Die Heilende Kraft der Jahreszeiten (Die Botschaft der Saisonkrankheiten 7) (German Edition)

Analysts said the two economic reports were evidence the recovery is on track. The Commerce Department said orders for costly manufactured goods rose 0. Demand for non-defense capital goods, excluding volatile aircraft orders, rose 0. This pointed to modest recovery in business investment, a factor highlighted by Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan and being key to a strong recovery.

The report also showed inventories of durable goods fell for the 16th straight month, a sign that manufacturers may need to ramp up production to keep up with demand. The housing sector, which has been resilient as other areas of the economy slumped, provided another piece of good news. The Commerce Department said sales of new homes surged 8. May was the first time that new homes had sold at an annual pace greater than 1 million units and marked the biggest jump since November Finanzminister rechnet fest mit hohen Wachstumsraten Eichel: Damit soll ein Absenken des Spitzensteuersatzes finanziert werden.

Traurig so eine armselige Truppe, wir werden euch nicht vermissen nach dem Passt das alles zusammen? Mich macht das nachdenklich! Economists in a Reuters poll forecast, on average, that U. GDP growth would remain at a 5. Disappointment came because everyone expected a more pronounced recovery after a severe recession," said Peters. Consumer spending, which fuels two-thirds of the economy, grew at a 3. A smaller decline than first estimated in consumer purchases of durable goods, big-ticket items intended to last for several years, helped push up the spending figure.

Business spending -- which Federal Reserve officials regard as crucial to a sustainable economic expansion -- declined during the first three months of the year but not as sharply as previous estimates. According to the report, business investment fell at a 6. In one bright light, while businesses did not break ground on new plants, spending on equipment and software was up 0. The biggest surge in defense spending since following the Sept. An FBI investigation of suspicious surveillance of key computers discovered "multiple casings of sites" nationwide, the report said, citing a Defense Department summary of the probe.

Routed through telecommunications switches in Saudi Arabia, Indonesia and Pakistan, the visitors studied emergency telephone systems, electrical generation and transmission, water storage and distribution, nuclear power plants and gas facilities, the Post said. A computer taken from an al Qaeda office contained models of a dam, made with structural architecture and engineering software, that enabled the planers to simulate its catastrophic failure. Bush administration officials declined to say whether they had identified a specific dam as a possible target, the newspaper said.

The newspaper also said some al Qaeda prisoners have told interrogators about intentions, in general terms, to use those tools. Palestinians Reject Bush Threat on U. Aid June 27, Helicopter gunships fired at least four times, causing heavy damage and leaving some of its walls blackened, witnesses said. There was no immediate word of injuries.

Reinforcing his call for a new Palestinian leadership "uncompromised by terror," Bush said late on Wednesday that U. Opinion polls show Arafat the likely winner. Auch hier ein Satz vorweg: The rumors are the latest to hit the market since WorldCom Inc. Im Mai lagen die Bestellungen 19 Prozent unter ihrem Vorjahresniveau. Davon entfallen auf die Sparten Firmenkunden und Investmentbanking.

Dies teilte das Institut in Frankfurt mit. Euro ausgewiesen bei einem Umsatz von 81,3 Mio. Dollar rund 6,1 Mrd. Bush, 55, said he had no signs or symptoms of illness but that the last time he had a colonoscopy two years ago his doctors told him to have another one since they had found some benign polyps. The doctor recommended I have another one because the last time they found some benign polyps and so this is a routine physical examination that will be done at Camp David," Bush told reporters.

He said he wanted to be "super-cautious" about his health because the country is engaged in a war on terrorism. For security reasons he declined to say exactly what time the procedure would take place. Constitution requires a transfer of power to the vice president in the event the president is incapacitated. Bush did not know how long he would be sedated for the procedure, which is typically a search for cancer of the colon, but doctors say the test lasts 30 to 45 minutes.

And I look forward to exercising tomorrow afternoon after the procedure takes place," Bush said. The move rattled investors, who were shaken by the revelation earlier this week that U. The accounting woes follow on the heels of the scandal at WorldCom as well as one at energy trader Enron Corp. President Bush on Friday called for Congress to approve measures to bar corporate executives from profiting from erroneous financial statements. As such, they pay for million pages a year, "which essentially is a glorified rental. Some saw Xerox as stumbling yet again in its attempts to right itself financially.

It remains feasible that the shift Xerox filed federal documents restating its financial figures for the years through as well as adjustments to previously announced results. The SEC had alleged Xerox used a variety of what it called "accounting actions" to disguise its true operating performance.

With the refinancing completed, the company had hoped to return its focus to its machines. N on Friday said its financing relationship with Xerox would remain unchanged. The restatement does not lift the shroud of concerns from Xerox. Several former executives, including retired chairman Paul Allaire are still being investigated by the SEC, and the company faces a number of shareholder lawsuits. Airport security officials then opened fire themselves, apparently shooting dead the assailant, police said. The number of wounded was not immediately known.

The incident on Thursday morning came amid heightened security around the United States as Americans celebrated the first Independence Day holiday since the Sept. Los Angeles airport was shut down as ambulances and police cars flooded the area to take away victims. No details of the motive for the crime were immediately available. Anlegern, die in einem der Fonds investiert waren oder noch sind, hat Universal-Investment nach eigener Auskunft einen ausgabeaufschlagfreien Umtausch in andere Publikumsfonds angeboten.

The crash in San Dimas, California, about 35 miles east of Los Angeles, happened near midday as the plane crashed along the shore of a reservoir used as a picnic area. One person was killed and two children suffered heart attacks. Eight others were injured and airlifted from the site of the accident by helicopter, officials said.

Television images showed debris from a small plane scattered near the shore of the Puddingstone Reservoir in the Frank G. Bonelli Park, a popular recreation area. It was not immediately clear what had caused the crash and whether the pilot had been attempting to land the plane beside the lake. The crash site was near a local airfield. MW - Gold investors say they are more convinced than ever their metal will resume its rally as Wall Street falls victim to a stock-market crash later this year.

