Rise of The Wolf Riders Episode 11: The Council of Ten Thousand (The Hell Fire Series)

As Natsu searches for the Eclipse spirits inside the Celestial Spirit Beast, his friends outside manage to weaken the beast with their attacks. Natsu eventually finds the Celestial Spirit King's original form chained by the Eclipse spirits to a sphere of energy. By eating part of the sphere, Natsu is able to destroy it and free the spirit king. He returns to find their friends and the spirit world returned to normal, as well as the Zodiac spirits, who have lost their memories of their Eclipse selves. The wizards return to the human world while the Zodiac spirits renew their contracts with Lucy and Yukino.

Alzack and Bisca leave Natsu to babysit their daughter Asuka while they are away. Natsu loses to Asuka in a sharpshooting contest and is forced to fulfill her wishes for the day. Asuka takes Natsu, Lucy, and Happy to perform several odd jobs around town for her to afford a treasured snow globe lacrima that her parents were once forced to pawn off to pay for her medicine.

Shortly after they buy the lacrima, it is stolen by a gang of sky pirates, but Natsu helps Asuka shoot them down by spitting fireballs along with her cork gun, revealing he had lost their contest on purpose. They return to the guildhall where Asuka gives her parents the lacrima after eating a cake that Erza, Wendy, Carla, and Lily have spent the day making for her. Juvia decides to celebrate the th-day anniversary of her first meeting with Gray, and is encouraged by Erza to give him a present.

After taking several suggestions from her guildmates, she settles on knitting him a scarf. However, Gray rejects the gift and asks to be left alone. Lyon approaches Juvia and explains that Gray is mourning the anniversary of his teacher Ur's death. Feeling guilty for intruding on a such somber occasion for Gray, Juvia is comforted by Erza, who tells her that every day has a different meaning for everyone. Meanwhile, it begins to snow and Gray is reminded of Ur giving him a scarf, prompting him to go back and recover Juvia's scarf.

The next day, Juvia exchanges apologies with Gray and gives him a dakimakura of herself as a th-day anniversary gift. Natsu, Lucy, and Happy set out on a mission to Mount Hakobe to collect magic ice with abnormal properties. They take refuge from a blizzard within a cave of living ice that closes behind them, trapping them inside. They quickly become lost for days in the labyrinthine cave with little food and sleep.

They eventually find the magic ice at the cave's exit and retrieve a sample, only to be attacked by a giant octopus monster that they are too fatigued to fight. Lucy recalls that the ice has restorative properties and feeds it to Natsu, giving him the strength to defeat the monster. However, they collapse in exhaustion upon realizing that without the ice, they now have to start the mission over again. Mirajane teaches Natsu, Lucy, and Happy how to use transformation magic. Macao and Wakaba eavesdrop on the lesson so they can regain their youth and win over their estranged wives, but they strain their magic power after multiple failed attempts and transform into monsters that proceed to attack Magnolia.

Meanwhile, Erza buys a superhero costume at a boutique and begins performing heroic deeds around town as "Fairy Woman". Upset that her heroics amount to little more than menial tasks, Erza encounters and defeats the rampaging Macao and Wakaba, returning them to normal. Afterward, she discovers that her face has inexplicably turned realistic while wearing her costume.

Natsu and Happy discover an egg that falls from the sky and hatches into a small, fire-breathing creature, which Natsu names Kemo-Kemo. Meanwhile, the Magic Council initiates a member exchange program between the guilds that participated in the Grand Magic Games; Natsu volunteers as one of the exchange members, interested in asking about Kemo-Kemo's origins across Fiore.

As he and his friends visit the other guilds and cause problems for their respective members, they notice Kemo-Kemo growing larger and more powerful. When Fairy Tail visits Saber Tooth, the Council cancels the exchange program and requests the two guilds to investigate a mysterious island that has risen from the sea. While Fairy Tail and Saber Tooth explore the newly surfaced island, the two guilds are attacked by a giant sea serpent caught on the island. The serpent traps Natsu, Lucy, Happy, and Kemo-Kemo in the ruins on the island, while everyone else succumbs to a mysterious virus.

Lucy deciphers the glyphs in the ruins and discovers Kemo-Kemo to be a guardian deity that protects those on the island from the virus. Kemo-Kemo grows into a giant and defeats the serpent alongside Natsu, curing everyone in the process. However, Kemo-Kemo merges with the island as it sinks into the ocean, leaving a seed behind that Natsu plants in front of his house in memory of Kemo-Kemo.

