Painting Boats and Harbors (Dover Art Instruction)
Though also a serious and prolific artist, Fellows takes an approach that is less business, more pleasure. Although some of the places Fellows paints are popular among artists, he always looks for a new angle. He wanted to incorporate a house that overlooks Brave Boat Harbor, so he painted its reflection in the water.
His work is whimsical, a record of whatever fascinates him. The show includes recent Maine landscapes, portraits, and interiors. And, with Fellows, what you see is what you get. But I aspire to something more. This was an advantage in the coastal trade, where entering confined ports required sailing into the wind and frequent tacking.
The square topsail proved useful on longer coastwise voyages, the topsail providing a steadier motion in offshore swells, reducing wear and tear on canvas from the slatting of the fore-and-aft sails. Schooners of the types portrayed by Lane varied in size from 70 to feet on deck. Crews of smaller schooners numbered three or four men. Larger schooners might carry four to six if a lengthy voyage was planned.
The relative simplicity of the rig made sail handling much easier than on a square-rigged vessel. Schooner captains often owned shares in their vessels, but most schooners were majority-owned by land-based firms or by individuals who had the time and business connections to manage the tasks of acquiring and distributing the goods to be carried. This is the most general term, applied to any merchant schooner carrying cargo from one coastal port to another along the United States coast see Bar Island and Mt. Like packet sloops, these vessels carried passengers and various higher-value goods to and from specific ports on regular schedules.
They were generally better-maintained and finished than schooners carrying bulk cargoes see The Old Fort and Ten Pound Island, Gloucester , s inv. Lumber schooners intended for long coastal trips were often rigged with square topsails on their fore masts see Becalmed Off Halfway Rock , inv. Schooners in other specialized trades. Some coasting schooners built for carrying varied cargoes would be used for, or converted to, special trades. This was true in the stone trade where stone schooners like stone sloops would be adapted for carrying stone from quarries to a coastal destination.
A Lane depiction of a stone schooner is yet to be found. Marsh hay was a priority cargo for gundalows operating around salt marshes, and it is likely that some coasting schooners made a specialty of transporting this necessity for horses to urban ports which relied heavily on horses for transportation needs. Lane depicted at least two examples of hay schooners see Gloucester Harbor , s inv. The Essex Institute, Vessels whose shipping or fishing voyages included visits to foreign ports were required to register with the Federal Customs agent at their home port.
Records kept by the National Archives can be consulted for information on specific voyages and ports visited. Smithsonian Institution, , 40, 42— A topsail schooner has no tops at her foremast, and is fore-and-aft rigged at her mainmast.
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She differs from an hermaphrodite brig in that she is not properly square-rigged at her foremast, having no top, and carrying a fore-and-aft foresail instead of a square foresail and a spencer. A schooner is shown hauled out on a cradle which travels over racks of rollers on a wood and metal track. The term "ship," as used by nineteenth-century merchants and seamen, referred to a large three-masted sailing vessel which was square-rigged on all three masts.
Built for speed, clipper ships were employed in carrying high-value or perishable goods over long distances. In the packet trade with European ports, mail, passengers, and bulk cargos such as cotton, textiles, and farm produce made the eastward passages. Mail, passengers usually in much larger numbers , and finished wares were the usual cargos for return trips.
Ships in specific trades were often identified by their cargos: R[ichard ] H[enry] Dana, Jr. A Naval Encyclopaedia Philadelphia: Smithsonian Institution, , 26— Alfred Mansfield Brooks, Gloucester Recollected: Peter Smith, , 67— From a photograph showing her in dock at Quebec in Walters' painting depicts the "Nonantum" homeward bound for Boston from Liverpool in The paddle-steamer is one of the four Clyde-built Britannia-class vessels, of which one is visible crossing in the opposite direction.
A ship is square-rigged throughout; that is, she has tops, and carries square sails on all three of her masts. Yachts and yachting in ninteenth-century America were the preserve of the wealthy, and in Lane's early career were just beginning to organize as yacht clubs with scheduled regattas. The New York Yacht Club, founded in , was the first such organization and had few rival clubs for racing or cruising until after the Civil War. Instead of regattas, competition was in the form of match races, between two vessels, with cash prizes as a substitute for trophies.
