Mentoring in Nursing: A Dynamic and Collaborative Process, Second Edition

It serves as a model worth emulating throughout the nursing profession. The Edge Runner designation recognizes nurses who have developed innovative, successful models of care and interventions to address problems in the health care delivery system or unmet health needs in a population. Nurses may articulate what they want to happen in health care to make it more truly patient centered and to improve quality, access, and value. They may even have the evidence to support their conclusions.

As with any worthy cause, however, they must engage in the policy-making process to ensure that the changes they believe in are realized. To this end, they must be able to envision themselves as leaders in that process and seek out new partners who share their goals.

The challenge now is to motivate all nurses to pursue leadership roles in the policy-making process. Political engagement is one avenue they can take to that end. For example, engaging school board candidates about the fundamental role of school nurses in the management of chronic conditions among students can make a difference at budget time. And if the goal is broader, perhaps to locate more community health clinics within schools, achieving buy-in from the local school board is absolutely vital.

Political engagement can be a natural outgrowth of nursing experience. In February , Ms. Tavenner was named deputy administrator for the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Like many nurses, she had never envisioned working in government. But she realized that she wanted to have an impact on health care and health care reform. She wanted to help the uninsured find resources and access to care. For her, that meant building on relationships and finding opportunities to work in government.

Other notable nurses who have answered the call to serve in government include Sheila Burke, who served as chief of staff to former Senate Majority Leader Robert Dole, has been a member of the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission,. This paragraph draws on personal communication with Marilyn Tavenner, principal deputy administrator and chief operating officer, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, May 11, The fellowship rotates among three branches of service Army, Navy, and Air Force annually.

Shirley Chater led the reorganization of the Social Security Administration in the s. Carolyne Davis served as head of the Health Care Finance Administration predecessor of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in the s during the implementation of a new coding system that classifies hospital cases into diagnosis-related groups. From to , Rhetaugh Dumas was the first nurse, the first woman, and the first African American to serve as a deputy director of the National Institute of Mental Health Sullivan, Lois Capps organized and co-chairs the Congressional Nursing Caucus which also includes members who are not nurses.

The group focuses on mobilizing congressional support for health-related issues. None of these nurses waited to be asked; they pursued their positions, both elected and appointed, because they knew they had the expertise and experience to make changes in health care. Very little in politics is accomplished without preparation or allies.

Health professionals point with pride to multiple aspects of the Prescription for Pennsylvania initiative, a state health care reform initiative that preceded the ACA and is also described in Box As is clear from a detailed review, success was not achieved overnight; smaller legislative and regulatory victories set the stage. Pennsylvanians were 11 percent more likely than all other Americans to use the emergency room ER. In January he announced a major new blueprint for that reform, Prescription for Pennsylvania known as Rx for PA, www.

This last strategy has had an impact on access to care, particularly for the uninsured and underinsured. Torregrossa said that of , visits to such clinics, about half would have been ER visits. Retail clinics have been shown to reduce costs and improve access to care Mehrotra et al. There are about nurse-managed health centers nationwide and 27 in Pennsylvania; many are affiliated with schools of nursing and provide care at a 10 percent lower cost than other models—including a 15 percent reduction in ER use and a 25 percent reduction in prescription drug costs according to unpublished data from the National Nursing Centers Consortium [NNCC].

The nurse-managed health centers in particular offer a preventive care model that improves access to care. Governor Edward Rendell speaks about the important role of nurses in improving access to health care in Pennsylvania. Even some apparent legislative failures built the foundation for future successes because they caused nurses to spend more time meeting face to face with physicians who had organized opposition to various measures. As a result, nursing leaders developed a better sense of where they could achieve compromises with their opponents.

Mentoring in Nursing: A Dynamic and Collaborative Process, Second Edition

They also found a new ally in the Chamber of Commerce to counter opposition from some sections of organized medicine Hansen-Turton et al. Hansen-Turton and colleagues draw three major lessons from this experience. First, nurses must build strong alliances within their own professional community, an important lesson alluded to earlier in this chapter. Second, nurses must build relationships with key policy makers.

Third, nurses must find allies outside the nursing profession, particularly in business and other influential communities. Perhaps the most important lesson to draw from the Pennsylvania experience lies in the way the campaign was framed. The focus of attention was on achieving quality care and cost reductions.

A closer examination of the issues showed that achieving those goals required, among other things, expanding the roles and responsibilities of nurses. What drew the greatest amount of political support for the Prescription for Pennsylvania campaign was the shared goal of getting more value out of the health care system—quality care at a sustainable price. The fact that the campaign also expanded nursing practice was secondary.