Yet believers in gold, which had rallied amid nuclear-missile threats in India and Pakistan, say the rules have changed in the past two weeks. Bishop says the ailing stock market, enjoying a post-Independence Day rally on Friday, may provide the next spark for gold. The loss of investor confidence in U. Doody and dozens of other newsletter writers are pointing increasingly to what they see as weakness in gold that is tied to yen-selling by the three big central banks: Others say commercial banks are short-selling gold to depress the bullion rally.

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency tracks options, futures, swaps and other contracts sold by commercial banks as derivative products. To be sure, summertime gold prices almost always feel the effects of gravity because of reduced buying of jewelry in the July through September period. This is most pronounced in India and other Asian countries where the metal is revered.

India, the largest consumer market for gold, experiences its monsoon season starting in July and has no major festivals that would spark gold purchases during the summer months. All gold mutual funds have led the performance charts this year, some with 50 percent and greater gains. The gold mutual funds benefited from a rally in gold mining stocks of all sizes, from the large, such as Newmont Mining NEM: Through the end of May, the gain was much larger: Mutual funds often shut their inflow valves when investors most want to own a particular sector.

The amount is considered so tiny that gold stocks have yet to qualify for an exchange-traded fund that would allow investors to trade the sector in the form of one security, like is done with the Nasdaq QQQ: The World Gold Council, which sponsors gold-denominated bonds, is working on plans for an exchange-traded fund for the actual metal. If the council, a trade group, succeeds in navigating regulatory waters, investors would be able to buy gold in the shape of a security at any time during the U. Bishop, the newsletter editor of Gold Mining Stock Report, predicts mutual funds, as they seek to put the checks that gold-seeking investors are sending them this year, increasingly will examine smaller mining companies as possible investments.

Francisco shareholders in June approved a merger with tiny Glamis Gold Ltd. An armed El Al security man was in a nearby room when the shots rang out. He ran into the hall and joined the tussle, killing the attacker with a single shot to the stomach, the radio report said. The incident occurred amid a U. The army declined to comment. Israeli army chief Shaul Mofaz, in a newspaper interview published on Friday, said Israeli forces were likely to remain for months in the seven West Bank cities they reoccupied after back-to-back suicide bombings killed 26 Israelis last month.

Palestinian President Yasser Arafat, under strong U. The moves appeared unlikely to mollify President Bush, who has called for the Palestinian president himself to be replaced with leaders "uncompromised by terror. Palestinian officials said Arafat also ordered the replacement of police chief Ghazi al-Jabali. At least 1, Palestinians and Israelis have been killed since a Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation began in September after peace talks stalled.

July 05, Michael, whose career has flagged since the s and s, also attracted ridicule from some media commentators this week after a newspaper interview in which he declared that, for him, staying silent about the world situation was "not an option. Meint nemo, der vor Vorfreude auf Montag nicht schlafen kann Argentinien scheint mir zur Zeit die Entwicklung vorweg zu nehmen http: Doch schaut man genauer hin, so entdeckt man oft Gemeinsamkeiten im Detail. So ist es heute in Afghanistan Gang und Gebe, dass Amerikaner und Afghanen die anfallenden Hochzeitensfeiern gemeinsam zelebrieren, obwohl sich auch deren Kulturen grundlegend unterscheiden.

Der Grenzwert liegt bei Becquerel. Der bayerische Unterhaltungselektronik-Hersteller Schneider stellt Insolvenzantrag. Der Regionalflugzeughersteller Fairchild Dornier stellt Insolvenzantrag. Der Autozulieferer Peguform mit Mitarbeitern beantragt ein Insolvenzverfahren. The latest in a string of high-profile investigations into Corporate America dealt another painful blow to investor confidence. SPX to be replaced with seven U. Money managers dumped the foreign shares to make room for the new members of the prestigious index.

SPX skidded 27 points, or 2. The technology-loaded Nasdaq Composite index. IXIC dropped 25 points, or 2. The blue-chip Dow Jones industrial average. DJI skidded points, or 2. Qwest, the dominant local phone company in 14 states from Minnesota to Washington, said it was not told the subject of the criminal probe by the U. A Qwest spokesman declined to comment on whether investigators have asked the company for any documents. Canadian firms Nortel Networks NT.

N , Alcan AL. N and Inco N. N also slumped on news of their impending exit. N ; Electronic Arts Inc. O ; Ebay Inc. O ; Goldman Sachs Group Inc. N ; Prudential Financial Inc. N ; Principal Financial Group Inc. All those stocks rose. Accounting concerns managed to spread to the White House. The civil lawsuit was filed in federal court one day after President Bush went to Wall Street to outline proposals aimed at stopping the accounting scandals that have shaken investor faith in the U.

Auto makers added even more pressure to the market. Banc of America cut the car giants to "market perform" from "buy" due to concerns over competitive industry pricing. Merrill Lynch raised the rating on the Web gear giant to "strong buy" from "buy," saying it expected an imminent turnaround in the network equipment sector. N and Ford Motor Co. DE offer of a longer powertrain warranty. N oil services company he once ran, alleging they defrauded shareholders by overstating company revenues.

Cheney worked as chief executive of Halliburton, which provides products and services to the energy industry, from to The lawsuit alleges he conspired with the other defendants to file false financial statements that misled investors. Halliburton said in May that the Securities and Exchange Commission was investigating how the company accounted for cost overruns on construction jobs. He said the SEC would take its investigation of Halliburton "wherever it leads.

District Court in Dallas, where Halliburton is headquartered, on behalf of two company shareholders. The lawsuit did not specify how much money the plaintiffs sought. In , the company changed its accounting procedures, which Judicial Watch said violated generally accepted accounting principles, without disclosing it to shareholders. Judicial Watch said the financial statements were "materially false and misleading.

Las Vegas-based Nevada Power spokeswoman Andrea Smith told Reuters the utility has sufficient supplies to get through Wednesday and Thursday despite the scorching heat. And she said the utility is currently not having difficulty securing the power it needs. Traders, however, said Nevada Power would have the most difficulty securing supplies during shortages because its credit ratings have plunged in recent months, while limited capacity on transmission lines into the area makes its local power hub, Mead, the most expensive in the west.