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Often, the only serious competition for a Boston-owned yacht was one of the crack pilot schooners, and it was not uncommon for a yacht to be sold for pilot service or vice-versa. For more depictions of yachts by Lane, we must look to New York. Lane is known to have made two paintings of the schooner yacht "America. The other painting Yacht "America" from Three Views , c.
In either case, Lane's drawings and any notes would have been made before the hull and deck details were finalized. From this event, he painted four known views, each depicting a different moment in the race. The second class would start at As interest in yachting increased, so did leisure pursuits in smaller craft, using rowing and sailing boats for rowing, fishing, and day-sailing. These activities had a commercial side which is covered in the Party Boats descriptive essay, but this essay will deal with boats used for non-commercial recreation.
Hull types and rigs for small pleasure craft were varied, some being traditional work boat designs with a few added amenities for comfort. Others were designed and built for leisure boating, often in the styles of yachts, but smaller and simpler. Among rowing boats, the dory was a logical choice, the version in View of Gloucester, From Rocky Neck , inv. Sailing craft custom-built for pleasure were also depicted by Lane. The yawl rig is seen in View of Coffin's Beach , inv.
These rigs differ only moderately from today's versions; their hull designs remain popular among admirers and owners of "traditional boats. International Marine Publishing Co. John Wilmerding, Fitz Hugh Lane, — Essex Institute, , 29— Vessel Portrait or Artist's Concept? The yawl boat was a ninteenth-century development of earlier ships' boats built for naval and merchant use.
Usually twenty feet long or less, they had round bottoms and square sterns; many had raking stem profiles. Yawl boats built for fishing tended to have greater beam than those built for vessels in the coastal trades. In the hand-line fisheries, where the crew fished from the schooner's rails, a single yawl boat was hung from the stern davits as a life boat or for use in port.
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Their possible use as lifeboats required greater breadth to provide room for the whole crew. In port, they carried crew, provisions, and gear between schooner and shore.
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Lane's most dramatic depictions of fishing schooners' yawl-boats are found in his paintings Gloucester Outer Harbor, from the Cut , s inv. Their hull forms follow closely that of Chapelle's lines drawing. A slightly smaller example is having its bottom seams payed with pitch in the foreground of Gloucester Harbor , inv.
In Gloucester Inner Harbor , inv. One remarkable drawing, Untitled inv. No hull construction other than plank seams is shown, leaving pure hull form to be explored, leading in turn to unanswered questions concerning Lane's training to achieve such understanding of naval architecture. The ensign of the United States refers to the flag of the United States when used as a maritime flag to indentify nationality. The American ensign often had the stars in the canton arranged in a circle with one large star in the center; an alternative on merchant ensigns was star-shaped constellation.
In times of distress a ship would fly the ensign upside down, as can be seen in Wreck of the Roma , inv. The use of flags on vessels is different from the use of flags on land. The importance and history of the flagpole in Fresh Water Cove in Gloucester is still being studied. Before that day, the flag had served mostly as a military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory, flown from forts, embassies, and ships, and displayed on special occasions like American Independence day. But in the weeks after Major Anderson's surprising stand, it became something different.
For the first time American flags were mass-produced rather than individually stitched and even so, manufacturers could not keep up with demand.
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As the long winter of turned into spring, that old flag meant something new. The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing: A view of a Cove on the western side of Gloucester Harbor, with the landing at Brookbank. Houses are seen in the woods back. A boat with two men is in the foreground. The use of signal flags, for ship-to-ship communication, generally preceded land-based chains of maritime semaphore stations, the latter using flags or rotating arms, until the advent of the electric or magnetic telegraph.
Until the end of the Napoleonic wars, merchant ships generally sailed in convoy as ordered by the escorting warship s using a few simple flags. Peace brought independent voyaging, the end of the convoy system, and the realization by various authorities that merchant vessels now needed their own separate means of signaling to each other. This resulted in a handful of rival codes, each with its individual flags and syntax.
In general, they each had a section enabling ship identification and also a "vocabulary" section for transmitting selected messages. It was not until that a common Commercial Code became available for international use, only gradually replacing the earlier ones. All existed side by side for a decade or two. Signal systems for American ships were originally intended to identify a vessel by name and owner; only later were more advanced systems developed to convey messages.
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