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Highest sensitivity was shown for ceftazidime Sensitivity of Enterobacteriaceae group of microorganisms to known antibiotics is decreasing. Decreased sensitivity to carbapenem group of antibiotics is a matter of concern. Lettuce cultivars are not only amongst the most popular vegetables eaten raw, they are also involved in severe pathogen outbreaks world-wide.

While outbreaks caused by Enterobacteriaceae species are well-studied, less is known about their occurrence in natural environments as well as the impact of biotic stress. Here, we studied the ecology of the human health-relevant bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae and assessed the impact of biotic disturbances by a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus and Gastropoda on their structure and abundance in mesocosm and pot experiments. Using a polyphasic approach including network analyses of 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries, quantitative PCR and complementary fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH microscopy we found substantial yet divergent Enterobacteriaceae communities.

A similar spectrum of 14 genera was identified from rhizo- and phyllospheres but the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae was on average 3fold higher in phyllosphere samples. Both stress factors shifted the bacterial community of the leaf habitat, characterized by increases of species abundance and diversity. For the rhizosphere, we observed significant structural shifts of Enterobacteriaceae communities but also a high degree of resilience. These results could be confirmed by FISH microscopy but it was difficult to visualize phyllosphere communities.

Additional inoculation experiments with Escherichia coli as model revealed their presence below the wax layer as well as in the endosphere of leaves. The observed presence influenced by stress factors and the endophytic life style of Enterobacteriaceae on lettuce can be an important aspect in relation to human health.

Biotic stress shifted structure and abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in the lettuce microbiome. Full Text Available Lettuce cultivars are not only amongst the most popular vegetables eaten raw, they are also involved in severe pathogen outbreaks world-wide. Enterobacteriaceae infection — diagnosis, antibiotic resistance and prevention. According to the WHO there are 4.

This makes intestinal infections third in terms of human disease mortality. Due to rising drug resistance we discuss the importance of better pathogen detection, vaccine design and the use of vaccines as a preventive measure against intestinal infections. Special attention is paid to OMP38, a protein isolated from [i]S. Since it is known that this protein has good immunogenic properties, it can be used as an antigen or carrier for conjugate vaccines. Trends in carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae , France, to In , a total of 2, Enterobacteriaceae isolates with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems were received at the French Associated National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance NRC and were characterised for their molecular resistance mechanism to carbapenems and compared with results obtained during and The overall number of enterobacterial isolates with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems received at the NRC rapidly increased more than twofold in two years with a growing proportion of carbapenemase producers We identified a potential spread of OXA producers in the tropical region of Africa.

The number of carbapenemase-producing Escherischia coli isolates was multiplied by fivefold between and , suggesting a possible dissemination in the community. Retrieval of Enterobacteriaceae drug targets using singular value decomposition. The identification of potential drug target proteins in bacteria is important in pharmaceutical research for the development of new antibiotics to combat bacterial agents that cause diseases.

A new model that combines the singular value decomposition SVD technique with biological filters composed of a set of protein properties associated with bacterial drug targets and similarity to protein-coding essential genes of Escherichia coli strain K12 has been created to predict potential antibiotic drug targets in the Enterobacteriaceae family.

This model identified 99 potential drug target proteins in the studied family, which exhibit eight different functions and are protein-coding essential genes or similar to protein-coding essential genes of E. Proteins from bacteria with described drug resistance were found among the retrieved candidates. These candidates have no similarity to the human proteome, therefore exhibiting the advantage of causing no adverse effects or at least no known adverse effects on humans. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. Published by Oxford University Press. For Permissions, please e-mail: Lezioni di Cosmologia Teorica.

Contiene gli elementi di base della cosmologia relativistica, del modello cosmologico standard e del suo completamento inflazionario. E' organizzato per servire da traccia ad un corso di cosmologia di stampo teorico, ma cerca di non perdere mai di vista il confronto con i principali risultati osservativi: Non mancano infine alcuni accenni ad argomenti di inter Comparison of two DNA microarrays for detection of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and non- Enterobacteriaceae. A DNA microarray was developed to detect plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance AR and virulence factor VF genes in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and non- Enterobacteriaceae.

The array was validated with the following bacterial species: Genes conferring resistance to each antibiotic class were identified by the DNA array. The phylogenetic group of each E. These data demonstrate that it is possible to screen simultaneously for all important classes of mobile AR and VF genes in Enterobacteriaceae and non- Enterobacteriaceae whilst also assigning a correct phylogenetic group to E. Therefore, it is feasible to test clinical Gram-negative bacteria for all known AR genes and to provide important information regarding pathogenicity simultaneously.

Sintesi stereoselettiva di piridilammine. Tra i possibili approcci alla sintesi di questi composti noi abbiamo investigato la riduzione diastereoselettiva di N-sostituite p-totil e tert-butil piridil chetimmine con una serie di agenti riducenti NaBH4, L-Selectride, DIBAL, 9-BBN in diverse condizioni di reazione.

Principi di marketing propone un quadro dei processi di gestione del marketing relativamente innovativo, ispirato a un modello rigoroso e semplice al tempo stesso: Phenotypic method for differentiation of carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae: Study from north India. Full Text Available Aims: Resistance to carbapenems is mostly due to production of enzymes - Carbapenemases, which are divided into Ambler Classes A, B and D.

Phenotypic detection and differentiation of types of Carbapenemases in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae CRE is important for proper infection control and appropriate patient management. Total of strains of Enterobacteriaceae were included in the study. Out of these strains, 26 strains were resistant to carbapenems. The prevalence of CRE in our Institute is 7. The prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae strains producing MBL type carbapenemase in our health care setup is 5. None of the strains among the carbapenem-resistant bacterial isolates showed production of KPC enzyme.

The need of the hour is simple, rapid and cost effective tests which will be able to identify and distinguish resistant pathogens for improved patient outcome, facilitating efficient infection control and reducing the escalation of resistance. The clinical characteristics of 30 patients were described. The genetic relationship of isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis PFGE. Amplicons were sequenced and blasted to determine the genotype. Most infected patients were from intensive care unit and had complex and serious underlying illnesses requiring mechanical ventilation.

The majority of patients had infections with the carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae CPE strain, most were successfully treated with a range of antibiotics and discharged. It is important to maintain a high index of suspicion to screen for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains. Rapid identification of these strains and implementation of stringent procedures are the key to prevent major outbreaks in a hospital setting. Enterobacteriaceae are a group of gram-negative rods that can cause serious infections in humans.

A susceptibility in Klebsiella pneumoniae of The average age was 4 years and 15 days. The intermediate susceptibility was 1. This finding could be explained by the fact that this population has not been exposed to this antimicrobial therapy and also the low rates for ESBL in pediatric infections. Qin, Xuan; Oron, Assaf P. The objective of this study is to describe the epidemiology of intestinal carriage with extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children with index infections with these organisms.

Patients with resistant Escherichia coli or Klebsiella bacteria isolated from the urine or a normally sterile site between January and December were included in this study. Available infection and stool isolates underwent phenotypic and molecular characterization. Clinical data relevant to the infections were collected and analyzed. Overall, patients were identified with extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant E. There were no significant differences in demographic, clinical, and microbiological variables between those with and those without intestinal carriage.

In a multivariable analysis, antibiotic intake in the 91 days prior to subsequent urine culture was significantly associated with subsequent urinary tract infection with a resistant organism hazard ratio, Intestinal carriage and reinfection were most commonly due to bacterial strains of the same sequence type and with the same resistance determinants as the index extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae , but carriage and reinfection with different resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains also occurred.

The Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: The Impact and Evolution of a Global Menace. Infections due to these organisms are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Transmissible carbapenem-resistance in Enterobacteriaceae has been recognized for the last 2 decades, but global dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae CPE is a more recent problem that, once initiated, has been occurring at an alarming pace. In this article, we discuss the evolution of CRE, with a focus on the epidemiology of the CPE pandemic; review risk factors for colonization and infection with the most common transmissible CPE worldwide, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase—producing K.

Enterobacteriaceae meningitis in adults: Enterobacteriaceae are not a frequent cause of meningitis in adults and are seen mainly in neurosurgical patients and on occasion in elderly and debilitated patients. Consequently, most series studied have been small and selected. In order to obtain a clearer clinical picture, we reviewed These high rates may, at least in part, be due to the advanced age and debilitated state of the patients studied. Escherichia coli was the most frequent of the Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae [MeCab user dictionary for science technology term[Archive.

Lifescience Database Archive English. A longitudinal study was performed to i investigate the continuity of shedding of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase ESBL -producing Enterobacteriaceae in dogs without clinical signs, ii identify dominant plasmid-mediated ESBL genes, and iii quantify ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in.

A collection of Enterobacteriaceae including 79 isolates producing OXA has been tested.

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Taratura di un 'apparecchiatura per misura di piccole percentuali di uranio in soluzione acida di acqua distillata. Al variaredella diluizione si registra il numero di particelle che il Geiger conta, e quindisi riporta in grafico. Consenso sobre las pruebas de sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos en Enterobacteriaceae Consensus for antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Enterobacteriaceae.