The utility, a unit of Sierra Pacific Resources Corp. The credit downgrade led several suppliers to end power deliveries to the utility. However, the threat of blackouts was significantly reduced last month by a deal with Duke Energy DUK. N under which the Charlotte, North Carolina-based company offered to make purchases and sales on its behalf to help balance its summer energy needs. Industry sources have said a sharp drop in the price ceiling could make it more difficult to persuade operators of less efficient power plants to come on line during a power emergency, heightening the threat of rolling blackouts.

The price cap applies to power purchases in California and neighboring states and is due to expire Sept. Western states are in the midst of a blistering heat wave, which has triggered heavy use of air conditioning units. Las Vegas will likely see a high of degrees Fahrenheit 43 C on Wednesday, above its normal degree high for this time of year, while triple digit heat was also forecast in several other western cities, Weather Services Corp. Last year, California experienced six days of rolling blackouts before a recession-linked drop in demand and the construction of some new power plants helped to lessen a critical shortage of electricity.

The cap is reset during power shortages based on a complex formula. ISO spokesman Gregg Fishman said the agency decided to reset the cap as it was clear the conditions had been met given any of the possible interpretations of the rules. It was imposed last year amid fears that generators were taking advantage of electricity shortages to reap huge profits, sometimes charging thousands of dollars per megawatt hour.

One megawatt is roughly enough power for 1, homes. Bush durch Wall Street schallen. Und keinen Reichtum ohne Charakter". An Wall Street geht derzeit die Furcht um: Wie lange wird die Talfahrt noch anhalten? Bis wohin fallen die Kurse? Sind die Skandale nur die Spitze eines Eisberges? Selbst Alan Greenspan spricht in letzter Zeit immer lauter von drohenden Gefahren. Und wenn die Konjunktur nicht an Fahrt gewinnt, bleiben auch die Kurse im Keller: Allein in den Euroraum flossen im April 19 Mrd. Dollar in Form von Aktien und Rentenpapieren. Auch den Banken schenken die Anleger kein Vertrauen mehr.

Die Aktie von Worldcom ist von 64 Dollar auf nun 20 Cent gefallen. Nach den mehr als Der Umsatz der Wertpapierbranche, der im Jahr mit ,2 Mrd. Am Montag musste das Unternehmen eingestehen, in den letzten drei Jahren 12,4 Mrd. Dollar an Umsatz zu hoch angegeben zu haben. Einen Steinwurf entfernt standen die Twin Towers. Seit August ist Pitt im Amt. Kaum eine Woche vergeht, in der nicht ein Bilanzskandal zutage tritt. Harvey Pitt ist damit Reformer wider Willen. Denn eigentlich liegt dem Wall-Street-Staranwalt nichts ferner, als die Finanzgemeinde in neue Fesseln zu legen.

Pitt gilt als einer der besten Kenner der Finanzszene. Fortan verteidigte Pitt Firmen, die in finanziellen Angelegenheiten in Schwierigkeiten geraten waren. Er habe "vollstes Vertrauen" in Pitt. Wo Grasso heute auftaucht, bekommt er stehende Ovationen. Es war Dick Grassos Meisterwerk.

Moby Multiple Language Lists of Common Words by Grady Ward - Free Ebook

Losgetreten wurde die Lawine im Herbst vergangenen Jahres durch Enron. Wie Enron soll die Firma eine dunkle Partnerschaft unterhalten haben, die nicht in der Bilanz erschienen ist. Dadurch belasteten sie den Gewinn nicht. Juli Berlin, Gewerkschaft kritisiert Regulierer Von Wolf H.

Die vom Regulierer geforderte Preissenkung droht damit nach Post-Angaben Die gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Zahl sei Zudem werde Druck aufgebaut, einzelne Dienstleistungsangebote der Post auszugliedern oder fremd zu vergeben. In Deutschland arbeiten rund Ebenso wuchs der Personalkostenaufwand von zu von 11,05 Mrd. Euro flossen im Jahr an den Bundes-Pensions-Service. Im Vorjahr waren es Mio. Weitere Einschnitte seien "nicht notwendig".

Senate, responding to a wave of corporate scandals, overwhelmingly approved a measure on Wednesday that makes it a felony to defraud shareholders and setting a year prison term. In addition to creating a new felony, the bill includes new "anti-shredding" provisions making it clear that destroying evidence to obstruct an investigation is illegal whether or not shredding occurs when records are under subpoena.

There are also new protections for corporate whistleblowers, giving them a courtroom remedy if they are retaliated against. The measure was approved as an amendment to an accounting reform bill now on the Senate floor. A vote on the overall bill is not expected before later this week, and the entire package must be reconciled with a different measure passed by the House of Representatives before being passed on to President Bush for signing into law.

Patrick Leahy, argued that it would make it easier to prosecute corporate misdeeds. Recent corporate scandals have ranged from the bankruptcy of Enron Corp.

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They have destroyed much of the confidence in Wall Street," said Leahy, a Democrat. Stocks Ripped to Lows July 10, The latest reason for anxiety came from Qwest Communications International Inc. N , whose accounting practices are already being probed by federal regulators. The Nasdaq composite index. The Dow Jones industrial average. Also, Royal Dutch RD. Money managers dumped the foreign shares to make room for the new members of the widely followed index.

Ganz ohne geht es selten. Warum hat er, als er noch im Vorstand von Harken Energy Inc. Under these conditions he donned his raven suit and with his son flew to heaven to find out what old Universe was up to. As it turned out Universe had transformed his wife's vulva into a drum and his own member into a drumstick, so that when he beat the drum it rained below.

A clever strategem of Big-Raven restored the members to their proper places, whereupon the weather cleared. They were starving because The concept of movement in history of religions 33 Universe was sleeping. From now on you shall have success in your hunt: I will take care of you now. After his return, when his sons went hunting, they caught sea animals and wild reindeer. Then Big-Raven pulled out from the ground the post to which the dogs are tied, and reindeer came out of the hole in the ground. A whole herd came out.

