated on subjects that overlap with the natural sciences and with economics the environmental history of the Mediterranean, mental disorders in antiquity, the history of ancient money.

In superbly hospitable and endlessly stimulating circumstances, I spent ten months trying to answer some large historical problems, and also some existential ones of purely person- al significance. In neither case did I find clear decisive answers. But the project is very much alive, not least because of the interest in it I encoun- tered among other Wiko Fellows.

In November , I was the keynote speaker at a conference in Zurich about literacy in the ancient world, and I had to write up that paper afterwards. Since I have been deeply involved in historical controversies about literacy ever since my book Ancient Literacy , this distraction was hard to avoid. And I was able to discuss some new evidence, including just-published writing tablets from the first years of Roman London, in addition to making some methodological observations.

Should we idealize the classical world or try to understand the dynamics of its social and cultural development? Anne Kolb of Zurich is editing a volume in which my answer will be re- stated. A year of relative tranquillity was nonetheless invaluable for my environmental history project. It gave me time to re-organize the project and identify the problems that deserve to be answered and can realistically be answered.

An interesting tension has emerged that is implicit in all environmental history but seldom recognized: Normally they take that role; indeed much of what passes for environ- mental history is little more than the history of what human beings have said about vari- ous aspects of their environments.

Human diet, human migration, and human exploitation of metal resources are all topics that I worked on at the Wiko. Questions about agency and technology are insistent. That leads me to remark that one of the greatest advantages of a Wiko year for me was the scientific majority. This quite apart from being able to ask questions over lunch with a superlative economist, not to mention being able to go to the opera with a superlative musicologist see below!

We historians were in a very small minority, and I would have regretted that if it had not been for the fact that in normal life I am surrounded by histo- rians. Few of the latter know the tough questions to ask about environmental history; with scientists it is different. The soil is thin in Mediterranean lands, said a highly infor- mative scientist at my colloquium talk. Four months later, I had learned a lot of things that an environmental historian needs to know about soil. My work has gradually come to depend more and more on natural scientists, and I owe increasing debts to quite a num- ber.

I now realize more clearly that they are not omniscient either. Mentioning soil leads me to my most solid results of the year in the area of environ- mental history. I succeeded in putting together what I think is a quite satisfying model of the relationship between marginal land, inheritance patterns, fertility practices and mi- gration in the Mediterranean world throughout antiquity.

The concept and identification of marginal land had never been investigated properly, and migration has been the subject of a long-running controversy. The paper will come out in , in a German journal, Historia but in English. The use of metals is another deeply intriguing topic. There are many puzzles. I confess that I spent six weeks at the Wiko trying to make some history out of the change from bronze tools, weapons and so on to iron. But then I turned to metal use in the high and then declining Roman Empire.

Very soon I shall have the complete draft of a chapter on this subject. There are such layers and layers in Berlin that it enters into your psyche in ways that are hard to keep track of. Some Fellows wish that the Wiko were somewhere in the centre of the city. But the greenery and lakes of Grunewald are a wonderful grandstand. Should I have spent even more time being a tourist all year I meant to go up to the Baltic coast, where I have never been or making local friends? Only on the very last day did I visit the Museum Berggruen. That is a lifelong problem. Then there was the music.

Living in New York is not awful in this respect, but our only opera house is expensive, and the best concerts often sell out very fast. But to conclude, hearty thanks to everyone on the Wiko staff for making all this possible. But I miss you all, staff and Fellows alike. How to Push Through, a novel, published by Dr. My output has been extensive in the realms of fiction, but this still leaves me feeling among true scholars much as W.

In the event it was quite the opposite. I have never encountered all at once so many brilliant people who were as open and as warm and welcoming as the Fellows amongst whom I found myself at the Wiko. All the departments ranging from English to Comparative Literature to Psychology of which I have been a member have been alike in this. University faculties, even under the most benevolent of chairpersons, form them- selves into factions along many different lines, chiefly political, but also by age, by race, by gender, by pedagogic style.

The Wiko, by definition, circumvents this trench warfare.

Building mass has never been so simple.

The variety of different fields, the absence of a teaching requirement which would soon sepa- rate us along pedagogical lines, and the relative brevity of our presence at the Wiko, all function to mitigate the very things that make academic life fractious and to replace them with an unthreatened sense of achievement, each individual proud to have been chosen and taking pleasure in his or her own field, and with a willingness to share ideas and in- formation. Every encounter I had with the many scientists present in my Wiko year was a welcome eye-opener.

I learnt more during my time in Berlin than I ever learnt during my science-starved schooldays. We swiftly got used to the splendours of the main building, but awed visitors never ceased to remind us how fortunate we were. And this was without visiting other parts of the Wiko campus. These were not ac- ademic or even fiction-related researches, but rather research in an area in which my ten months in Berlin have supplied information more life-changing than any book or article.

Many of my family perished in the Holocaust; with one exception it was from Berlin that they were deported to their death in the camps. The exception was a great-aunt who had married in Landshut and, when the SS came to fetch her, jumped to her death from her bedroom window. She too had been raised in Berlin, and in her death I add her name to the 7, Berliners estimated to have taken their own lives rather than be deported to the death camps.

I had been in Berlin often, but facts and figures such as these were unknown to me. We did this more than once; East Berlin is a clear, familiar memory. Among the pilgrimages this Wiko-year has enabled me to perform has been to visit Kaunas, in her memory. I doubt if she knew exactly where it was. When the war ended she and her daughters discovered which of their cousins, aunts, uncles and in-laws had simply vanished.