Laxus and the Raijin Tribe accept a job requesting them to solve a series of never-ending lightning strikes around the city of Volwatt. The city mayor holds Laxus responsible for the phenomenon due to fighting a street gang prior to the Grand Magic Games. As Bickslow and Evergreen battle electric serpents in the city, Laxus and Fried find a lacrima charged with Laxus's lightning magic in the underground sewers.

After Laxus neutralizes the lacrima, he and the Raijin Tribe discover that the mayor has deliberately set up Laxus to extort Fairy Tail. Laxus angrily confronts the mayor, but decides to spare him when he protects his granddaughter from the rampage. Laxus and the Raijin Tribe are hailed as the town heroes while the mayor secretly continues his extortion schemes. Ichiya creates a magic perfume that spreads into the sewers of Magnolia, transforming its residents into zombie-like Ichiya clones that spread the "virus" by sniffing others.

Lucy evades detection from the clones in a bunny costume that conceals her scent while most of her guildmates become infected. She hides in the sewers together with Natsu and Happy, but they are forced to fly above the city to find it has been overrun with Ichiya clones. Meanwhile, Romeo tells Wendy and Carla of the clones' weakness and sends her to meet Natsu before being infected as well.

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Natsu remembers a deodorizing spray given to him by Erza and uses it to return everyone to normal. He and Happy then decide to take a bath at Lucy's house, unaware that Happy has become infected. At their new bathhouse, the female members of Fairy Tail encounter Flare, who tells them that Raven Tail has disbanded.

However, she declines Lucy's invitation to join Fairy Tail, bewildering everyone. Lucy returns home to learn from Erza, Wendy, and Carla that Natsu and Gray have not returned from a job, only to later find the two bickering as usual. As they refuse to work with each other again, Natsu and Gray receive a job request from Warrod Sequen, the fourth highest ranking Wizard Saint, asking them to save a frozen town known as Sun Village. Warrod explains that the village's Eternal Flame deity has also been frozen, and that the villagers are still alive inside the ice.

He uses his magic to transport Natsu's team to the village on a moving tree, seeing them off as he recollects the formation of his original guild, Fairy Tail. Natsu's team arrive at the frozen Sun Village, discovering it to be the home of giants. While investigating the magic ice freezing the town, the wizards encounter a trio of treasure hunters from the Sylph Labyrinth guild, who plan to steal the Eternal Flame for themselves and warn Fairy Tail against interfering with them.

The wizards chase after the treasure hunters for their bottle of liquified Moon Drip, believing the liquid can help save the village, but are shocked when the treasure hunters prove themselves to be capable fighters. Meanwhile, as Erza explores the village on her own in search of the Eternal Flame, she finds herself transformed into a child. While struggling to adapt to her childlike body, Erza encounters Minerva, who reveals herself to have joined the dark guild Succubus Eye to take revenge against Erza for her humiliation at the Grand Magic Games.

Meanwhile, the bottle of liquid Moon Drip accidentally breaks as the other Fairy Tail wizards fight Sylph Labyrinth over it, thawing out a small patch of ground. Natsu hears a familiar voice from the patch and sets off to find its source, only to run into Minerva's monstrous guildmate Doriath, who turns him into a child as well.

Finding his physical and magical strength severely weakened, Natsu runs away. The girls are nearly killed by the treasure hunters until Flare arrives and rescues them, wearing a new emblem in place of her Raven Tail mark. Flare reveals she is an adopted resident of Sun Village, evidenced by her new emblem.

Angered by the village's frozen state and Sylph Labyrinth's callous effort to steal the Eternal Flame, Flare fights the treasure hunters alongside Lucy and Wendy. After the girls' attacks send the hunters flying out of the village, Lucy and Wendy accept Flare's offer to help guide them to the Eternal Flame. Later, Doriath finds Gray and turns him into a child, causing Gray to relive his traumatic memories of Deliora upon seeing the monstrous Doriath. While panicking, Gray hears Ultear's voice encouraging him and regains his composure, preparing himself to fight Doriath and save the village.

Doriate" " Gurei vs. Despite his weakened magic in his childlike form, Gray outsmarts and humiliates Doriath with various pratfalls, determining that he is not the one responsible for freezing Sun Village. Doriath becomes enraged and transforms into a massive demon whose roar transforms everyone in the village into a child. Gray notices that the berserk Doriath instinctively avoids the ice freezing the village, which he deduces is harmful to the demon. Gray channels the ice's magic through his body to defeat Doriath, reversing his spell on everyone.