Big-Raven sacrificed many reindeer to Universe, and after that he had good luck on his hunt. We are told that after Raven had created the world by defecating and micturating from the sky he set about to supply his creation with food and game. As the myth relates: Oh, Raven, the good fellow, flew off, found some trees, many of them, of various kinds,—birch, pine, poplar, aspen, willow, stone-pine, oak.

He took his hatchet and began to chop. He threw the chips into the water, and they were carried off by the water to the sea. When he hewd pine and threw the chips into the water they became walrus; when he hewd oak the chips became seals. From the stonepine the chips became polar bears; from the small creeping black-birch, however, the chips became large whales. Then also the chips from all the other trees became fish, crabs, worms, every kind of being in the sea; then, moreover, wildreindeer, foxes, bears and all the game of the land.

The Chukchee say that the brown and grey reindeer come from under the ground, somewhere beyond the limits of the peltry-bearing country at a place where the sky touches the earth. There a large hole is bored through the ground, and through this hole herds of reindeer pass continually, followed by wolves. Waldemar Bogoras, The Chukchee, Vol. A similar idea is found among the Yugra peoples. The mythology tells that the high god, Numi, during the creation of the world, after having breathed life into man, created the reindeer and other animals out of pine twigs, cf.

Malandra the primal sacrifice of the bear from whose fur and intestines sprang both wild and domesticated types. We shall reproduce here the myths collected by G. Vasilevich 19 among the Sym and Tychan Evenks. In the first, a girl, Kheladan, meets the bear who instructs her to do the following: In the morning she woke up and looked outside—there were reindeer wandering about, the little valley was full of reindeer.

They ran outside, and halters were hanging from the slanting tree. A second version depicts the origion of wild reindeer. Two men killed a bear In the morning they came back to check. They looked—reindeer had appeared. The reindeer were wild. A third version of the myth tells how it was that the animals came to be tamed, while some remained wild. Amaka in the folklore he is the creator, often identified with the bear created reindeer and animals but the Evenks were unable to catch them. Amaka urinated so that the reindeer would begin to lick the urine.

When they began to eat moss with the urine , people were able to catch them. Some of the reindeer ran away and became wild. Then Amaka gave them rope nooses and halters and said: If you kill them there will be trouble—I shall cast you down to the lower world. Let this be the stag and this the doe. Another fact worth observing is that the act of creation, in our sense of the word, i. It is not something that really matters as far as everyday life is concerned.

We hope the significance of this evaluation will become clearer after we have dealt with the difficult problem of the masters of the game and the protectors or patrons of reindeer breeding. The concept of movement in history of religions 35 The Master of Animals It is a well known phenomenon of the religion of archaic hunters and pastoralists that the high-god or gods, while always present, do not usually play an active role in the common ideology of the people.

This latter figure, as we shall see, usually lives on earth in the forest or tundra or in one of the lower levels of the heavenly realm. Sometimes this role is filled by an underworldly mother figure or a water spirit. We might note that at one time P. We shall have to rest content with the rather vague designation that this personage, whether confined to a small locality or covering a whole tribal territory or geographical area, e. The complexity of ideas concerning the concept of masters is readily seen in the case of the Yukaghir.

Subodinate to each of these 20 Cf. Publication d'hommage offert au P. Schmidt, Vienne, , pp. Ivar Paulson, Schutzgeister u. Gottheiten des Wildes der Jagdtiere u. Fische in Nordasien, Uppsala, , pp. The domesticated reindeer also has its keeper. When on the tundra some Yukaghir beats a driving- reindeer, the older men intercede saying that the keeper of the domesticated reindeer will be angry.

Naturally, the animal too has some say in the matter, and his goodwill is also necessary. It is recounted that the Yukaghir on the Omolon river used to slaughter reindeer by the hundreds at the river crossings plavi , however not in excess.

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All the plavi have disappeared because of the following transgression. Constantly on the look-out, he neither withholds his herds greedily nor abandons them to the caprice of men. In cases of cruelty or needless slaughter he is quick to move his herds elsewhere away from danger, while at the same time punishing the guilty with ill-luck in the hunt. Of a similar nature is the master of wild reindeer and all land animals 24 Ibid. From there he sends reindeer to the hunters; but when he is angered he withholds the supply. He is escpecially strict in demanding the performance of all ancient customs and sacrifices connected with the hunt, and resents every slight neglect of them.

The following tale of the Lamut man who was turned to stone describes the master of reindeer breeding as reaching to the sky. As we shall see, the moralistic aspects of the master are not always confined to the treatment of reindeer. The story concerns an all-tempered reindeer owner who was in the habit of thrashing his assistants for mere trifles.

One time his herd went away from their usual pasture. One of the assistants set off to look for it. He came to the pasture, which was covered with the tracks of reindeer hoofs, but farther off there was not a single track. He walked and walked and grew tired. Where can it be? I will go look for it myself. He grew quite tired. There was on the border of the pasture a boulder.

He climbed it and sat down to rest He sprang to his feet and looked up. High on the rock there stood an old man, large and white, high as the sky. Now you must look for reindeer yourself There are your reindeer. He looked but did not stir. Malandra The man, unable to free himself, slowly sinks into the boulder Until by the next spring he is turned completely to stone. The journey of the shaman to the abode of the master is an essential preliminary at the beginning of the hunt, for it is only in virtue of the benevolence of the master that the game can be brought down at all.

Much, too, depends upon the personal relationship that exists between master and shaman; if an enmity should develop between the two the hunters are deprived of their substance. Among the Yukaghir, the shaman, after inquiring of the bones or skulls of dead shamans how he should best conduct his yourney, sets out with his helping spirits for the abode of the Owner of the Earth. Having returned to the yurt i. He ties it to the head-band of the hunter giving him instructions where to go to find the actual animal to whom the soul belongs. On the next morning when the hunter arrives at the designated place the reindeer will come down to meet him, allowing itself to be shot and killed.

