White Bible: The Collection One (4 Stories In 1)

What is regarded as canonical text differs depending on traditions and groups; a number of Bible canons have evolved, with overlapping and diverging contents. The New Testament is a collection of writings by early Christians , believed to be mostly Jewish disciples of Christ , written in first-century Koine Greek. These early Christian Greek writings consist of Gospels , letters , and apocalyptic writings.

Among Christian denominations there is some disagreement about what should be included in the canon, primarily about the Apocrypha , a list of works that are regarded with varying levels of respect. Attitudes towards the Bible also differ amongst Christian groups. Roman Catholics , high church Anglicans and Eastern Orthodox Christians stress the harmony and importance of the Bible and sacred tradition , while Protestant churches, including Evangelical Anglicans , focus on the idea of sola scriptura , or scripture alone.

This concept arose during the Protestant Reformation , and many denominations today support the use of the Bible as the only source of Christian teaching. The Bible has been a massive influence on literature and history, especially in the Western World , where the Gutenberg Bible was the first book printed using movable type. Its influence on world history is unparalleled, and shows no signs of abating. Medieval Latin biblia is short for biblia sacra "holy book", while biblia in Greek and Late Latin is neuter plural gen. It gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun biblia , gen.

The Greek ta biblia lit. Bruce notes that Chrysostom appears to be the first writer in his Homilies on Matthew , delivered between and to use the Greek phrase ta biblia "the books" to describe both the Old and New Testaments together. The division of the Hebrew Bible into verses is based on the sof passuk cantillation mark used by the 10th-century Masoretes to record the verse divisions used in earlier oral traditions. The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican Library , and it is known as the Codex Vaticanus.

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The oldest copy of a complete Latin Vulgate Bible is the Codex Amiatinus , dating from the 8th century. Riches, Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow, says that "the biblical texts themselves are the result of a creative dialogue between ancient traditions and different communities through the ages", [19] and "the biblical texts were produced over a period in which the living conditions of the writers — political, cultural, economic, and ecological — varied enormously". Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh , says that the Old Testament is "a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing.

Parallel to the solidification of the Hebrew canon c. Scholars have attempted to reconstruct something of the history of the oral traditions behind the Gospels, but the results have not been too encouraging. The period of transmission is short: This means that there was little time for oral traditions to assume fixed form.

The translation of the Bible into Latin marks the beginning of a parting of the ways between Western Latin-speaking Christianity and Eastern Christianity, which spoke Greek, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, and other languages. The Bibles of the Eastern Churches vary considerably: As a general rule, one can say that the Orthodox Churches generally follow the Septuagint in including more books in their Old Testaments than are in the Jewish canon. It defines the books of the Jewish canon, and also the precise letter-text of these biblical books, with their vocalization and accentuation.

The oldest extant manuscripts of the Masoretic Text date from approximately the 9th century CE, [24] and the Aleppo Codex once the oldest complete copy of the Masoretic Text, but now missing its Torah section dates from the 10th century. The name Tanakh Hebrew: The Hebrew names of the books are derived from the first words in the respective texts.

The Torah consists of the following five books:. The first eleven chapters of Genesis provide accounts of the creation or ordering of the world and the history of God's early relationship with humanity. The remaining thirty-nine chapters of Genesis provide an account of God's covenant with the Biblical patriarchs Abraham , Isaac and Jacob also called Israel and Jacob's children, the " Children of Israel ", especially Joseph. It tells of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home in the city of Ur , eventually to settle in the land of Canaan , and how the Children of Israel later moved to Egypt.

The remaining four books of the Torah tell the story of Moses , who lived hundreds of years after the patriarchs. He leads the Children of Israel from slavery in Ancient Egypt to the renewal of their covenant with God at Mount Sinai and their wanderings in the desert until a new generation was ready to enter the land of Canaan.

The Torah ends with the death of Moses. The Torah contains the commandments of God, revealed at Mount Sinai although there is some debate among traditional scholars as to whether these were all written down at one time, or over a period of time during the 40 years of the wanderings in the desert, while several modern Jewish movements reject the idea of a literal revelation, and critical scholars believe that many of these laws developed later in Jewish history.

Tradition states that there are commandments taryag mitzvot. The Nevi'im tell the story of the rise of the Hebrew monarchy and its division into two kingdoms, ancient Israel and Judah , focusing on conflicts between the Israelites and other nations, and conflicts among Israelites, specifically, struggles between believers in "the L ORD God" [31] and believers in foreign gods, [32] [33] and the criticism of unethical and unjust behaviour of Israelite elites and rulers; [34] [35] [36] in which prophets played a crucial and leading role. It ends with the conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians followed by the conquest of the Kingdom of Judah by the Babylonians and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.