Activity of MK combined with imipenem against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We investigated its potential to protect imipenem. Synergy also was seen for Enterobacteriaceae with impermeability-mediated carbapenem resistance, with weaker synergy seen for isolates with the OXA enzyme. On the other hand, MK failed to potentiate imipenem against Enterobacteriaceae with metallo-carbapenemases. In the case of P. No potentiation was seen for chryseobacteria or for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. It augmented the activity of imipenem against P.

The role of international travel in the worldwide spread of multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae. From international tourists to war-displaced refugees, more people are on the move than ever before. This provides the opportunity for a variety of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to be carried from one geographic location to another. The Enterobacteriaceae are among the most important causes of serious hospital-acquired and community-onset bacterial infections in humans, and resistance to antimicrobial agents in these bacteria has become an increasingly relevant problem.

International travel and tourism are important modes for the acquisition and spread of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae , especially CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli. To combat the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae , the French Healthcare Safety Advisory Committee recently issued national recommendations for screening and contact isolation precautions for patients transferred from, or hospitalized outside, France. For effective public and patient health interventions, it is important to understand the role of international travel in the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

We urgently need well-designed studies to evaluate the transmission potential and risks for colonization and infections due to multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae in travellers who have recently visited or have been hospitalized in endemic areas. Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from blood cultures in Africa. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase ESBL -producing Enterobacteriaceae have been isolated from many regions of the world.

Epidemiological studies are being conducted in Europe, North America, and Asia. No study has however been conducted in Africa to determine the prevalence and distribution of ESBLs on the continent. This literature review aimed at describing the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from blood cultures, as well as the ESBL genes involved at the international level. Our focus was mainly on Africa.

We conducted a literature review on PubMed. Articles related to our study field and published between and were reviewed and entirely read for most of them, while we only focused on the abstracts of some other articles.

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Relevant articles to our study were then carefully reviewed and included in the review. The results of our literature review however indicate that class A ESBLs prevail over the other types. We took into consideration articles focusing on various types of samples to assess the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae , but information on isolates from blood cultures is limited. Studies conducted in Africa mainly focused on the Northern and Eastern parts of the continent, while only rare studies were carried out in the rest of the continent.

Salting by vacuum brine impregnation in nitrite-free lonza: Full Text Available Lonza is a traditional Italian meat product made from whole pork muscles, which is typically cured by dry salting. In this work, we study the effects of vacuum brine impregnation VBI as an alternative salting method on the survival of Enterobacteriaceae , in presence and in absence of nitrites. In comparison with the traditional brining process, VBI contributed to reducing the Enterobacteriaceae population on product surface but induced contamination of the inner muscle tissues.

Our results suggest that the species isolated became adapted to processing conditions, and salt tolerance was species- or straindependent. This result is of particular importance for future applications of VBI in lonza manufacturing. Lonza is a traditional Italian meat product made from whole pork muscles, which is typically cured by dry salting. Our results suggest that the species isolated became adapted to processing conditions, and salt tolerance was species- or strain-dependent. Testimonianze di vittime degli anni di piombo. Prevalence and mechanisms of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in clinical and fecal Enterobacteriaceae isolates from dogs in Ontario, Canada.

There is little information on the genetic basis of resistance to the critically important extended-spectrum cephalosporins ESCs in Enterobacteriaceae from dogs in Canada. This study assessed the frequency of ESC resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from dogs in Ontario and the distribution of major ESC resistance genes in these bacteria. A total of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from clinical samples from two diagnostic laboratories in Ontario.

Eighty-eight ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli were isolated from fecal samples from dogs collected at leash-free dog parks. These fecal isolates were tested for ESC resistance along with the clinical isolates. The prevalence of ESC resistance in clinical Enterobacteriaceae was The average frequency of fecal carriage of ESC-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in healthy dogs was The majority of ESC-resistant isolates were E. The results show that the same ESC resistance genes can be found in clinical and fecal Enterobacteriaceae in dogs. CTX-M-1 was frequently found in canine fecal Enterobacteriaceae , while it is still rare in human Enterobacteriaceae in Canada, thus suggesting transfer of resistant bacteria to dogs from food animals or other sources.

Published by Elsevier B. Il Cratilo di Platone. Relativamente poco noto al gran pubblico, il premio Nobel Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac appartiene a quel gruppo di uomini di ingegno che nei primi decenni del secolo contribuirono a dare alla nostra concezione del mondo fisico la sua impronta attuale. Assolutamente cruciali, per una valutazione dell'opera di Dirac, sono gli anni compresi tra il e il In many cases, the genes encoding MBLs are part of complex, mobile genetic elements that carry other resistance determinants.

Many infections caused by NDM-producing bacteria are associated with international travel and medical tourism. However, little recognition of the introduction of MBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae into the pediatric community has followed. Reports suggest that this occurred as early as Here, we reflect on the unwelcome emergence of MBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in US children and the available clinical and molecular data associated with spread. In the majority of children with available data, a history of foreign travel is absent.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in hospital food: The lack of new antibiotics has prompted investigation of the combination of two existing agents-cefepime, a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, and tazobactam-to broaden their efficacy against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase ESBL -producing Enterobacteriaceae We determined the pharmacokinetic PK and. Optimal surveillance strategies for identifying patients colonized with and at risk for transmitting carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae CRE are urgently needed. We also identified risk factors associated with transmitting CRE.

Carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae in Europe: The emergence and global spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae is of great concern to health services worldwide. These bacteria are often resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics and frequently co-resistant to most other antibiotics, leaving very few treatment options. Enterobacteriaceae in dehydrated powdered infant formula manufactured in Indonesia and Malaysia. None of the g test portions yielded Salmonella or Shigella. However, further identification of colonies growing on selective media used for Salmonella and Shigella detection revealed the frequent occurrence of several other Enterobacteriaceae species.

Other Enterobacteriaceae isolated included Pantoea spp. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the contamination of dehydrated powdered infant formula from Indonesia with E. Improper preparation and conservation of these products could result in a health risk for infants in Indonesia. Evolution in quantum leaps: Full Text Available Horizontal gene transfer is a key step in the evolution of Enterobacteriaceae. By acquiring virulence determinants of foreign origin, commensals can evolve into pathogens.

In Enterobacteriaceae , horizontal transfer of these virulence determinants is largely dependent on transfer by plasmids, phages, genomic islands GIs and genomic modules GMs. We demonstrate, for the first time, that combinatorial transfers of GIs and GMs between Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates must have occurred.

Furthermore, the excision and circularization of several combinations of the GIs and GMs was demonstrated. Because of its flexibility, the multiple integration site of mobile DNA can be considered an integration hotspot IHS that increases the genomic plasticity of the bacterium. Multiple combinatorial transfers of diverse combinations of the HPI and other genomic elements among Enterobacteriaceae may accelerate the generation of new pathogenic strains. The global emergence of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins ESCs in intensive care units ICUs is, at least partly, driven by cross-transmission.

Yet, individual transmission capacities of bacterial species have not been quantified. The transmissibility of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Intensive Care Units. The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria raises concerns about the empiric treatment of patients with sepsis in Yangon.

Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella recovered from non-sanitized and sanitized broiler hatching eggs. Sanitizing hatching eggs may reduce the chances that a flock will become colonized with Salmonella and reduce the numbers of other microorganisms, such as Enterobacteriaceae , that can depress hatchability.

An experiment was conducted to determine if a quaternary-biguanide sanitizer applied as foam Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from indoor air of an urban wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater treatment plants WWTPs have been recognized as sources of bioaerosols that may act as vehicles for dissemination of pathogens and multidrug-resistant MDR bacteria. A possible airborne contamination with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase ESBL and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae was also explored.

Fourteen of 39 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were MDR. These isolates were found at all sampling sites, mainly at the secondary sedimentation settings. The highest levels of resistance were detected in three different species: Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter freundii. Furthermore, one of the airborne E. Additionally, five isolates showed non-susceptibility to at least one carbapenem tested. The presence of genes encoding relevant beta-lactamase types in these ESBL-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates was investigated by PCR.

Carriage of beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among nursing home residents in north Lebanon. The high prevalence of MDR Enterobacteriaceae detected in this study and the emergence of carbapenem resistance is alarming. Efficient infection control measures and antibiotic stewardship programs are urgently needed in these settings in order to limit the spread of resistant strains.

New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1-producing Enterobacteriaceae: Acquired carbapenemases confer extensive antibiotic resistance to Enterobacteriaceae and represent a public health threat. A novel acquired carbapenemase, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 NDM-1 , has recently been described in the United Kingdom and Sweden, mostly in patients who had received care on the Indian subcontinent. We conducted a survey among 29 European countries the European Union Member States, Iceland and Norway to gather information on the spread of NDMproducing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe, on public health responses and on available national guidance on detection, surveillance and control.

A total of 77 cases were reported from 13 countries from to Among 55 cases with recorded travel history, 31 had previously travelled or been admitted to a hospital in India or Pakistan and five had been hospitalised in the Balkan region. Possible nosocomial acquisition accounted for 13 of 77 cases. In conclusion, NDM-1 is spreading across Europe, where it is frequently linked to a history of healthcare abroad, but also to emerging nosocomial transmission. National guidance in response to the threat of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae is available in approximately half of the surveyed European countries.

Surveillance of carbapenemase- producing Enterobacteriaceae must be enhanced in Europe and effective control measures identified and implemented. Full Text Available Presumptive identification of different Enterobacteriaceae species is routinely achieved based on biochemical properties. Traditional practice includes manual comparison of each biochemical property of the unknown sample with known reference samples and inference of its identity based on the maximum similarity pattern with the known samples.