If it was a doe that the shaman was given then the hunter will shoot a doe; this means that the hunt will go well for the whole season. In the case that it was a bull the hunter will shoot just the bull, and that will be the extent of his luck. Since it is not possible for us to go into all the intri- casies of the conceptions and representations of this general class of spirits, we shall merely reproduce the wonderful description of a 30 W.

I, , pp. The purpose of the trip is, naturally, the acquisition of game. In accordance with the clan structure of Evenk society the mistress governs the clan land and her abode is usually thought to be located under the sacred cosmic tree of the clan where her husband and other herdsmen tend vast numbers of animals of all kinds.

The shaman, with the active support exclamations of the audience, tries to dissuade the obstinate mistress of the land, and she finally agrees to release into the taiga a certain number of animals. She most often assumes the form of an elk cow or wild reindeer doe. Once more he must plead his case until the great mother agrees to entreaties by promising a certain number of animals. The animals captured by the shaman instantly turn into woolen threads, shnigken, which the shaman hides in the drum.

With these shingken, the source of the future catch of the hunters, the shaman starts his return journey When he reaches the dwelling of the dunne mushun the shaman shows her the catch, and the clan guardian of the entrance into the other world permits him to return to the taiga, to the people. Malandra immediately turn back into animals who fill the countryside. The shaman carries out the request of his kinsmen and once more appears in the dwelling of the dunne mushunin. Here begins for him the most difficult and complicated moment of shamanism, the theft from the dunne mushunin of the quantity of woolen threads necessary.

The old woman, mistress of the land, agrees. While taking off the garment, she reveals the sacred little bag, in her armpit, in which the woolen threads of all the animals in the taiga are kept, and the shaman without being noticed, takes the necessary number.

When he returns to the middle world, to the people, the shaman shakes them into the taiga and instantly they are transformed into real animals. At present we must take a brief look at the ideas about the guardians of the herds of the reindeer breeders. Peculiar to these spirits is their limited domain over single herds. They are not so much concerned with the source of reindeer, which is the business of the great masters, as with the protection and well-being of the herd. Among the Chukchee and the Koryak there is a close solidarity between the family hearth and the herd, as represented by the sacred fire-board that is at once the guardian of the hearth and the guardian of the herd.

The sacred orientation of the herd is thus around the hearth. The farther the herd is from the hearth and the sacred fire- board the greater is its danger from the demonic powers of the universe. This is well shown by one of festivals see below where the return of the reindeer from summer pasture to the hearth is celebrated with thanksgiving.

The role of the fire-board as guardian of the herd is 34 Ibid. The concept of movement in history of religions 41 illustrated by an account that Jochelson gives. When it was dry a few days later the consacration took place. Thereupon, the mother of the two brothers pronounced an incantation over it, consisting of an appeal to Big-Raven to set up a new sacred fire-board as a guardian of the herd. Then fire was for the first time obtained from the sacred fire-board by means of drilling; the wooden god, or rather guardian, black from hearth smoke, and shining from the fat that had been smeared on it, became guardian of the herd and of the hearth.

Shirokogoroff 37 informs us that among the Tungus the dedicated or consacrated animals are domesticated draft reindeer and horses. The reindeer Tungus of Transbaikalia distinguish two types of consacrated reindeer, ongun and jasil. The jasil, or itik as it is known among other Tungus groups, is a special white reindeer which cannot be slaughtered or ridden. It is treated with the utmost respect and its life made as pleasant as possible. If it is beaten or saddled 35 Op. Zelenine, Le culte des idoles en Siberie, Paris, Malandra the guilty party will fall ill. Similar practices are reported by Karjalainen of the Yugra peoples.

Nach einer russischen Quelle dienen als Zugtiere gleich- farbige, gewohnlich weisse, Renntiere, die sonst nicht zum Fahren benutzt und, sobald sie untauglich geworden sind, dem von ihnen gezogenen Geiste geopfert werden. Prokofyeva has shown that the sacred sleds of the Entsy and Nenty are in fact themselves constructed in such a way as to be reindeer. They covered such sleds with the skin of a reindeer together with the hoofs and skull.

They are most often if not exclusively, considered to be bearers of powers benevolent toward man and animal. Thus they are dedicated to any number of protective spirits or gods, in many cases to the high-god himself. Diese werden dann vom Hauswirt entweder iiberhaupt nicht mehr fur einige Zwecke benutzt oder doch nur in Ausnahmefalien.

Solche Rentiere leben 15 bis 20 Jahre lang Shirokogoroff claimed 40! Das Rentier steht iiberhaupt in enger Beziehung zum Hochsten Wesen. Wenn der Mensch das Rentier gut behandelt, so wird seine Seele, die nach dem Tode, wie die aller niitzlichen Tiere, zu Mayin, dem Hochsten Wesen in den Himmel hinaufgehen, dort zum Fiirsprecher des Menschen, und Mayin belohnt dem Menschen mit Zuwachs zu seiner Rentierherde.

Because of the length of the example we have chosen, we shall give just it. The essence of narratives is always in their telling. Bei der Verfolgung des Eisbaren mit Rentieren geriet er auf Treibeis, das weit nach dem Meere zu schwamm. Rychkov, qouted from P. Schmidt, Der Ur sprung der Gottes- idee, Vol. Malandra Er trieb 40 Jahre, schliesslich auf einen Treibholz, und ganz erschopft gelingt es ihm schliesslich, langs des gelben Eises ans Land zu kriechen.

Er findet zwei Weiber, die ihn als kleines Vogelmannehen bezeichnen und ihn im Handschuh nach Hause tragen. Der Hausherr, der Lebensmittelspender- Geist, traf zu Hause ein mit einem Schlitten, dem zwei Renntiere von dem Umfang zweier grosser Berge vorgespannt waren Der Lebensmittel- verleiher-Geist erzahlt Vylkka, dass das gelbe Eis seine eiserne Briicke gewesen sei, langs der er uber das Meer wandelt Vylkka schickte er aus, um die Renntiere zusammenzutreiben, wobei er auf die Erhebung gegeniiber der Zelt steigen und dreimal rufen musste.