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Those expansions are likely to continue as long as the emphasis is on quality care and cost reduction. Similarly, the committee believes that the goal in any transformation of the health care system should be achieving innovative, patient-centered, highvalue care. If all stakeholders—from legislators, to regulators, to hospital executives, to insurance companies—act from a patient-centered point of reference, they will see that many of the solutions they are seeking require a transformation of the nursing profession.

Having enough nurses and having nurses with the right skills and competencies to care for the population is an important societal issue. More nurses need to reach out to new partners in arenas ranging from business, government, and philanthropy to state and national medical associations to consumer groups. Additionally, nurses need to fortify alliances that are made through personal connections and relationships. Just as important, society needs to understand its stake in ensuring that nurses are effective full partners and leaders in the quest to deliver quality, high-value care that is accessible to diverse populations.

The full potential of the nursing profession in care, leadership, and research must be tapped to deal with the wide range of health care challenges the nation will face in the coming years. Eventually, to transform the way health care is delivered in the United States, nurses will have to move not just out of the hospital, but also out of health care organizations entirely. For example, nurses are underrepresented on the boards of private nonprofit and philanthropic organizations, which do not provide health care services but often have a large impact on health care decisions.

The Commonwealth Fund and the Kaiser Family Foundation, for instance, have no nurses on their boards, although they do have physicians. Without nurses, vital ground-level perspectives on quality improvement, care coordination, and health promotion are likely missing. On the other hand, AARP provides a positive example. At least two nurses at AARP have served in the top leadership and governance roles president and chair in the past 3 years.

Nurses serve on the health and long-term services policy committee, and the senior vice president of the Public Policy Institute is also a nurse. Enactment of the ACA will provide unprecedented opportunities for change in the U. Strong leadership on the part of nurses, physicians, and others will be required to devise and implement the changes necessary to increase quality, access, and value and deliver patient-centered care.

If these efforts are to be successful, all nurses, from students, to bedside and community nurses, to CNOs and members of nursing organizations, to researchers, must develop leadership competencies and serve as full partners with physicians and other health professionals in efforts to improve the health care system and the delivery of care.

Nurses must exercise these competencies in a collaborative environment in all settings, including hospitals, communities, schools, boards, and political and business arenas. In doing so, they must not only mentor others along the way, but develop partnerships and gain allies both within and beyond the health care environment. The essentials of baccalaureate education for professional nursing practice. Enhancing diversity in the nursing workforce: Fact sheet updated March Why senior nursing officers matter: A national survey of nursing executives.

Strategies for taking charge. The Arkansas aging initiative: An innovative approach for addressing the health of older rural Arkansans. Transforming organizations through shared leadership. Center for Healthcare Governance. A seat at the power table: Expanding the role of nursing in health care governance.

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The Future of Nursing explores how nurses' roles, responsibilities, and education should change significantly to meet the increased demand for care that will be created by health care reform and to advance improvements in America's increasingly complex health system. At more than 3 million in number, nurses make up the single largest segment of the health care work force. They also spend the greatest amount of time in delivering patient care as a profession. Nurses therefore have valuable insights and unique abilities to contribute as partners with other health care professionals in improving the quality and safety of care as envisioned in the Affordable Care Act ACA enacted this year.

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Get fast, free shipping with Amazon Prime. Get to Know Us. English Choose a language for shopping. Explore the Home Gift Guide. Amazon Music Stream millions of songs. Amazon Advertising Find, attract, and engage customers. Mentoring in Multiple Dimensions. Removing barriers to doctorates for Native American nurses. Reflections on Nursing Leadership , 29 1 , Nursing Education Perspectives, 34 3 , Differences in the decision to attend college among African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites.

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Journal of Hispanic Higher Education , 11 1 , A multifaceted mentoring model for minority researchers to address HIV health disparities. Nurse Educator , 25 6 , Partnership in Learning , 19 3 , Journal of Latinos and Education , 6 1 , Hispanic Health Care International , 6 4 , Implementation of Mastery Learning in Nursing Education. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

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Perceived and real barriers for men entering nursing: Implications for gender diversity. Careers Beyond the Bedside: Journal of Nursing Education , 52 10 , Recognizing and avoiding intercultural miscommunication in distance education a study of the experiences of Canadian faculty and aboriginal nursing students. Journal of Professional Nursing, 23 6 , A Buddy Program for International Nurses. Journal of Nursing Administration , 33 6 , Increasing the recruitment and retention of historically underrepresented minority students in higher education: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology , 7 3 , Contemporary Nurse , 38 , Nurse Leader , 2 6 , A communication skills program for students from non-English speaking backgrounds.