They contain narratives that begin immediately after the death of Moses with the divine appointment of Joshua as his successor, who then leads the people of Israel into the Promised Land , and end with the release from imprisonment of the last king of Judah. Treating Samuel and Kings as single books, they cover:. The Latter Prophets are divided into two groups, the "major" prophets, Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel , Daniel , and the Twelve Minor Prophets , collected into a single book.

The collection is broken up to form twelve individual books in the Christian Old Testament , one for each of the prophets:.

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The Ketuvim are believed to have been written under the Ruach HaKodesh the Holy Spirit but with one level less authority than that of prophecy. In Masoretic manuscripts and some printed editions , Psalms, Proverbs and Job are presented in a special two-column form emphasizing the parallel stichs in the verses, which are a function of their poetry.

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These three books are also the only ones in Tanakh with a special system of cantillation notes that are designed to emphasize parallel stichs within verses. However, the beginning and end of the book of Job are in the normal prose system. These are the latest books collected and designated as "authoritative" in the Jewish canon even though they were not complete until the 2nd century CE.

Besides the three poetic books and the five scrolls, the remaining books in Ketuvim are Daniel , Ezra—Nehemiah and Chronicles. Although there is no formal grouping for these books in the Jewish tradition, they nevertheless share a number of distinguishing characteristics:. The following list presents the books of Ketuvim in the order they appear in most printed editions. It also divides them into three subgroups based on the distinctiveness of Sifrei Emet and Hamesh Megillot.

The Five Megillot Hamesh Megillot. The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in Ketuvim. The Ketuvim is the last of the three portions of the Tanakh to have been accepted as biblical canon. Evidence suggests, however, that the people of Israel were adding what would become the Ketuvim to their holy literature shortly after the canonization of the prophets. As early as BCE references suggest that the Ketuvim was starting to take shape, although it lacked a formal title.

Many scholars believe that the limits of the Ketuvim as canonized scripture were determined by the Council of Jamnia c. The Tanakh was mainly written in biblical Hebrew , with some small portions Ezra 4: As the work of translation progressed, the canon of the Greek Bible expanded. The Torah always maintained its pre-eminence as the basis of the canon but the collection of prophetic writings, based on the Nevi'im , had various hagiographical works incorporated into it. In addition, some newer books were included in the Septuagint, among these are the Maccabees and the Wisdom of Sirach.

However, the book of Sirach , is now known to have existed in a Hebrew version, since ancient Hebrew manuscripts of it were rediscovered in modern times. The Septuagint version of some Biblical books, like Daniel and Esther , are longer than those in the Jewish canon. Since Late Antiquity , once attributed to a hypothetical late 1st-century Council of Jamnia , mainstream Rabbinic Judaism rejected the Septuagint as valid Jewish scriptural texts. Several reasons have been given for this. First, some mistranslations were claimed.

Second, the Hebrew source texts used for the Septuagint differed from the Masoretic tradition of Hebrew texts, which was chosen as canonical by the Jewish rabbis. After the Protestant Reformation , many Protestant Bibles began to follow the Jewish canon and exclude the additional texts, which came to be called Biblical apocrypha. In most ancient copies of the Bible which contain the Septuagint version of the Old Testament, the Book of Daniel is not the original Septuagint version, but instead is a copy of Theodotion 's translation from the Hebrew, which more closely resembles the Masoretic Text.

In Greek-speaking areas, this happened near the end of the 2nd century, and in Latin-speaking areas at least in North Africa , it occurred in the middle of the 3rd century.

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History does not record the reason for this, and St. Jerome reports, in the preface to the Vulgate version of Daniel, "This thing 'just' happened. It has been proposed, and is thought highly likely by scholars, that "Esdras B" — the canonical Ezra—Nehemiah — is Theodotion's version of this material, and "Esdras A" is the version which was previously in the Septuagint on its own.

Some texts are found in the Septuagint but are not present in the Hebrew. Some books that are set apart in the Masoretic Text are grouped together. The Septuagint organizes the minor prophets as twelve parts of one Book of Twelve.