Vylkka tat so, und aus alien Richtungen stromten Renntiere herbei. Die laufen den ganzen Tag an ihn voruber, und immer noch sah er kein Ende. Fiir den Alten wurden Zugtiere gefangen und das Gespann angeschirrt. Beim Aufbruch sprach der Lebensmittelverleiher-Geist zu Vylkka: Als das Gespann aus dem Gesichtskreis verschwand, folgten ihm einige Zehntausand Renntiere. Sowie diese das Gespann erreichten, setzten sich die alten Kiihe in scharfen Galopp.

Der Alte war auch mitgezogen, Vylkka war mit den Tochtern allein daheim geblieben und schlief Tag und Nac. Nach drie Jahren Sagte die altere Schwester: Lass dich von nichts verlocken, oder du bekommst dein eigenes Heim nie mehr sehen. Zaume die beiden Ochsen an, die der Alte im Sommer halt, die wissen selbst, wohin sie zu gehen haben und wo sie im Sommer gewesen sind. Sie wissen den Weg zur heiligen Erhebung, wo der Alte anhalt, bleiben dort stehen und erwarten ihn Er be- trachtet die Fusse der Zugtiere, die bewegen kaum ihre Fiisse, er betrachtet den Wald—der Wald bleibt schnell hinter ihm.

Die Renntiere hielten an der heiligen Erhebung an. Dort sieht er einige sjaadais wooden idols stehen. Als er genauer hinblickte, bemerkt er, wie sie ihren Mund bewegen und die Augen bewegen, genau wie lebende. Vylkka zog den Dolch aus der Scheide und schlitzte seine Brust auf, nahm seine Lunge, gab jedem ein Stuckchen, und sie assen davon.

Gleichzeitig traf der Alte ein, und es geschach, wie die Madchen gesagt hatten. Sie kamen zum Zelt, und der Alte zeigt Vylkka seine Renntiere, ehe dieser in sein eigenes Land aufbricht. Sie sind zahllos wie das Gras, nach sieben- tagiger Fahrt gelangten sie an den Rand einer Herde, und noch weiter, soweit das Auge reichte sind fiinftausendkopfige Herden Mit dem Alten fuhr er sieben Tage inmitten der Renntierherden, am achten Tage erst wurden die Renntiere sparlicher Karawanen mit beladenen Schlitten warteten draussen—von langer Vorbereitung war nichts zu bemerken gewesen—man brauchte sich nur hineinzusetzen und loszufahren.

Siehst du auf dem Wege ein Haus, so kehre nicht darin ein noch schirre die Ochsen aus— es ist nicht weit davon, dass Gott mit ungnadigem Auge dreinschaut. Der Alte kiisste beide auf die Nase und The concept of movement in history of religions 45 band an den letzten Weiberschlitten drei alte Kiihe. Sie brachen auf, die Kiihe schleppten hinterher, und das Fell rieb sich auf dem Boden auf. Als Vylkka hinter sich blickt, sieht er, wie sich von der Herde 10, Renntiere losgelost haben und dem Gespann folgen. So fahren sie den ganzen Winter.

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Einmal erscheint der Fahrweg so breit, dass das Auge ihn kaum ermessen kann. Dort waren wenig Renntier-, aber viel Menschenspuren. Vylkka kehrt in einigen Zelten ein. Dort haben alle, junge und alte, Knochenspaten wie Horner am Kopfe Er sieht, wie die Menschen etwas unter dem Schnee hervorgraben und essen, und folgert daraus, dass er zu einem Renntiermoos essenden Volke gekommen ist Seine Schwester war in- zwischen alt geworden, runzlig, grauhaarig.

Wahrend Vylkkas Abwesenheit war die Zahl seiner Renntiere auf 10, gestiegen. Aus Vylkka wurde dann der Zauberer seines Stammes. Especially in the case of the sacrifice of reindeer, the extent and the diversity of the phenomenon make it impossible for us to deal with the subject in a comprehensive or systematic way.

Nonetheless, we shall try to indicate some of the broad lines that appear throughout. The seasonal ceremonials have a few overall common traits. In the first place, they have to do with the welfare of the herd and the economic advantages that man gains thereform. It should not be thought that such practical matters exhaust the religious content or meaning of the ceremonials, yet they play a indispensible role. The same holds true for most forms of sacrifice. This point may seem obvious; however, it should be made to avoid either the excesses of an overly spiritualistic interpretation on the one hand or hand overly materialistic one on the other.

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Another function of the ceremonials is that they figure in the nomadic existence of the people. Hence, they celebrate the safe return of the herds in the fall or wish a success- 47 T. Malandra ful spring migration. Also, they orientate man to the cycles of nature whether the falling of the first snows, the first appearance in winter of the sun, the return of grass to the tundra or the birth of fawns in the spring.

It will be remembered that we discussed the importance of the sacred fire-board among the Chukchee and especially the Koryak as the guardian of both the hearth and the herd. When in the fall the weather begins to turn cold once more the men return with the herds to the summer camp. At the first approach of the herds the fires in the houses are extinguished and new sacred fires are lighted outside containing a spark from the sacred fire-board. Among the Koryaks the people run out to meet the herd hurling burning brands upon it.

According to the second version, the One-On-High took the first reindeer out of the fire. The fawn-skins are then used for the new winter clothing. The two Chukchee ceremonials differ from each- other mainly in that the second is less elaborate than the first. After the welcome Twilight-Man and Creator each slaughtered some of their reindeer. The concept of movement in history of religions 47 begin in the same way as the Koryak, the arriving herd being greeted with shouts, the firing off of guns, the brandishing of spears and the shooting of charred sticks into the herd by the children, together with the igniting of sacred fires.

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The men walk through the herd choosing the fawns and grown bucks to be slaughtered. These are dispatched with knives and spears respectively. For each buck a female is killed and laid by the buck as a wife. Next, two rows of sledges are drawn up parallel to each other, in the midst of which is the special sled carrying the sacred fire-board and family charms.