This process is labor-intensive, time-consuming, error-prone, and subjective. Therefore, automation of sorting and similarity in calculation would be advantageous. This tool was designed for automated clustering and identification of Enterobacteriaceae based on biochemical test results. In this tool, we used two types of algorithms, i. IHC takes into account the variability in result of 1—47 biochemical tests within this Enterobacteriaceae family.

This tool also provides different options to optimize the clustering in a user-friendly way. Using computer-generated synthetic data and some real data, we have demonstrated that BioCluster has high accuracy in clustering and identifying enterobacterial species based on biochemical test data. This tool can be freely downloaded at http: A further prospective evaluation of the faropenem disc susceptibility test was performed using consecutive isolates referred to a United Kingdom reference laboratory in parallel with molecular methods for carbapenemase detection.

To evaluate these associations while adjusting for potential time-varying confounding using methods from the causal inference literature. Patients who stayed more than two days in two general ICUs in England between and were included in this cohort study. Marginal structural models with inverse probability weighting were used to estimate the mortality and discharge associated with Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia and the impact of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy on these outcomes.

Among ICU admissions, 5. Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia was associated with an increased daily risk of ICU death [cause-specific hazard ratio HR: Furthermore, the daily discharge rate was also lower after acquiring infection, even when adjusting for time-varying confounding using appropriate methodology.

No evidence was found for a beneficial modifying effect of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy on ICU mortality and discharge. A ten years — surveillance of resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Zhejiang Province, China. Full Text Available Objective: In Zhejiang Province, there are several highly developed cities near the coast and several relatively under-developed mountain areas.

Analysis of the composition of bacteria isolated from patients as well as their antibiotic resistance profile from various areas of this province, and tracing of such data year-by-year, will help to delineate the bacterial resistance profile of these areas and to understand how the stage of socio-economical development impacts on the composition of clinical micro-flora and their resistance profile.

In order to investigate variation in resistance rates and isolation rates of Enterobacteriaceae , from to in Zhejiang Province, China, Enterobacteriaceae isolated from 15 hospitals located in different regions of the province were surveyed. The total numbers of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated increased more than fold from to Among the Enterobacteriaceae , Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the dominant isolates. The percentage of E.

The percentages of K. There were remarkable increases in the carbapenem resistant rates during the decade, but they were much higher for the isolates from the developed cities than from the rural areas. In , carbapenem-resistant E. By , carbapenem-resistant bacteria were found for all species of Enterobacteriaceae surveyed in almost all areas of the province, although they were more frequently identified in developed areas than in rural areas. Much restrictive actions have to be taken in terms of rational use of antibiotics and nosocomial control to prevent the further.

Design e valutazione di una esperienza di mobile learning. Full Text Available Analisi dello sviluppo scientifico e tecnologico nel campo di mobile learning, con particolare riferimento ai problemi di progettazione e valutazione nelle esperienze. Vengono analizzate le caratteristiche di metodologia didattica innovativa insieme a delle proposte per strumenti operativi concreti che consentano di progettare interventi didattici di mobile learning.

Esercizi scelti di algebra. Gli argomenti di questo primo volume sono: Una serie di esercizi preliminari introduce le tecniche principali da usare per confrontarsi con i testi d'esame proposti. Autobiografia di un fisico. Introduzione alle teorie di gauge. Anche se collegato ai volumi precedenti, il libro si presta ad una lettura indipendente, che presume solo conoscenze generali di relativita speciale, della seconda quantizzazione e della fenomenologia delle interazioni elettrodeboli. L'esposizione segue un percorso pedagogico, che parte dal caso semplice dell'ampiezza di transizione in meccanica quantistic Occorre riconoscere che tale atteggiamento era almeno in parte frutto di un preconcetto errato sul significato della statistica, ma che d'altra parte la natura dei lavori di tal genere che venivano alla luce sembrava a volte confermare la giustezza del preconcetto.

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Dai bisogni di salute al consumo di risorse sanitarie in provincia di Bergamo: Full Text Available Introduzione: A questo elenco ne sono stati aggiunti altri, per un totale di , divisi in grandi capitoli tematici: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among Ethiopian children. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among children suspected of septicemia and urinary tract infections UTIs. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March A total of study participants suspected of septicemia and UTIs were recruited.

All blood and urine samples were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar. All positive cultures were characterized by colony morphology, Gram stain, and standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed on Muller-Hinton agar using disk diffusion. ESBL was detected using combination disk and double-disk synergy methods, and the results were compared. Carbapenemase was detected by modified Hodge method using meropenem. Data were analyzed using SPSS version Among the Enterobacteriaceae tested, Klebsiella pneumoniae Double-disk synergy method showed Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae were K.

Conclusion Screening Enterobacteriaceae for ESBL production is essential for better antibiotics selection and preventing its further emergence and spread. In resource-limited settings, double-disk synergy method can be implemented for screening and confirming ESBL production. Moreover, occurrence of CRE in countries where no carbapenems are sold is worrying microbiologists as well as clinicians.

Hence, identifying factors that induce. Characteristics of 6 "new" Enterobacteriaceae species, occasionally isolated from human sources: Moellerella wisconsensis, Koserella trabulsii, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Escherichia fergusonii, Rahnella aquatilis, Enterobacter asburiae are described and compared with those of closely related species. An Observational Cohort Study. Infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are increasing worldwide, especially in ICUs, and have been associated with high mortality rates.

However, unequivocally demonstrating causality of such infections to death is difficult in critically ill patients because of. Suspicion of respiratory tract infection with multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Tracheal colonization with MDR Enterobacteriaceae predisposes to respiratory infection, but underlying risk factors are poorly understood.

This study aims to determine the incidence of children with suspected infection during mechanical ventilation and analyses risk factors for the finding of MDR Enterobacteriaceae in tracheal aspirates. A retrospective single-centre analysis of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the lower respiratory tract of ventilated PICU patients from to was performed.

Resistance status was determined and clinical records were reviewed for potential risk factors. The model was validated by simple and multivariable logistic regression. One hundred sixty-seven Enterobacteriaceae isolates in children were identified. The most frequent isolates were Enterobacter spp. This study shows that critically-ill children with tracheal Enterobacteriaceae infection are at risk of carrying MDR isolates. Our results imply that early identification of patients at risk, rapid microbiological diagnostics and tailored antibiotic therapy are essential to improve management of critically ill children infected with.

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Data were collected from medical charts, retrospectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore risk factors of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis infection or colonization for each pathogen, respectively. Infection or colonization caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was considered to be hospital-acquired, healthcare-associated and community-acquired in The problem of ESBL production is no longer limited to hospital-acquired infections. The presence of chronic illness, such as cerebrovascular disease, and recent antimicrobial use were independent risk factors for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection or colonization.

Le tre idee forza del Preliminare, descritte nel seguito, sono riferibili ai sistemi di risorse principali della provincia di Avellino, oggetto di una indagine analitico. Lezioni di meccanica razionale con elementi di statica grafica. Seven-hour fluorescence in situ hybridization technique for enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in food and environmental water sample.

A fluorescent in situ hybridization FISH technique using an Enterobacteriaceae -specific probe probe D to target 16S rRNA was improved in order to enumerate, within a single working day, Enterobacteriaceae present in food and environmental water samples. Five minutes of ethanol treatment for cell fixation and hybridization were sufficient to visualize cultured E.

Because of the difficulties in detecting low levels of bacterial cells by FISH without cultivation, a FISH technique for detecting microcolonies on membrane filters was investigated to improve the bacterial detection limit. FISH with probe D following 6 h of cultivation to grow microcolonies on a 13 mm diameter membrane filter was performed, and whole Enterobacteriaceae microcolonies on the filter were then detected and enumerated by manual epifluorescence microscopic scanning at magnification of x in ca 5 min.

FISHFC can be applied to enumerate cultivable Enterobacteriaceae in food above cells g-1 and environmental water samples above 1 cell ml A FISHFC method capable of evaluating Enterobacteriaceae contamination in food and environmental water within a single working day was developed. Multidrug resistance found in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from rural water reservoirs in Guantao, China. However, data on prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae from rural water reservoirs is limited. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were found in 5 Species identification showed that 42 representatives of Escherichia coli, 17 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 4 Raoultella planticola, and 3 Enterobacter cloacae.

ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated in this study were all multidrug resistant. These findings indicated that the seroius contamination of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in rural water resevoirs existed in Guantao, China. Clinical features and antimicrobial resistance profiles of important Enterobacteriaceae pathogens in Guangzhou representative of Southern China, This surveillance aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Enterobacteriaceae pathogens in Southern China during A total of Enterobacteriaceae isolates were collected, including E.

Disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentrations method were used for susceptibility testing, with results interpreted by the CLSI Urinary tract remained the dominant isolated site among E. The carbapenems maintained the highest antimicrobial activity resistance rates Enterobacteriaceae pathogens during the studied period, with ceftazidime as the most active third-generation cephalosporin against Enterobacteriaceae. Isolates from ICU department showed higher or similar resistance rates among Enterobacteriaceae pathogens compared to other wards.