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A Christian Bible is a set of books that a Christian denomination regards as divinely inspired and thus constituting scripture. Although the Early Church primarily used the Septuagint or the Targums among Aramaic speakers, the apostles did not leave a defined set of new scriptures; instead the canon of the New Testament developed over time. Groups within Christianity include differing books as part of their sacred writings, most prominent among which are the biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical books. The books which make up the Christian Old Testament differ between the Catholic see Catholic Bible , Orthodox, and Protestant see Protestant Bible churches, with the Protestant movement accepting only those books contained in the Hebrew Bible, while Catholics and Orthodox have wider canons.

A few groups consider particular translations to be divinely inspired, notably the Greek Septuagint and the Aramaic Peshitta. In Eastern Christianity , translations based on the Septuagint still prevail.

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The Septuagint was generally abandoned in favour of the 10th-century Masoretic Text as the basis for translations of the Old Testament into Western languages. A number of books which are part of the Peshitta or the Greek Septuagint but are not found in the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible i. Most Protestants term these books as apocrypha. Modern Protestant traditions do not accept the deuterocanonical books as canonical, although Protestant Bibles included them in Apocrypha sections until the s.

The Roman Catholic Church recognizes: In addition to those, the Greek and Russian Orthodox Churches recognize the following: Russian and Georgian Orthodox Churches include: There is also 4 Maccabees which is only accepted as canonical in the Georgian Church , but was included by St. Jerome in an appendix to the Vulgate , and is an appendix to the Greek Orthodox Bible, and it is therefore sometimes included in collections of the Apocrypha. The Syriac Orthodox tradition includes: The Ethiopian Biblical canon includes: The Anglican Church uses some of the Apocryphal books liturgically.

Therefore, editions of the Bible intended for use in the Anglican Church include the Deuterocanonical books accepted by the Catholic Church, plus 1 Esdras , 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh , which were in the Vulgate appendix. Not all of these works are actually pseudepigraphical. It also refers to books of the New Testament canon whose authorship is misrepresented. The "Old Testament" Pseudepigraphal works include the following: Notable pseudepigraphal works include the Books of Enoch such as 1 Enoch , 2 Enoch , surviving only in Old Slavonic , and 3 Enoch , surviving in Hebrew , c.

These are ancient Jewish religious works, traditionally ascribed to the prophet Enoch , the great-grandfather of the patriarch Noah. They are not part of the biblical canon used by Jews , apart from Beta Israel. Most Christian denominations and traditions may accept the Books of Enoch as having some historical or theological interest or significance.

It has been observed that part of the Book of Enoch is quoted in the Epistle of Jude part of the New Testament but Christian denominations generally regard the Books of Enoch as non-canonical or non-inspired. Around Sierra Leone, and in the neighborhood of Cape Palmas, a few natives have been made Christians, and some nations have been partially civilized; but what a small number in comparison with the thousands, nay, I may say millions, who have learned the way to Heaven and who have been made to know their Savior through the means of African slavery!

At this very moment there are from three to four millions of Africans, educating for earth and for Heaven in the so vilified Southern States—learning the very best lessons for a semi-barbarous people—lessons of self-control, of obedience, of perseverance, of adaptation of means to ends; learning, above all, where their weakness lies, and how they may acquire strength for the battle of life. These considerations satisfy me with their condition, and assure me that it is the best relation they can, for the present, be made to occupy.

Reviewing the work of the white churches, Frederick Douglass had this to say: To be the friend of the one is of necessity to be the enemy of the other. I love the pure, peaceable, and impartial Christianity of Christ; I therefore hate the corrupt, slave-holding, women-whipping, cradle-plundering, partial and hypocritical Christianity of this land.

Adapted from The Great Stain: Witnessing American Slavery by Noel Rae. Contact us at editors time. By Noel Rae February 23, Little Stories for Tiny People: Anytime and bedtime stories for kids Rhea Pechter View in iTunes. Links Podcast Website Report a Concern. The Parable of the Lost Son. Gideon you are NOT alone. Everyone has a gift. First Please click here and check out our Patreon page to see how you can help serve little boys and girls all over the world!

Today we finish our short series on Adam and Eve. We hear about their encounter with the Clean KBS 1st Birthday. Thank you to everyone who is listening!!!! We are so grateful for each of you. We hear from many of you and it brings us such joy to see the positive impact we get to have on the children. Thank you for taking the time to let your children listen and Clean 70 3rd July Mid-week. July mid week special.

Clean 69 Dan the Great Fish. This episode is Joshua's very favorite one. To celebrate Kids Bible Stories 1 year anniversary, we are playing some of our first episodes, our favorites, and your favorites. We hope you enjoy this wonderful story! To connect with us, support Clean 68 2nd July Mid-Week. July is the 1 year anniversary for Kids Bible Stories Podcast.

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