Within the rows of sledges the women light fires and begin to butcher and skin the reindeer. The long-bones are broken for the marrow, which is both eaten and spread on the family charms. Blood is also collected for the painting ritual whereby each family has its own style that is painted in blood on people and sledges. After a meal is eaten, the drums are gotten out and a great shamanistic performance begins that lasts the whole day and in which all take part, even the children, everyone having a turn at the drum. Wealthy reindeer owners invite many guests on whom lavish gifts are bestowed, and the festive atmosphere is further enhanced by foot races and wrestling matches.

New fires are started by means of the sacred fire-board, and reindeer are slaughtered to the One-On-High as a sacrifice. The antlers of the slaughtered reindeer, which have been preserved beforehand, are heaped in a pile. Malandra Mother earth is also sacrificed to in spring. The three center poles are moved to the new site situated on high ground, and are placed down flat so that the points meet and the ends radiate out to form a circle. A reindeer is slaughtered over the center and a circle drawn around it in blood.

Afterwards, many reindeer are slaughtered for the summer and the herd departs. The sacrifice is held near the herd. They sprinkle the blood of the sacrificed animal on the snow, as if watering grass, considering this as insuring its growth for the summer. During the fall migration to the south, they carry out a sacrifice with the request that the people be healthy and after a year be able to return to the place of the summer stop-over.

Es wurde mit einem Nackenstich getotet, der Kopf wurde abgeschnitten, und den Rumpf Hess man liegen. Der Oberhirte nahm den Kopf, die anderen gingen voraus, ohne sich umzuhesen. Als sie in die Nahe der Kote zuriickgekehrt waren, versteckten sie den Kopf. Die Hauswirtin nahm drei Holz- scheite, von denen sie jeden der drei Hirten eins zuwarf, ohne ein Wort zu sagen. Dann gingen sie in den Wald nach der Opferstatte. Geist des 52 Idem. The concept of movement in history of religions 49 Oedlandes um Renntiergluck bittend. Dann legte er den Rentierkopf in das Feuer Man glaubte, der Geist der Einode werden ein neues Renntier daraus schaffen.

In spring a sacrifice was held to insure the wellbeing of the reindeer calves, 57 and another at the release of the reindeer. The division of the year, indicated by the ceremonials, follows the migratory pattern of the reindeer, which provides a much different temporal orientation than does the agriculturalist calendar. Sacrificial and ritual practices among peoples of northern Eurasia having to do with bones and skulls have already amply been attested to by a number of investigators so as to make documentation here superfluous.

In friiherer Zeit war die Benutzung des Renntieres zu diesem Zwecke uberall verbreitet, sodass z. Itkonen, Heidnische Religion und spdterer Aberglaube bei den finn- ischen Lappen, Helsinki, , p. Memoires de la Societe Finno- Ougrienne Linguistik 5, ; op. Numen XIV, 1 4 50 W. Malandra well be a general statement covering each group. For, throughout the whole area travelers and scientists have attested to the existence of countless sacred places that are characterized most often by great piles of bones, antlers and even whole carcasses of sacrificed reindeer.

Of course, sacrifice is, as we have seen, never only limited to the sacred places of the forest and tundra, but can take place almost anywhere according to need and circumstance, even inside the dwelling itself. Owing to the fact that the sacred places are pretty uniform in appearance we shall give only a couple of descriptions. In a caricature of nineteenth century ethnographic writing A. Montefiore gives the following: They vary but slightly in character, and are uniformly rude heaps of sticks, antlers and bones.

They are erected on some slight natural eminence, and this is often emphasized by a rough layer or platform of stones and driftwood. On this eminence there usually are placed, without any attempt at arrangement, the bones of bear and deer; particulary the skulls and marrow-bones.

The skulls of the deer have their antlers attached, and so many of these are usually found that the bones form a close bristling circular palisade. Among this mass of bones, many odds and ends occur From the midst of all this there rise a number of sticks and poles—some being less than a foot and others as long as six feet. They are stuck firmly in the ground, and at or near their summits are roughly cut to resemble the features of the human face. A goodly portion will hold aloft the skulls of bear and deer At these piles the Samoyed was wont, and Mr.

Jackson believes is still occasionally addicted to sacrificing deer; and on these occasions the blood of the sacrifice is smeared on the slits which represent the mouths of the gods. It may also be noted that the carcasses of the sacrificed reindeer are never eaten, but left to decompose or be consumed by birds and beasts of prey on the site of the sacrifice.

Memoires de la Societe Finno-Ougrienne The concept of movement in history of religions 51 Gottern am besten im Herbst und im Friihjahr. Im Herbst opferte man zum Dank fur den vergangenen Sommer und wegen des kiinftigen Gedeihens der Herde, im Friihjahre wiederum in der Hoff- nung auf ein gliickliches Kelben und einen guten Sommer. Around under the trees are wooden or stone idols of various spirits, and in the trees hang great numbers of reindeer skins and antlers.

All around one finds the remains of reindeer sacrifice. On the other hand, for the peoples of the northern forests and tundra such places have much greater meaning attached to them. Of course, the feeling of sanctity does not arise out of the blue, so to speak, but because for whatever peculiar reasons the place in question manifests the sacred or possesses uncanny powers. Most sacred places are the sanctuaries of a god or spirit, so it is there that sacrifice is most frequently carried out.

As we have already seen in several cases the goal of the sacrifice is the goodwill of the deity so as to insure plentiful game, the increase of the herd, or the general wellbeing of the people. Malandra deity whether the High-God or the dispenser of hunting or reindeer luck. Das Fell wird am gewohnlichsten durch Aufhangen dargebracht; es wird an heiliger Statte an einem Baum- zweige befestigt, besonders bei Opfern auf den Renntiergebieten, oder wird fiber eine Stange gelegt, die an heiliger Statte waagerecht auf Baumasten oder gabelformig auslaufenden festgerammten Stiitz- pfahlen ruht.