Carbapenems are the most potent antibiotic agents against Enterobacteriaceae pathogens. Due to the complicated susceptibility profiles, prescribing guidelines should be based on the knowledge of antibiogram of pathogens. Elaborazione didattica di Learning Objects. ESBLs were determined by the double-disk confirmatory test and 8 antibiotic susceptibilities were tested with the disk disffusion method in those strains producing ESBLs.

The susceptibility rates of those strains were: Imipenem and meropenem are the best drugs to deal with those ESBLs-producing strains. Clinical laboratory detection of carbapenem-resistant and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Carbapenemases, enzymes that hydrolyze carbapenem-class antimicrobials, pose serious clinical and diagnostic challenges, including their recent rapid spread among members of the Enterobacteriaceae , a family with no inherent carbapenem resistance. Currently there is no one-size-fits-all method for detecting carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae CRE in the laboratory, nor how to differentiate carbapenemase-producers CP from isolates that are carbapenem-resistant via other or combined mechanisms.

Routine evaluation of carbapenem resistance mechanism by the routine clinical laboratory are not necessary for patient care, as clinical breakpoints best predict response. However, evaluation for carbapenemase is integral to infection control efforts, and laboratories should have the capacity to do such testing, either in house or by submitting isolates to a reference laboratory. The two algorithms presented comparable negative predictive values Old Foe, Emerging Threat. Infections due to ESBL-containing pathogens continue to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Although well characterized in adults, the epidemiology, risk factors, outcomes, therapies, and control measures for ESBL-producing bacteria are less appreciated in children. This analysis provides a brief summary of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in children, with a focus on recent clinical and molecular data regarding colonization and infection in nonoutbreak settings. Elementi di fisica teorica. Ormai, specialmente con la recente introduzione di nuovi corsi di laurea, le conoscenze di base rientrano nel bagaglio culturale comune ai laureati in materie scientifiche e tecnologiche affini alla Fisica e alle sue applicazioni.

Eppure quelle idee rimangono distanti dal comune modo di pensare e richiedono molto studio e un insegnamento ben mirato. Elementi di chimica fisica. Elementi di chimica physica mira a presentare i concetti e le tecniche basilari della materia. Le Fumarole di Vulcano. Studio del comportamento di agenti di contrasto in campi ultracustici per tecniche di ecografia diagnostica.

Moellerella wisconsensis, a new genus and species of Enterobacteriaceae found in human stool specimens. The name Moellerella wisconsensis is proposed for a group of the family Enterobacteriaceae previously called enteric group The species name, wisconsensis, was coined because six of the nine strains were isolated in Wisconsin.

Priorities in the prevention and control of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in hospitals. Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae MDE are a major public health threat due to international spread and few options for treatment. Furthermore, unlike meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA , MDE encompass several genera and multiple resistance mechanisms, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases, which complicate detection in the routine diagnostic laboratory. Current measures to contain spread in many hospitals are somewhat ad hoc as there are no formal national or international guidelines.

Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of cefotaxime-non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia: We conducted a case-control study in a Japanese university hospital between and We assessed the risk factors and clinical outcomes of bacteremia due to cefotaxime-non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae CTXNS-En and analyzed the resistance mechanisms. CTXNS-En isolates exhibited multidrug resistance but remained highly susceptible to amikacin and meropenem. The increasing frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase ESBL -producing Enterobacteriaceae is becoming a serious public health concern.

This study sought to determine ESBL frequency in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from patients' blood cultures in two university teaching hospitals of Bamako, Mali. During a three-month period, the presence of Enterobacteriaceae from blood cultures of patients admitted to the university teaching hospitals of Bamako was evaluated.

The isolated species were K. Only susceptibilities to carbapenems and to amikacin were fully conserved within the strains. We demonstrate that arbekacin, an aminoglycoside refractory to most AMEs, can rapidly detect 16S methyltransferase activity in Enterobacteriaceae with high specificity using the standard disk susceptibility test. Comparison of two commercial carbapenemase gene confirmatory assays in multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii-complex.

Rapid confirmation of carbapenemase type will be an important diagnostic step in clinical microbiology laboratories not only to reduce the risk of transmissions but also for optimising antibiotic therapy in the future. We compared diagnostic reliability of two commercially available molecular assays Check-Direct CPE vs. Respective strains were isolated in various clinical specimens at our clinical microbiology laboratory. The reference standard included confirmation of carbapenemase-production at the molecular level at the German National Reference Laboratory for Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.

The tested assays appeared highly reliable to confirm carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae CPE with respective sensitivities of Both assays are easy to perform and rapid tools for confirmation and typing of the most common carbapenemase genes in Enterobacteriaceae. Implementation should be possible for any clinical microbiology laboratory with Check-Direct CPE being easier to handle and having less technological requirements.

Ten carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae eight Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and two Enterobacter cloacae isolates from Yemen were investigated using in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phenotypic carbapenemase detection, multilocus sequence typing MLST and replicon typing. All of the K. Genes encoding blaNDM were detected in all strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of NDMproducing Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Yemen.

Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil: Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae became widely disseminated in Brazil during the last decade and KPC production is currently the most frequent resistance mechanism To date KPC-2 is the only variant reported in Brazil.

Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil is a very serious problem that needs urgent actions which includes both more strict adherence to infection control measures and more judicious use of antimicrobials. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae CRE are a serious public health threat. In this article, we discuss the evolution of CRE, with a focus on the epidemiology of the CPE pandemic; review risk factors for colonization and infection with the most common transmissible CPE worldwide, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K.

For permissions, e-mail journals. Bacterial resistance is a public health problem worldwide that seriously compromises the possibility to treat infections. To identify levels of resistance to antibiotic markers in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Colombian hospitals. A manual search was made of Colombian scientific journals and other publications on infectious disease that were not available electronically.

For Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance rates ranges from The spread of bacterial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolated in Colombian hospitals is a growing problem that calls for priority action to cut the chains of transmission. Enterobacteriaceae in gut of honey bee Apis mellifera and the antibiotic resistance of the isolates. Isolated strains were tested for antibiotic resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. Enterobacter cloacae, Hafnia alvei, Klebsiella oxytoca, Morganella morganii, Serratia marcescens, Ser. Microflora of gut of bees could serve as a source of resistant microorganisms.

Screening for fecal carriage of MCR-producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy humans and primary care patients. Full Text Available Abstract Background The extent of the occurrence of the plasmid-encoded colistin resistance genes mcr-1 and mcr-2 among humans is currently sparsely studied in Western Europe. Objectives To determine the occurrence of MCR-producing Enterobacteriaceae in fecal samples of healthy humans with high occupational exposure to food and primary care patients in Switzerland.

Minimal inhibitory concentrations MICs of colistin were determined for non-intrinsic colistin-resistant isolates. Isolates were screened by PCR for the presence of mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes. None of the isolates harbored the mcr-1 or mcr-2 genes. Conclusions There is no evidence for the presence of MCR-producers in the fecal flora of healthy people or primary care patients.

Therefore, the risk of transfer of mcr genes from animals, food or the environment to humans is likely to be low in Switzerland. Both sulfate-reducing bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae take part in marine biocorrosion of carbon steel. In order to evaluate the part played in biocorrosion by microbial groups other than sulfate-reducing bacteria SRB , we characterized the phylogenetic diversity of a corrosive marine biofilm attached to a harbour pile structure as well as to carbon steel surfaces coupons immersed in seawater for increasing time periods 1 and 8 months.

We thus experimentally checked corroding abilities of defined species mixtures. Microbial community analysis was performed using both traditional cultivation techniques and polymerase chain reaction cloning-sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Community structure of biofilms developing with time on immersed coupons tended to reach after 8 months, a steady state similar to the one observed on a harbour pile structure.

Phylogenetic affiliations of isolates and cloned 16S rRNA genes rrs indicated that native biofilms developing after 1-month immersion were mainly colonized by gamma-proteobacteria. Among these, Vibrio species were detected in majority with molecular methods while cultivation techniques revealed dominance of Enterobacteriaceae such as Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Proteus species.

Conversely, in mature biofilms 8-month immersion and pile structure , SRB, and to a lesser extent, spirochaetes were dominant. Corroding activity detection assays confirmed that Enterobacteriaceae members of the gamma-proteobacteria were involved in biocorrosion of metallic material in marine conditions.

In marine biofilms, metal corrosion may be initiated by Enterobacteriaceae. The first urinary tract infection can be a marker of a urinary tract anomaly, mainly vesicoureteral reflux. The aim of this work was to determine the association between isolated enterobacteria with the presence and grade of vesicoureteral reflux in neonatal patients with their first urinary tract infection. The causal microorganism of urinary tract infection was from the Enterobacteriaceae family. They were evaluated by radio imaging.

The association between the presence and grade of vesicoureteral reflux with the causal microorganism of the urinary tract infection was analyzed. The aim of the OGS intervention was on one hand to extend its real time seismic monitoring capabilities toward South-West, including Ferrara and its surroundings, and on the other hand to evaluate seismic site responses in the area.

We will introduce details of the Ferrara VBB borehole station and the OGS temporary seismographic network configuration and installation. Besides the scientific interest, the accuracy of satellite navigation in Antarctica is of paramount importance since there is always the danger that people and vehicles can fall into a crevasse during a snowstorm, when visibility is limited and travel is restricted to following specified routes using satellite navigation systems.