But they had no idea where and when they had died. One of these talks was at the Einstein Forum, where this June I was fortunate to be able to return, thanks to my Wiko-year, and give another talk and wind up with a new and lasting rela- tionship to this Institute as a Board Member. I had been to these camps, but all the piety in the world lacks the sense of completion, of connection, that knowledge has provided. We have four commemorative Stolpersteine on Viktoria-Luise-Platz.

I have been able to clean these, with my daughter. And thanks to my year at the Wiko, she has made herself a home in the new Berlin. My daughter too is Her presence in Berlin, for at least the next two years, is a mitzvah, a blessing not to be captured in words. So many frightened, bitter ghosts are now so real for me, on so many streets. They are the ones to whom this brief account should be dedicated. I would be lying if I claimed I had anything to tell. It is for others to decipher what my work has to tell. Then, along with them and with Sonja, comes the wonderful assistance provided by Anja and Stefan in the library, by Andrea how unfailingly helpful she has been!

I look forward so much to seeing them all again. This my mother would never have done. I have never made so many good friends so fast, not even in happiest schooldays. And this I owe not only to the good fortune of a Wiko year perhaps wonderfully attuned by sheer chance to what I might seek in a friend, but to the founding idea of the Wiko: A species of university in heaven.

Except that the month term, the brevity, is a key factor that no university could accommodate. Which allows me the final luxury: Thank you, Wiko, your staff and your founders! Not only I but also my daughter benefited, perhaps decisively for the rest of her life; my wife, as everyone knows who saw her exhibition at the Wiko, was inspired by our stay to produce wonderful art. I envy those for whom this prize, a Wiko year, lies in the future.

He is the author of numerous articles on the history, philosophy, and sociology of science and technology, with a particular emphasis on the cultural history of 19th-century German physics. He has also authored two books, Harmonious Triads: He is the editor of Perspectives on Science: His new monograph, The Genealogy of a Gene: While at Wiko I was able to conduct research on two different topics. The first was gene patenting and race and genomics.

I also researched the history of gene patenting in Europe with colleagues at the European Patent Office in Munich. Such a study illustrates that different patent regimes reflect the political and economic interests of various countries: My second project is a book-length study of how physicists, physiologists, later engi- neers, and musicians collaborated to generate new forms of musical aesthetics from the 19th century to the s.

The doyen of physics held strong views about the superiority of just temperament over equal temperament for key- board instruments. He experimented on musical instruments as if they were scientific ones. Both the piano and the harmonium helped him to study issues of beats, upper par- tials, consonance, dissonance, and various tuning temperaments. Of particular interest is the role that the so-called universal principles of mechanics in the natural sciences played when musicians wished to communicate their knowledge to their pupils.

The story that unfolds touches on an interesting historical theme, namely how other forms of contemporary culture, in this instance, music, perceived the roles of physics, anatomy, and physiology in pedagogy. Some musicians, rather controversially, saw natural scientists as possible allies in pedagogical matters. In this case, by drawing upon the universal principles of natural science, the individual could cultivate her or his own technique.

The move during the last two centuries of a number of musical pedagogues to draw upon the mechanical principles of the natural sciences in order to improve playing tech- nique and the teaching thereof also sheds light on the interactions between experimental natural philosophers and later natural scientists and musicians.

Inevitably, it was in part about training and disciplining groups of musicians. Numerous composers felt that musicians should be as rigid and disciplined as machines, expressing their consternation over liberties taken with their compositions. Technology did not thwart individual interpretation, but rather increased it for those skilled enough to use it. Yet there were those who feared the loss of the human: Indeed, in some instances, they were being replaced.

The ensuing debates were taken up within a larger framework of the role of technology in general in society during the late 19th and early 20th century. Despite the immediate political and economic turmoil, there was cause for optimism. The Bauhaus centered in nearby Dessau was establishing itself as the leading German school of architecture and design.

And German radio was beginning to fill the airwaves with news and music. With this period of renewed industralization and cultural, technological, and scientific achievements, a group of applied physicists, physiol- ogists, engineers, and musicians were tinkering away, inventing new musical instruments and genres. Also critical was the research by physiologists on analyzing and synthesizing human sounds, particularly vowels and their corresponding formants, by using gramophones. Such an aesthetic wished to distance itself from one of for lack of a better phrase the mechanical reproduction of music.

In the aftermath of World War II, a new musical aesthetic arose out of the ashes. It was one that, similar to the music of the inter-war period, required the cooperation of musicians, scientists, and engineers. It was a musical genre based on electronic circuitry, amplifiers, and loudspeakers. Much of it relied upon storage devices such as film soundtracks, phonographs, tape re- cordings, and later computers.

Generally, there were three distinct groups belonging to the genre of electronic music. Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Henry were the principle protagonists. These two New York traditions, which were by and large independent, drew upon natural and electronic sounds recorded onto tape. The principles organizing the sound, however, varied with their aesthetic views. As everyone correctly states, the staff here is truly phenomenal. The librarians will find things for you that you did not know existed! The Fellows are treated incredibly well: I strongly encourage future Fellows to seriously consider living outside of Wiko.

Living in Grunewald seems to me like living on Staten Island. It does not look as if the renovations will end any time soon. To work on hidden messages in ribonucleic acids, I used my precious three months to learn the necessary computational skills. But I also allowed myself to drift off course and to trace the history of visualizations of ribonucleic acid data from the beginning of this field of research until today.

Everything as Planned Ribonucleic acids are a main component of all cells on this planet, be it of plant, bacteria, or human origin. Besides water, cells are composed of DNA, the genetic material; lipids, which form a really thin, semi-permeable barrier surrounding the cellular content; and proteins, which perform most tasks. This high abundance alone indicates that ribonucleic acids have critical importance.