Some prayers are quite simple. Lass unsere Tochter auf Boden ohne Gruben ein- herschreiten, unsere Sohne auf Boden ohne Gruben einherschreiten, erwirke es von deinem heiligen Torem-Vater mit den sieben Rauchfangen! Nimm das Opfertier auf in die von deinem Vater geschaffene hundert- ochsige Renntierochsenherde! Wir bitten, um weiter hin zu leben um Sonnenlicht, wir bitten um weiterhin zu leben um Mondlicht. However, when it is a question of offering sacrifice 66 Op. Ill, Helsinki, , p. At the shore was also discovered a stake and reindeer skull that had apparently once stood erect in the same way as those of modern Siberian peoples do today.

Although we have no idea what the meaning of the ancient rite might have been, we do know that in our own times it has to do most often with fishing luck. Lass mich nicht im Wasser umkommen! Hence, they are given reindeer in sacrifice when the fishing goes poorly. Quite naturally the superhuman power is to receive the sacrificed animal; and this is seldom thought of in allegorical ways.

If you should want to offer a reindeer to the water-Spirit then the best thing to do is send it off to where the Spirit is; the same holds true for the celestial deities—the reconstruction of the animal and the hanging up of the antlers, skull and skin accomplishes in spacial terms 71 Cf. Rust summarized in J. Malandra the elevation of the sacrifice to a supramundane level. It is a further necessity that the shaman must frequently journey with the soul of the reindeer and thus insure its safe arrival at the place of the deity.

The literal spacial orientation of the direction in which the sacrifice is to go is also seen in the practice of the Voguls to bury the reindeer sacrificed to the prince of the underworld under the dwelling. However, lest we think that this is all that is here involved, or that the ritual procedure is always carried out in rather perfunctory manner, we shall reproduce a description of a northern Vogul sacrificial ceremony at one of the sacred places, told in an especially delightful way by Nosilov and quoted by Karjalainen: Zum Opfer begab man sicli am Vormittag, im Renntiergespann.

Wahrend Sopra und der Autor dem Geisterbilde neue Kleider anlegten, machten die anderen die Opferstatte zurecht, eine kleine Oeffnung im Walde Dort bot sich der Anblick eines echten Wildenlagers: Lager- feuer brannten, Menschen sprangen hin und her, Feuergeknasten und Stimmengeschwirr summten durcheinander. Rauch erhob sich wie bei einem Feuerbrand gegen den sich schon langsam verdunkelnden Himmel, und die Flammen von ca io machtigen Feuern beleuchteten die Waldlandschaft, die Menschen und die scheu gewordenen Renntiere, die an den Semrastammen angebunden waren Es waren dies nicht dieselben Renntiere, mit denen wir gekommen waren, alle waren jung, dem Tode geweiht, eins weiss wie Schnee Auf den Feuern waren Kessel bereit, in denen Schnee schmoltz.

Alle waren in fieberhafter Tatigkeit. Der alte Sopra gab die letzten Anwei- sungen, die Wogulen stiirzten auf die bedauernswerten Tiere zu und zerrten sie an den Seilen an die Lagerfeuer. Die Tiere strabten sich, entsetzt startten sie ins Feuer, sie rochelten unter dem Druck des festgezogenen Sedes am Halse, gingen aber doch vorwarts, da sie von hinten gestossen wurden. Eins versuchte einen verzweifelten Sprung in die Hohe, aber es wurde mit dem Seil so kraftig zuruckgerissen, dass es auf den Riicken fiel, die Beine nach oben.

Mehrere Manner eilten herbei, hoben es auf und begannen es abermals nach dem Feuer zu zu zerren, wo schon ein machtiger 77 Op. The concept of movement in history of religions 55 Eisentopf brausend siedete, und in dem auch bald das Fleisch dieses Renn- tiers sieden sollte. Die Renntiere wurden vor den Lagerfeuern aufgestellt und um den Hals wurde eine Schlinge gelegt, an deren beiden Enden je ein Wogule anpackte.

Dabei heulte Sopra plotzlich mit rauher Stimme auf. Die Wogulen liessen einen entsetzlichen Schrei horen, und ehe ich einen Gedanken fassen konnte, was jetzt geschah, schlugen die Renntiere auf einmal heftig um sich, wandten sich, sprangen, fielen ins Knie und tobten. Ein grausiges Schau- spiel begann.

Die Renntiere wurden erdrosselt, Pfeile wurden abgeschossen, die lautlos die Luft durchschnitten und in den Korper der Tiere drangen. Das schreien der Wilden dauerte an und wurde immer kraftiger. Blut sprizte auf, Rocheln ertonte und eines nach dem anderen fielen die Tiere vor dem Feuer auf die Knie nieder Die Wogulen schrieen immer lauter. Der Wald schallte von wiitenden Stimmen wieder.

Ich wollte mich schon in die Flucht stiirzen, in die Flucht vor einem solchen grausigen, entsetzlichen Schauspiel Die Renntiere lagen tot bei den Feuern und liber sie gebeugt standen die Wilden da, eine Weile gleichsam vom Entsetzen fur einen Augenblick gelahmt vom Anblick des Todes, und Sopra, der Alte, hob seine Hande gen Himmel wie ein opfernder Apostel Shamanism Eliade has shown that the essential feature of shamanism is the ability of the shaman to go into a state of ecstasy in which it becomes possible for his soul to leave his body and to journey, provided that he have sufficient powers, to all the various levels of the cosmos.

The reasons for undertaking such journeys which are fraught with many dangers, the life of the shaman often being at stake, are many. We have already seen a few examples. As it would lead us far afield to enumerate all the many purposes for shamanistic journeys, we shall only point to the fact that the activity of the shaman qua shaman is always this ecstatic trip to regions of the cosmos where normal people cannot venture, or if they would could not return alive.

This philosophical translation of the meaning of ecstasy is not to be found among the reindeer peoples of the North. Thus, the movement of the shaman within the cosmos, in its broadest sense, is a matter of crucial significance for our present study. Eine Stimme Aus Italien Das Haus der 1. Ein psychoanalytisches Traum-Journal ePub. Ein Trauerspiel in funf Aufzugen, und zwei Briefe uber das Antike Geschichten und Gedichte, Lieder, Briefe und Erinnerungen. Ein literarisches Lesebuch Download. Wachstum - Wettbewerb - Wirtschaftlichkeit ePub.

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