The variability of ionospheric delay and ionospheric scintillation are two of the primary factors which affect the accuracy of satellite navigation. The project will provide a demonstrator of cutting edge technology for the empirical assessment of the ionospheric delay and ionospheric scintillations in the polar regions. The scope of the project includes new equipment for the recording and dissemination of GNSS data and products installed at the South African and Brazilian bases in Antarctica.

The new equipment will facilitate the exchange of software and derived products via the Cloud computing technology infrastructure. The project portal is accessible at www. Summary of the Italian inter-society recommendations for radiation protection optimization in interventional radiology. A summary of these recommendations is here reported. A multidisciplinary approach was used to establish the Working Group by involving radiologists, interventional radiologists, neuroradiologists, interventional cardiologists, occupational health specialists, medical physicists, radiation protection experts, radiographers and nurses.

The Group operated as a "Consensus Conference". Three main topics have been addressed: In the "golden rules", practical and operational recommendations were provided to help the professionals in optimizing dose delivered to patients and reducing their own exposure. Operative indications dealt also with continuing education and training, and recommendations on professional accreditation and certification. The "Consensus Conference" was the methodology adopted for the development of these recommendations. Involvement of all professionals is a winning approach to improve practical implementation of the recommendations, thus getting a real impact on the optimization of the interventional radiology practices.

An ultra light long duration stratospheric payload for polar regions flights. Stratospheric balloons are powerful and affordable tools for a wide spectrum of scientific investigations that are carried out at the stratosphere level. They are less expensive compared to satellite projects and have the capability to lift payloads from a few kilograms to a couple of tons or more, well above the troposphere, for more than a month.

Another interesting feature of these balloons, which is not viable in satellites, is the short turnaround time, which enables frequent flights. A direct view of the broad line region using near-IR spectroscopy. This new classification helps explain its radio to X-ray properties, which until now were considered highly anomalous. However, interesting new concerns are raised: Italian center for Astronomical Archives IA2, http: Archiving systems and web interfaces are developed to be extremely flexible about adding new instruments from other telescopes.

VO resources publishing, along with data access portals, implements the International Virtual Observatory Alliance IVOA protocols providing astronomers with new ways of analyzing data. Given the large variety of data flavours and IVOA standards, the need for tools to easily accomplish data ingestion and data publishing arises. This paper describes the VO-Dance tool, that IA2 started developing to address VO resources publishing in a dynamical way from already existent database tables or views. The tool consists in a Java web application, potentially DBMS and platform independent, that stores internally the services' metadata and information, exposes restful endpoints to accept VO queries for these services and dynamically translates calls to these endpoints to SQL queries coherent with the published table or view.

Keplerb is a 1. The corresponding high density of 6. We also constrain the mass and period of the outer companion in the Kepler system from the long-term radial velocity trend and archival adaptive optics images. A long-period massive planet around HD A. Our results confirm the previously made preliminary announcement of the planet by Mayor et al. The secondary instead does not show significant RV variations. The two components do not differ significantly in chemical composition, as was also found for other pairs of which one component hosts giant planets.

From the analysis of the relative astrometry of the components of the wide pair we compute an upper limit on the mass of the newly detected companion of about 0. State-of-the-art or near-future instrumentation can provide true mass determination, thanks to the availability of the wide companion HDB as reference. Therefore, HD Ab will allow a deeper insight into the transition region between planets and brown dwarfs.

Tables 3 and 4 are available in electronic form at http: Implementing an evidence-based computerized decision support system linked to electronic health records to improve care for cancer patients: Computerized decision support systems CDSSs are computer programs that provide doctors with person-specific, actionable recommendations, or management options that are intelligently filtered or presented at appropriate times to enhance health care.

We hypothesize that the intervention can increase clinician adherence to guidelines and, eventually, improve the quality of care offered to cancer patients. The primary outcome is the rate at which the issues reported by the reminders are resolved, aggregating specialty and primary care reminders.

We will include all the patients admitted to hospital services. All analyses will follow the intention-to-treat principle. The results of our study will contribute to the current understanding of the effectiveness of CDSSs in cancer hospitals, thereby informing healthcare policy about the potential role of CDSS use. Furthermore, the study will inform whether CDSS may facilitate the integration of primary care in cancer settings, known to be usually limited.

The increasing use of and familiarity with advanced technology among new generations of physicians may support integrated approaches to be tested in pragmatic studies determining the optimal interface between primary and oncology care. Real time data exchange agreements in place with other Italian, Slovenian, Austrian and Swiss seismological institutes lead to a total number of about seismic stations acquired in real time, which makes the OGS the reference institute for seismic monitoring of North-eastern Italy. The south-western edge of the OGS seismic network Fig.

We will describe improvements in running the North-eastern Italy Seismic Network, including details of. Background noise levels and correlation with ship traffic in the Gulf of Catania. In the last decades the growing interest in the evaluation of the underwater acoustic noise for studies in the fields of geology, biology and high-energy physics is driving the scientific community to collaborate towards a multidisciplinary approach to the topic.

Underwater sounds have been continuously digitized at a sampling frequency of 2 kHz and the acquired data have been stored in 10min long files for off-line analysis. An acoustic noise increment was measured in coincidence with the passing of crafts in the area and it was possible to identify the characteristic spectrum of each ship. A simple model for the estimation of the acoustic noise induced by the ships passing through the area was developed. The model was applied by using AIS data acquired during the operation.

It can search for the presence of signals both narrow-band and wide-band embedded in noise both coloured and white. Our software implementation of the KLT follows these lines and also is indebted to some basic ideas put forward by Robert S. Dixon [On the detection of unknown signals, in: Planck focal plane instruments: This work started in January in the context of the PhD school program in Astrophysics held at the Physics Department of Universita' degli Studi di Milano under the supervision of Aniello Mennella.

Thanks to this collaboration I had the opportunity to work with the HFI team for four months at the Paris Observatory, so that the focus of my activity was broadened and included the study of cross-correlation between HFI and LFI data. Planck is the first CMB mission to have on-board the same satellite very different detection technologies, which is a key element for controlling systematic effects and improve measurements quality.

After the big Sumatra earthquake, the tsunami threat posed by large earthquakes occurring in the Mediterranean sea was formally taken into account by many countries around the Mediterranean basin. In the past, large earthquakes that originated significant tsunamis occurred nearly once per century Maramai et al. Italy started operating as cTWP on October 1st, In this work, we show the technical and personnel organization of CAT, its response to recent earthquakes, and the new procedures under development for implementation.

The project has developed in the school year, starting from the 40th anniversary of the Friuli earthquake, and it aims to disseminate historical memory, seismic culture and awareness of seismic safety in the young generations, too often unconscious of past experiences, as recent seismic hazard perception tests have demonstrated. The basic idea of the PRESS40 Project is to involve the students in experimental activities to be active part of the seismic mitigation process. The Project is divided into two main parts, the first one in which students learn-receive knowledge from researchers, and the second one in which they teach-bring knowledge to younger students.

In the first part of the project, 75 students of the "Magrini Marchetti" school acquired new geophysical data, covering the 23 municipalities from which they come from. These municipalities represent a wide area affected by the Friuli earthquake. In each locality a significant site was examined, represented by a school area. At least, measurements of ambient noise have been acquired. Data processing and interpretation of all the results are still going on, under the supervision of OGS researchers. The second part of the project is planned for the early spring, when the students will present the results of geophysical survey to the younger ones of the monitored schools and to the citizens in occasion of events to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Friuli earthquake.

The Lunar Radio Occultation LRO part of the program consists in collecting data of the lunar Total Electron Content TEC , at different limb longitudes and at different time, in order to study long term variation of the Moon's ionosphere. It proceeded in with the observation of the lunar occultations of Saturn and Venus, and with the observation of Mars in On Dec 1st a Venus lunar occultation occurred. The second part of the radio occultation program includes the observation of satellite by satellite occultation events, as well as mutual occultations of Jupiter satellites.

These observations are aimed to measure the radio flux variation during the occultation and to derive surface spatial characteristics such as Io's hot spots. In this work preliminary results of the Radio Occultation program will be presented. Data treatment and simulations. The distribution of exoplanets around low-mass stars is still not well understood. Such stars, however, present an excellent opportunity for reaching down to the rocky and habitable planet domains.

The number of current detections used for statistical purposes remains relatively modest and different surveys, using both photometry and precise radial velocities, are searching for planets around M dwarfs. Our HARPS-N red dwarf exoplanet survey is aimed at the detection of new planets around a sample of 78 selected stars, together with the subsequent characterization of their activity properties. Here we investigate the survey performance and strategy. From observed spectra, we compare the radial velocity determinations of the HARPS-N DRS pipeline and the HARPS-TERRA code, calculate the mean activity jitter level, evaluate the planet detection expectations, and address the general question of how to define the strategy of spectroscopic surveys in order to be most efficient in the detection of planets.

For a general radial velocity survey with limited observing time, the number of observations per star is key for the detection efficiency. In the case of an early M-type target sample, we conclude that approximately 50 observations per star with exposure times of s and precisions of approximately 1 ms-1 maximizes the number of planet detections. The least-squares deconvolution technique is applied to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the mean rotational broadened line profiles extracted from the observed spectra. In the present application, an unbroadened spectrum is used as a reference, instead of a simple line list, to improve the deconvolution technique applied to extract the mean profiles.