Nurse Education in Practice , 6 5 , The experiences of international nursing students in a baccalaureate nursing program. What do we know bout educating Asian ESL nursing students? Addressing whiteness in nursing education: The sociopolitical climate project at the University of Washington School of Nursing. Advances in Nursing Practice , Minority nurses in leadership positions: A call for action.

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Launching native health leaders: Students as community-campus ambassadors. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 4 1 , Nurses on the Move: Contemporary Nurse , 25 , Health Careers for Native American Students: Challenges and Opportunities for Enrichment Program Design. Journal of Interprofessional Care , Taking care of their own: College program strives to rebuild pool of American Indian nurses prepared to practice in their communities.

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Education and Health , Institute of Medicine National Academy Press. Diversity of Thought in the Nursing Profession. Nursing Outlook, 64 3 , Smith, A, and Smyer, T. Valuing and recognising the talents of a diverse workforce. Nursing Ethics , 17 5 , Facilitators and barriers to success among ethnic minority students enrolled in a predominantly white baccalaureate nursing program.

Developing Minority Nursing Students: Evaluation of an Innovative Mentorship Leadership Program. Journal of Nursing Education , 57 9 , Faculty of color in academe: What 20 years of literature tells us. J Divers High Educ , 1: Latino faculty development in U. A Hispanic center of excellence perspective. J Hisp Higher Educ , 4: Changing the Face of Minority Faculty: Minority Faculty Recruitment and Retention. A Grounded Theory Research Study.

Mentorship - Wikipedia

Students With English as an Additional Language. ABNF , 16 1 , Exploring factors affecting attrition of male students from an undergraduate nursing course: Journal of Nursing Education , 54 9 , SS Journal of Advanced Nursing , 36 4 , Nursing students coping with English as a foreign language medium of instruction. The state of diversity in the health professions a century after Flexner.

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New Directions for Institutional Research , Building, Filling and Proving the Nursing Pipeline: Understanding post-hire transitional challenges of foreign educated nurses. Nursing Management , 42 9 , The Truth About Mentoring Minorities. Harvard Business Review , 79 4 , Mentoring Minority Graduate Students: Issues and Strategies for Institutions, Faculty, and Students. Equal Opportunities International , 26 3 , Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, The long, winding road: Academic Medicine , Report on Educational Barriers, Needs, and Recommendations.

Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Journal of Nursing Education , 51 5 , Growth and access increase for nursing students: A retention and progression project.

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Increasing Mexican American Doctoral Degrees: The Role of Institutions of Higher Education. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education , 1 1 , Double whammy for a new breed of foreign nurses: Lived experiences of Filipino physician-turned nurses in the United States. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice , Nursing Education Perspectives , 33 5 , Creative Nursing , 16 2 , Academic Medicine , 84 8 , Journal of Nursing Education , 40 6 , Why are There so Few? A Model of Caring Mentorship. Journal For Nurses in Staff Development , 23 5 , A bridge to success: A nursing student success strategies improvement course.

Journal of Nursing Education , 55 8 , The learning experiences of Taiwanese nursing students studying in Australia. Implications for Hispanic Nursing Students. Developing Culturally Competent Community Faculty: Mentoring the Minority Nurse Leader of Tomorrow.

Indigenous nurses and professional education: Social and cultural capital, race and ethnicity, and college student retention. Responding to increasing RN demand: Journal of Nursing Education , 47 5 , Minority Nurse , 46— What is getting in the way? A nursing education model designed to increase the number of Aboriginal nurses in a rural and remote Queensland community. Contemporary Nurse , 37 1 , Common experiences of African American nursing students: Using social determinants of health to link health workforce diversity, care quality and access, and health disparities to achieve health equity in nursing.

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Journal of Transcultural Nursing, Recruitment and Retention of Minority Nursing Faculty. The Importance of Mentoring. Partnership in Learning , 14 3 , Zambrana, R, Ray, R. The importance of mentoring for underrepresented minority faculty. American Educational Research Journal , 52 10 The need for Hispanic nurses in Nevada: An underrepresented ethnic group in nursing. Home Health Care Management and Practice, Achieving a college education: Journal of Hispanic Higher Education , 9 2 , Reenvisioning Rather than Reinventing the Wheel.

Review of Educational Research , 78 3 , Transitional programs for internationally educated nurses: The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing , 40 2 , Affirming the disadvantaged student. Exploring Diversity in the Physician Workforce: Getting to Institutional Excellence: The RAIN Program will incorporate a range of proven, culturally specific recruitment, retention, and mentoring strategies to assist the Next Steps project in meeting its goals. The RAIN Program is recognized as a premiere program for assisting American Indians to access and complete professional nursing education.