The reconstructed image is similar to those previously obtained from observations taken in and , and shows that LO Peg photospheric activity is dominated by high-latitude spots with a non-uniform polar cap. The latter seems to be a persistent feature as it has been observed since with little modifications. We present the results of spectroscopic observations of galaxies associated with the diffuse X-ray emitting structure discovered by Zappacosta et al. This confirms the original claim that this X-ray emission has an extragalactic nature and is due to the warm-hot intergalactic medium WHIM.

We used this value of the redshift to compute the temperature of the emitting gas.

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The resulting value depends on the metallicity that is assumed for the IGM, and is constrained to be between 0. Table 2 is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc. Up to now, only for SAX J With the Italian 3. We obtain an optical light curve that shows variability consistent with a sinusoidal modulation at the known 2.

Stellar activity influences radial velocity RV measurements and can also mimic the presence of orbiting planets. We also analysed the relations between the average activity level and other physical properties of the stars. We finally tried to reveal signals in the RVs that are due to the activity. At least in some cases the variation in the observed RVs is due to the stellar activity. High-resolution spectra of comets permit deriving the physical properties of the coma. In the optical range, relative production rates can be computed, and information about isotopic ratios and the origin of oxygen atoms can be obtained.

The oxygen lines were studied as well green to red line intensity ratios and widths , confirming that H2O is the main parent molecule that photodissociates to produce oxygen atoms. This suggests that this comet has a high CO2 abundance. Optimal distributed control of a diffuse interface model of tumor growth. In this paper, a distributed optimal control problem is studied for a diffuse interface model of tumor growth which was proposed by Hawkins-Daruud et al in Hawkins-Daruud et al Int. Exoplanet Transits of Stellar Active Regions. We report preliminary results of a program to obtain high spectral- and temporal-resolution observations of the neutral helium triplet line at The principal objective of our program is to gain insight on the properties of active regions, analogous to solar plages, on late-type dwarfs by essentially using exoplanet transits as high spatial resolution probes of the stellar surface within the transit chord.

The nm helium line is a particularly appropriate diagnostic of magnetized areas since it is weak in the quiet photosphere of solar-type stars but appears strongly in absorption in active regions. Therefore, during an exoplanet transit over the stellar surface, variations in its absorption equivalent width can arise that are functions of the intrinsic strength of the feature in the active region and the known relative size of the exoplanet.

We will present preliminary results from our analysis of the observed variability of the strength of the He I nm line during transits. The aim of this paper is to characterize the dust coma of this peculiar object, 2. Broad-band visible images taken at the TNG telescope in February were analysed in order to characterize the dust coma of the Centaur: The V - R colour and the reddening values depict a scenario of a slightly red dust coma.

A dust mass-loss rate of? An upper limit for the Centaur radius of 3. Dynamical lifetime estimates compared to modelled loss rate result in a radius lower limit of 0. A vigorous activity cycle mimicking a planetary system in HD Stellar activity can be a source of radial velocity RV noise and can reproduce periodic RV variations similar to those produced by an exoplanet. We present the vigorous activity cycle in the primary of the visual binary HD , a system made of two almost identical solar-type stars with an apparent separation of 4. High precision RV over more than a decade, adaptive optics AO images, and abundances have been obtained for both components.

A linear trend in the RV is found for the secondary. Tables 5 and 6 are available in electronic form at http: Baseline tumour PD-L1 expression did not correlate with the proportion of patients who had an immune-related objective response or immune-related disease control, with immune-related progression-free survival, or with overall survival.

Treatment-related toxicity was generally manageable and reversible with protocol guidelines. The combination of tremelimumab and durvalumab appeared active, with a good safety profile in patients with mesothelioma, warranting further exploration. The EuroPlaNet information service provides access to lists of researchers, laboratories and data archives relevant to many aspects of planetary and space physics. Information can be accessed through EuroPlaNet website or, for advanced searches, via web-services available at the different thematic nodes.

The goal of IDIS is to provide easy-to-use access to resources like people, laboratories, modeling activities and data archives related to planetary sciences. IDIS is complemented by a set of other EuroPlaNet web-services maintained under the responsibility of separate institutions. Each activity maintains its own web-portal with cross-links pointing to the other elements of EuroPlaNet. General access is provided via the EuroPlaNet Homepage. IDIS is not a repository of original data but rather supports the access to various data sources.

The final goal of IDIS is to provide Virtual Observatory tools for the access to data from laboratory measurements and ground- and spaced-based observations to modeling results, allowing the combination of as divergent data sources as feasible. IDIS is built around four scientific nodes located in different European countries. Each node deals with a subset of the disciplines related to planetary sciences and, working in cooperation with international experts in these fields, provides a wealth of information to the international planetary science community.

Photometry and taxonomy of trans-Neptunian objects and Centaurs in support of a Herschel key program. Ultraviolet to near-infrared spectroscopy of the potentially hazardous, low delta-V asteroid FG3. Backup target of the sample return mission MarcoPolo-R. Abundance difference between components of wide binaries.

The equivalent widths are only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc. A multiple planetary system around the red giant star TYC Tables 2 and 3 are available in electronic form at http: Volcanic ash produced during explosive eruptions can cause disruptions to aviation operations and to population living around active volcanoes. Thus, detection of volcanic plume becomes a crucial issue to reduce troubles connected to its presence. Nowadays, the volcanic plume detection is carried out by using different approaches such as satellites, radars and lidars.

Recently, the capability of GPS to retrieve volcanic plumes has been also investigated and some tests applied to explosive activity of Etna have demonstrated that also the GPS may give useful information. In this work, we use the permanent and continuous GPS network of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo Italy that consists of 35 stations located all around volcano flanks.

Here we investigate the possibility to quantify the volcanic plume through the GPS signal features and to estimate its spatial distribution by means of a tomographic inversion algorithm. The method is tested on volcanic plumes produced during the lava fountain of September , already used to confirm if weak explosive activity may or may not affect the GPS signals. The seismicity in the L'Aquila area Italy with particular regard to earthquake. We computed the source moment tensor using surface waves Giardini et al. The solutions show normal fault ruptures.

We do not find a reliable solution for the major sequence earthquake. Important technological aspects were tackled during the construction phase, as, for example, beam purity issues, electrodes alignment, and vacuum sealing. This paper describes the characteristics of the SPES-CB, with particular emphasis on the results obtained during the qualification tests: Neutrons constitute an important component of the radiation environment in hadron therapy accelerators. Their energy distribution may span from thermal up to hundred of MeV.

The characterization of these fields in terms of dosimetric or spectrometric quantities is crucial for either the patient protection or the facility design aspects. The facility is mainly devoted to the treatment of ocular diseases like uveal melanoma. A beam treatment line in air has been assembled together with a dedicated positioning patient system. The facility has been in operation since the beginning of and 66 patients have been successfully treated up to now. The main features of CATANA together with the clinical and dosimetric features will be extensively described; particularly, the proton beam line, that has been entirely built at LNS, with all its elements, the experimental transversal and depth dose distributions of the MeV proton beam obtained for a final collimator of mm diameter and the experimental depth dose distributions of a modulated proton beam obtained for the same final collimator.

Finally, the clinical results over 1 yr of treatments, describing the features of the treated diseases will be reported. Ground-based CCD astrometry with wide field imagers. An improved geometric-distortion correction for the blue prime-focus camera at the LBT. High precision astrometry requires an accurate geometric-distortion solution. The result of this effort is used in two companion papers: Many other applications might find this distortion correction useful.

LBT Corporation partners are: The objective of the project is to develop a pre-operative system based on EO data and ground measurements integration to support the volcanic risk monitoring of the Italian Civil Protection Department which requirements and need are well integrated in the GMES Emergency Core Services program. The project philosophy is to implement, by incremental versions, specific modules which allow to process, store and visualize through Web GIS tools EO derived parameters considering three activity phases: In order to combine effectively the EO data and the ground networks measurements the system will implement a multi-parametric analysis tool, which represents and unique tool to analyze contemporaneously a large data set of data in "near real time".

Etna,Vesuvio and Campi Flegrei. A database of the coseismic effects following the 30 October Norcia earthquake in Central Italy. We provide a database of the coseismic geological surface effects following the Mw 6. The observations were collected by performing detailed field surveys in the epicentral region in order to describe the geometry and kinematics of surface faulting, and subsequently of landslides and other secondary coseismic effects. The resulting database consists of homogeneous georeferenced records identifying observation points, each of which contains 18 numeric and string fields of relevant information.

This database will impact future earthquake studies focused on modelling of the seismic processes in active extensional settings, updating probabilistic estimates of slip distribution, and assessing the hazard of surface faulting. The European Summer School on Experimental Nuclear Astrophysics has reached the sixth edition, marking the tenth year's anniversary. The spirit of the school is to provide a very important occasion for a deep education of young researchers about the main topics of experimental nuclear astrophysics.

Moreover, it should be regarded as a forum for the discussion of the last-decade research activity. Lectures are focused on various aspects of primordial and stellar nucleosynthesis, including novel experimental approaches and detectors, indirect methods and radioactive ion beams.

Moreover, in order to give a wide educational offer, some lectures cover complementary subjects of nuclear astrophysics such as gamma ray astronomy, neutron-induced reactions, short-lived radionuclides, weak interaction and cutting-edge facilities used to investigate nuclear reactions of interest for astrophysics. Large room is also given to young researcher oral contributions.

Traditionally, particular attention is devoted to the participation of students from less-favoured countries, especially from the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Metrological traceability of carbon dioxide measurements in atmosphere and seawater. The accurate determination of gaseous pollutants is fundamental for the monitoring of the trends of these analytes in the environment and the application of the metrological concepts to this field is necessary to assure the reliability of the measurement results.

In this work, an overview of the activity carried out at Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica to establish the metrological traceability of the measurements of gaseous atmospheric pollutants, in particular of carbon dioxide CO2 , is presented. Two primary methods, the gravimetry and the dynamic dilution, are used for the preparation of reference standards for composition which can be used to calibrate sensors and analytical instrumentation.

At present, research is carried out to lower the measurement uncertainties of the primary gas mixtures and to extend their application to the oceanic field. The reason of such investigation is due to the evidence of the changes occurring in seawater carbonate chemistry, connected to the rising level of CO2 in the atmosphere.

The well established activity to assure the metrological traceability of CO2 in the atmosphere will be applied to the determination of CO2 in seawater, by developing suitable reference materials for calibration and control of the sensors during their routine use. MATline is a tool that can be used to predict which industrial processes can be expected to involve the use of a substance that is considered carcinogenic as documented in the literature.

The matrix currently includes carcinogenic agents, 23 classes of agents and some links between agents and industrial processes. MATline can be viewed on the www. Database for earthquake strong motion studies in Italy. We describe an Italian database of strong ground motion recordings and databanks delineating conditions at the instrument sites and characteristics of the seismic sources.

The strong motion database consists of corrected recordings from 89 earthquakes and recording stations. Uncorrected recordings were drawn from public web sites and processed on a record-by-record basis using a procedure utilized in the Next-Generation Attenuation NGA project to remove instrument resonances, minimize noise effects through low- and high-pass filtering, and baseline correction.

The site databank includes for every recording site the surface geology, a measurement or estimate of average shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m Vs30 , and information on instrument housing. Of the 89 sites, 39 have on-site velocity measurements 17 of which were performed as part of this study using SASW techniques. For remaining sites, we estimate Vs30 based on measurements on similar geologic conditions where available. Where no local velocity measurements are available, correlations with surface geology are used.

Source parameters are drawn from databanks maintained and recently updated by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and include hypocenter location and magnitude for small events M OCCAM: It is aimed at providing a flexible, reconfigurable and extendable infrastructure to cater to a wide range of different scientific computing use cases, including ones from solid-state chemistry, high-energy physics, computer science, big data analytics, computational biology, genomics and many others. A heterogeneous and reconfigurable system like this poses a number of challenges related to the frequency at which heterogeneous hardware resources might change their availability and shareability status, which in turn affect methods and means to allocate, manage, optimize, bill, monitor VMs, containers, virtual farms, jobs, interactive bare-metal sessions, etc.

This work describes some of the use cases that prompted the design and construction of the HPC cluster, its architecture and resource provisioning model, along with a first characterization of its performance by some synthetic benchmark tools and a few realistic use-case tests. A GaAs pixel detectors-based digital mammographic system: Performances and imaging tests results. The system is integrated in a mammographic equipment which comprehends the X-ray tube, the bias and data acquisition systems and the PC-based control system.

The prototype has been developed in the framework of the Integrated Mammographic Imaging IMI project, an industrial research activity aiming to develop innovative instrumentation for morphologic and functional imaging. In this paper, we report on the electrical characterization and the first imaging test results of the digital mammographic system. To assess the imaging capability of such a detector we have built a phantom, which simulates the breast tissue with malignancies. The radiographs of the phantom, obtained by delivering an entrance dose of 4.

Radio-echo sounding at Dome C, East Antarctica: A comparison of measured and modeled data. The internal layering architecture of ice sheets, detected with radio-echo sounding RES , contains clues to past ice-flow dynamics and mass balance. A common way of relating the recorded travel time of RES reflections to depth is by integrating a wave-speed distribution.

This results in an increasing absolute error with depth. Synthetic radar traces are obtained from measurements of ice-core density and conductivity with a 1D model of Maxwell's equations. The reflection peaks of the different radar systems' measurements are shifted by a wiggle-matching algorithm, so they match the synthetic trace. In this way, we matched pronounced internal reflections in the RES data to conductivity peaks with considerably smaller depth uncertainties, and assigned them with the ice-core age. We examine the differences in shifts and resolution of the different RES data to address the question of their comparability and combined analysis for an extensive age-depth distribution.

The peculiar "Southwest Clump" previously imaged from 1 to 2. We model its brightness as optically thick scattering from silicate dust grains using typical size distributions. The presence of the Clump as a distinct feature with no apparent counterpart on the other side of the star is suggestive of an ejection event from a localized region of the star and is consistent with VY CMa's history of asymmetric high-mass-loss events.

The results of the evaluation processes were not completely satisfactory for the INRIM cells because of their low transition temperatures with respect to the best cells, and of a rather large melting range for the Co-C cell. A new design of the cells was devised, and considerable improvements were achieved with respect to the transition temperature, and the plateau shape and duration.

As for the Co-C point, the melting temperature, expressed in terms of the point of inflection of the melting curve, increased by about 70 mK. DYFI-based intensity maps made rapidly available through the DYFI system fundamentally depart from more traditional maps made available in the past. The maps are made more quickly, provide more complete coverage and higher resolution, provide for citizen input and interaction, and allow data collection at rates and quantities never before considered. These aspects of Internet data collection, in turn, allow for data analyses, graphics, and ways to communicate with the public, opportunities not possible with traditional data-collection approaches.

Yet web-based contributions also pose considerable challenges, as discussed herein. After a decade of operational experience with the DYFI system and users, we document refinements to the processing and algorithmic procedures since DYFI was first conceived. We also describe a number of automatic post-processing tools, operations, applications, and research directions, all of which utilize the extensive DYFI intensity datasets now gathered in near-real time.

DYFI can be found online at the website http: Is the digital divide an obstacle to e-health? An analysis of the situation in Europe and in Italy. The digital divide affecting elderly patients may compromise the diffusion of telemedicine systems for this age segment.

It might be that the difficulties in the passage from trials to the effective distribution of telemedicine systems are also due to the awareness of a personal digital divide in the target population. The analysis aims to estimate the number of people over the age of 50 years with potential cardiovascular problems able to access the Web.

Furthermore, with regard to Italy, the estimates obtained from official data were compared with those obtained in a survey investigating heart failure patients in Tuscany. In Italy, however, the proportion of people with Web access increased from to , and the survey in Tuscany showed that elderly people with limited information and communications technology skills overcame challenges and learned how to connect to the Web because they started to appreciate new technologies.

The opportunity to use the Internet to monitor patients with chronic disease can serve as a challenge to reduce the digital divide gap and, furthermore, to increase their social and technological inclusion. The initial phases of the Mount Etna eruption: A multidisciplinary approach for hazard assessment. Between and early , the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV monitoring networks on Etna volcano recorded a recharging phase that climaxed with a new effusive eruption on 13 May and lasted about 14 months.

In the meanwhile, marked ground deformation was recorded by the permanent tilt and GPS networks, and sudden changes in the summit area were detected by five continuously recording magnetic stations. Poor weather conditions did not allow direct observation of the eruptive events, but important information was provided by infrared satellite images that detected the start of lava fountains from the eruptive fissure, feeding a lava flow.

This flow spread within the Valle del Bove depression, covering 6. The seismicity and deformation pattern indicated that the dike-forming intrusion was propagating northward. It produced a dry fracture field, which generated concern for the possibility that the eruptive fissures could expand downslope toward populated areas. Monitoring and modeling of the multidisciplinary data, together with the simulations of ash dispersal and lava flows, allowed us both to infer the eruptive mechanisms and to provide correct interpretation of the ongoing phenomena, furnishing useful information for civil defense purposes.

We describe how this approach of feedback between monitoring and research provides critical support to risk evaluation. Ion Beam Analysis for the provenance attribution of lapis lazuli used in glyptic art: The case of the "Collezione Medicea". Diopside and wollastonite are actually two of the most common lapis lazuli-forming minerals.

It includes artworks made of lapis lazuli manufactured in the 16th and 17th centuries but there is not precise information about the provenance of the used raw material. Results on the artworks show, as expected, that the Chilean provenance of the material used for the analysed artworks has to be excluded. Lapis lazuli used for five of the analysed artworks can be ascribed to the Afghan quarry district, while one object cannot be attributed only on the base of diopside and wollastonite analysis.

EGU Union awards were presented to the following people: Vincent Courtillot, University of Paris Diderot, France, received the Arthur Holmes Medal and EGU honorary membership for seminal contributions to geomagnetism and the geodynamics of mantle hot spots. Robin Clarke, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, received the Alexander von Humboldt Medal for fundamental contributions in statistical analysis and modeling of hydrological processes.

Angioletta Coradini, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofsica, Italy, received the Jean Dominique Cassini Medal and EGU honorary membership in recognition of her important and wide range of work in planetary sciences and solar system formation and for her leading role in the development of space infrared instrumentation for planetary exploration. This paper presents an apparatus for the calibration of long-stem platinum resistance thermometers at the argon triple point , designed at the Institute of Low Temperature and Structural Research, Poland INTiBS.