Eighty-three percent of RAIN graduates return to work in tribal communities. For more information contact: Becky Cournia, ; beckycournia mail. This project provides nurse mentoring, bi-monthly nursing workshops, tutoring, a six-week summer program, college preparation, and job shadowing opportunities. Because most of the students came from families who did not support them academically, students reported that the nurse mentoring and job shadowing helped them stay motivated in their studies, focus on a career, and finish school.

The grant provides scholarships for students in the Traditional Pre-Licensure Clinical Nursing program. The ASUN Project seeks to support and add to curriculum material and clinical opportunities which focus on American Indian health issues. CO-OP works with a state-wide advisory board with members from each reservation who represent the education and health sectors. The advisory board acts as a liaison between the reservation communities and CO-OP.

Board members identify perspective nursing students as well as effective outreach strategies to use in their respective communities. This program started in with a grant from Health Resources and Services Administration HRSA and is designed to increase nursing opportunities for under-represented minority students. It includes the introduction of nursing as a career to students in middle and high school.

Mentoring is one of the supports it offers along with individualized planning, coaching, tutoring, and intensive summer programs. The program was developed to increase the diversity among nurses in the rural, medically underserved Yakima Valley of Washington State. To encourage the recruitment and successful transition of students, the Gator-Cats mentoring program was started. SCRUBS — SCRUBS Program, a workforce diversity project, is aimed at middle and high school students interested in pursuing nursing as a career, and to increase retention and graduation rates of the students enrolled in the program.

This program works primarily with schools in Bulloch County and its surrounding counties in the state of Georgia. This dual role continues throughout their course of studies. The program is very successful with a high rate of students passing the NCLEX on their first attempt. This program also includes a Leadership Council, an advisory committee that partners with the local community on empowerment around health issues.

This program contributes to the recruitment and retention of students. The curriculum model uses the Navajo Philosophy of the Four Directions and Sacred Mountains that border Navajol to organize the content and educational resource materials. The purpose of N-NURSE is to continue development of a network of trained mentors throughout the Navajo Nation that will provide community members interested in nursing a mentor while pursuing a nursing degree or advancing in their nursing career. SMDEP is implemented at 12 program sites across the nation.

This program, funded by a grant, is designed to recruit and retain African-American students.

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Having reviewed obstacles to the retention of minority students, staff developed a model that incorporates four supporting concepts: A prenursing alliance has been established with a historically Black university from which most of the students transfer. A summer enrichment program offers incoming students an introduction to the new learning environment, teaching methods, and learning expectations. There is a faculty-led student support group that meets monthly and provides personal and emotional support. In the model diagrammed below, mentorship is seen as a common theme for all of the supporting concepts.

Mentors are faculty members, other students, and minority nurse leaders in the community. Minority Mentoring Program — Developed in by Dr. This program creates a connection between current medical students and health professionals within the University of Florida and Shands health care system. The goal is to develop the program into a more structured activity whereby mentors are available to meet with their student throughout the academic year.

The program is aimed at entering first year medical students however interested upperclassmen may also apply. The program involves both UF faculty and community physicians in the mentoring process. The program is devoted to encouraging the promotion and development of minority residents, fellows and faculty members in order to increase the presence of minority mentors at the Carver College of Medicine. The mentoring program for undergraduates focuses on three components: Undergraduate students are paired up with a minority medical student and a PhD student when possible.

The pairing process respects similar backgrounds and interests. The primary objective of the program is to provide students with the network of support needed to succeed in the university and beyond. Casual one on one interaction is available, as well as opportunities for involvement in extracurricular activities. MIM — Mentoring In Medicine is an organization that works with students in disadvantaged areas from 3rd grade through health professional schools.

They ignite, cultivate, and prepare students to become health care professionals by allowing prospective students to interact with established expert health care professionals around the country. PMI — Pipeline Mentoring Institute recognized that many of the barriers to greater diversity within the medical profession lie within the continuum of elementary through undergraduate education.

STARS goal is to increase nursing education opportunities for ethnically and racially diverse individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds, including Hispanics, the University of Texas at Arlington UTA School of Nursing designed a program that takes a comprehensive approach. The multifaceted STARS for Nursing project ranges from educating high school students about health care careers to providing academic, financial and personal support to help recruit, retain and graduate minority nursing students.

The longstanding program seeks to increase the number of senior-level physicians and dentists from historically disadvantaged backgrounds in academic medicine and dentistry. The award facilitates the transition of newly-trained clinicians who wish to develop into independent investigators. The program provides students with training, experience and mentoring to make them stronger candidates for admission to graduate programs. Students also receive three academic credits for the program. Nursing Education Perspectives , 24 5 , Fabbra, L. Careers in rural minority health.

Contemporary Nurse , 38 , Samson, L.