A hermetically sealed cell filled at the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Italy with high purity gas 6N is the main element of this apparatus. The cell is placed in a cryostat fully immersed in liquid nitrogen. A temperature-controlled shield ensures the quasi-adiabatic condition needed for proper realization of the phase transition.

A system for correcting the temperature distribution along the thermometer well is also implemented. The cell cooling and argon solidification is carried out by filling the thermometer well with liquid nitrogen. The duration of a melting plateau in the apparatus lasts for about 24 h.

The reproducibility of the plateau temperature is better than. Grid Oriented Implementation of the Tephra Model. Etna corresponding to and Etna eruptions. The model outputs are plotted on maps and transferred to Civil Protection which takes the trouble to give public warnings and plan mitigation measures.

In order to provide better performances we worked on porting it to PI2S2 sicilian grid infrastructure inside the "PI2S2 Project" We configured the application to run on grid, using Glite middleware, analyzed the obtained performances and comparing them with ones obtained on the local cluster. As TEPHRA needs to be run in a short time in order to transfer fastly the dispersion maps to Civil Protection, we also worked to minimize and stabilize grid job-scheduling time by using customized high-priority queues called Emergency Queue. Earthquake Forecasting System in Italy.

In Italy, after the L'Aquila earthquake, a procedure was developed for gathering and disseminating authoritative information about the time dependence of seismic hazard to help communities prepare for a potentially destructive earthquake. The most striking time dependency of the earthquake occurrence process is the time clustering, which is particularly pronounced in time windows of days and weeks.

The philosophy of the system rests on a few basic concepts: In particular, the transparent, reproducible, and testable earthquake forecasting system developed at CPS is based on ensemble modeling and on a rigorous testing phase. Such phase is carried out according to the guidance proposed by the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability CSEP, international infrastructure aimed at evaluating quantitatively earthquake prediction and forecast models through purely prospective and reproducible experiments.

In the OEF system, the two most popular short-term models were used: Here, we report the results from OEF's 24hour earthquake forecasting during the main phases of the sequence occurred in Central Apennines Italy. Improved design of proton source and low energy beam transport line for European Spallation Source.

The design update of the European Spallation Source ESS accelerator is almost complete and the construction of the prototype of the microwave discharge ion source able to provide a proton beam current larger than 70 mA to the 3. Innovative solutions have been used as hereinafter described. Thermo-mechanical optimization has been performed to withstand the chopped beam and the misaligned focused beam over the RFQ input collimator; the results are reported here. Our objective is two-fold. Firstly, being itself a stand-alone application, it allows to do "basic" digital or digitised seismic waveform analysis.

Secondly, thanks to its architectural characteristics it can be the basis for the development of more complex and power featured applications. This means that about 90 users tested the application for more than 1 year, making its features more robust and efficient.

The main appeals of the application package are: Windows environment spares the user scripting or complex interaction with the system. The system is in constant development to answer the needs and suggestions of its users. Microsoft Visual Basic 6 source code, installation package, test data sets and documentation are available at no cost. The comparison result, based on the calibration coefficients for three transfer standards and expressed as a ratio of the ENEA and the BIPM standards for absorbed dose to water, is 0.

The present result replaces the earlier ENEA value in this key comparison. The degrees of equivalence between the ENEA and the other participants in this comparison have been calculated and the results are given in the form of a matrix for the ten national metrology institutes NMIs that have published results in this ongoing comparison for absorbed dose to water. A graphical presentation is also given.

Due to the long distance between the isotope separator online ISOL facility and the superconducting quarter wave resonator QWR cavity acceleratore lineare per ioni ALPI , a new re-buncher cavity must be introduced to maintain the high beam quality during the beam transport. A particular radio frequency quadrupole RFQ structure has been suggested to meet the requirements of this project. A window-type RFQ, which has a high mode separation, less power dissipation and compact size compared to the conventional normal 4-vane RFQ, has been introduced.

The RF design has been studied considering the requirements of the re-bunching machine for high figures of merit such as a proper operation frequency, a high shunt impedance, a high quality factor, a low power dissipation, etc. A sensitivity analysis of the fabrication and the misalignment error has been conducted. A micro-movement slug tuner has been introduced to compensate for the frequency variations that may occur due to the beam loading, the thermal instability, the microphonic effect, etc.

Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders. Considerations on consecutive patients. Nevertheless, in some conditions, targets such as the ventral thalamus and the Zona Incerta may be considered to optimize the results and avoid the side effects. Positive and negative aspects of current DBS treatments justify the research of new targets, new stimulation programs and new hardware.

Since , at the Istituto Nazionale Neurologico "Carlo Besta" in Milan, deep brain electrodes were implanted in patients. The long-term follow-up is reported and related to the chosen target. DBS gave a new therapeutic option to patients affected by severe movement disorders, and in some cases resolved life-threatening pathological conditions that would otherwise result in the death of the patient, such as in status dystonicus, and post-stroke hemiballismus. Nevertheless, the potential occurrence of severe complications still limit a wider use of DBS. At today, the use of DBS in severe movement disorders is strongly positive even if further investigations and studies are needed to unveil potential new applications, and to refine the selection criteria for the actual indications and targets.

The experience of different targets may be useful to guide and tailor the target choice to the individual clinical condition. Results on Long-term Follow-up. Intrathecal baclofen is presently the most effective treatment for diffuse spasticity whatever the cause. The fact that both spasticity is always accompanied by a degree of muscle weakness and that any antispastic treatment causes a decrease in muscle strength indicate that major attention must be paid in treating spasticity in ambulant patients. We present here a retrospective study, approved by the insitutional ethics committee, of 22 ambulant spastic patients, selected as homogeneous for disease and disease duration, who were treated with intrathecal baclofen at the Istituto Nazionale Neurologico "C.

There was improvement in quality of life as measured by the FIM scale; however, an increase in the patient's motor performance could not be detected. Although we did not show any improvement in muscle performance, intrathecal baclofen did improve daily quality of life, even in spastic patients who were able to walk.

Deep brain stimulation DBS extends the treatment of some severe neurological diseases beyond pharmacological and conservative therapy. Our experience extends the field of DBS beyond the treatment of Parkinson disease and dystonia, including several other diseases such as cluster headache and disruptive behavior.

Three hundred patients are still available for follow-up and therapeutic considerations. DBS gave a new therapeutic chance to these patients affected by severe neurological diseases and in some cases controlled life-threatening pathological conditions, which would otherwise result in the death of the patient such as in status dystonicus, status epilepticus and post-stroke hemiballismus. The balance of DBS in severe neurological disease is strongly positive even if further investigations and studies are needed to search for new applications and refine the selection criteria for the actual indications.

Effect of bilateral subthalamic electrical stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Bilateral high frequency subthalamic stimulation has been reported to be effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. To analyze the results of this surgical procedure we critically reviewed 17 parkinsonian patients with advanced disease complicated by motor fluctuations and dyskinesias.

Between January and June these 17 consecutive patients age years; illness duration years underwent bilateral stereotactically guided implantation of electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus in the Department of Neurosurgery of the Istituto Nazionale Neurologico "C. The follow-up ranged between 6 and 18 months. Peak dyskinesias and early morning dystonias also improved in relation to therapy reduction. Side effects were persistent postoperative supranuclear oculomotor palsy and postural instability in one case, worsened off-medication hypophonia in three, and temporary nocturnal confusion episodes in three.

Postoperative MRI revealed a clinically silent intracerebral haematoma in one case. One electrode required repositioning. A functionally useful and safe electrode placement can be performed without microrecording. Secondary chronic cluster headache treated by posterior hypothalamic deep brain stimulation: Deep brain stimulation DBS of the posterior hypothalamus pHyp has been reported as an effective treatment for primary, drug-refractory and chronic cluster headache CCH.

We here describe the use of such a procedure for the treatment of secondary CCH due to a neoplasm affecting the soft tissues of the right hemiface. After surgery, the patient presented a significant reduction in frequency of pain bouts. However, because of a subsequent infection, the entire system was removed. After re-implantation of the system, successful outcome was observed at 2 years follow-up. This brief report shows the feasibility of pHyp DBS in secondary drug-refractory CCH syndromes; future reports are needed in order to confirm our positive result.

The instrument and data have been already presented and discussed. The main activity of this HSCM has been within biology, and reflectance data have shown good matching between spectral signatures and the nature or evolution on many types of cells. Such a relationship has been demonstrated mainly with statistical tools like Principal Component Analysis PCA , or similar concepts, which represent a very common approach for hyperspectral imaging.

However, the point is that reflectance data contains much more useful information and, moreover, there is an obvious interest to go from reflectance, bound to the single experiment, to reflectivity, or other physical quantities, related to the sample alone. To accomplish this aim, we can follow well-established analyses and methods used in reflectance spectroscopy. Therefore, we show methods of calculations for index of refraction n , extinction coefficient k and local thicknesses of frequency starting from phase images by fast Kramers-Kronig KK algorithms and the Abeles matrix formalism.

Details, limitations and problems of the presented calculations as well as alternative procedures are given for an example of HSCM images of red blood cells RBC. Modern Radar Techniques for Geophysical Applications: The last decade of the evolution of radar was heavily influenced by the rapid increase in the information processing capabilities. Advances in solid state radio HF devices, digital technology, computing architectures and software offered the designers to develop very efficient radars.

In designing modern radars the emphasis goes towards the simplification of the system hardware, reduction of overall power, which is compensated by coding and real time signal processing techniques.