Doriath is subsequently devoured by his and Minerva's giant, one-eyed bird mount. Meanwhile, Natsu meets with Lucy, Wendy, and Flare after tracing the voice to a frozen mountain, which Flare says is the Eternal Flame. Gray arrives at the flame while pursued by the bird, which Natsu prepares to fight. Gray uses his newfound understanding of the magic ice to unfreeze the Eternal Flame. Upon doing so, the wizards find the flame burning faintly. Natsu uses his fire attacks to knock the one-eyed bird onto the flame's altar, reigniting the flame. Wendy discovers that the flame is alive and uses her Milky Way spell, revealing the flame to be the spirit of the dragon Atlas Flame, who recalls the village being frozen by a demon slayer wizard named Silver, one of the dark guild Tartaros's elite Nine Demon Gates.

Atlas Flame uses the last of his strength to thaw out the rest of Sun Village, freeing the giants and forcing Minerva to flee. Before vanishing, Atlas Flame tells Natsu about E. After Atlas Flame's disappearance, Fairy Tail celebrates their mission's success while Flare is welcomed back by the giants of Sun Village. Later, the Fairy Tail members make their way back to Warrod's house to collect their reward, which turns out to be a potato.

The Magic Council discusses Tartaros's recent activity and the decrease in dark guilds under its jurisdiction. When the council decides to take action, Jackal of the Nine Demon Gates infiltrates the building and destroys it with his explosion-based abilities, killing every councilor and several others, including Lahar. As news of the Magic Council's assassination spreads to Fairy Tail, Doranbalt, one of the attack's few survivors, goes to the council dungeon to extract information on Tartaros from Cobra.

Cobra tells him that the dark guild is composed entirely of demons from the books of Zeref, with E. The Raijin Tribe attempt to defend Yajima from Tempester's storm-based powers before Laxus arrives to battle the demon. Laxus defeats Tempester before the demon can kill Yajima. Mortally injured, Tempester's body disintegrates to be reconfigured at Tartaros's headquarters, leaving behind a cloud of toxic black mist.

Laxus inhales most of the mist to keep his friends from being contaminated, but he is unable to save the town, which is quarantined. After Laxus and Raijin Tribe are brought to the guildhall to recover, Natsu furiously declares war on Tartaros to avenge their friends. The guild sends several teams to the surviving ex-council members' homes to protect them; Natsu's team meets Michello, who thinks that Tartaros is after something called "Face".

Jackal destroys Michello's house, but Natsu consumes the explosion and faces the demon. Natsu assails Jackal when the demon demolishes the city around them, but Jackal uses his curse power to turn Natsu into a living bomb, knocking him unconscious. Michello runs for his life, insisting he knows nothing of Tartaros's plans as Jackal chases him through the city. Lucy pursues Jackal as Wendy heals Natsu, but Jackal traps her in a land mine and threatens to kill Michello and a pregnant woman, forcing her to choose between whom to spare.

Natsu recovers in time to save Lucy, having learned to eat Jackal's explosions without being damaged by them, and faces Jackal again. Realizing his explosions no longer affect Natsu, Jackal assumes his demonic true form, but Natsu quickly defeats him. Jackal self-destructs in a final effort to kill the wizards, but Happy carries him above the city before he explodes, barely escaping the blast himself.

Later, Fairy Tail's other teams find that their assigned council members have already been killed. Makarov interrogates Michello, who tells them that Face is a pulse bomb used by the Magic Council to eradicate all magic on the continent; this would leave humans defenseless against Tartaros, whose curse power would be unaffected. According to Michello, Face's seal is connected to the lives of three former council members whose identities are known only by the original chairman, whom Erza and Mirajane are dispatched to protect.

Erza and Mirajane arrive at the home of former council chairman Crawford Theme, who professes his ignorance of Face, before they are ambushed by henchmen from Tartaros. With Brain incapacitated by Cobra and Hoteye refusing to fight, the other four members battle Jellal. Later, Erza and Mirajane collapse and are captured by Crawford, who hands them over to Tartaros. Natsu realizes Crawford is Tartaros's informant and traces his scent to Tartaros's headquarters to rescue his friends.

When Natsu recognizes Silver's scent as similar to Gray's, Silver freezes him solid and imprisons him with Lisanna, leaving Happy to escape on his own. Happy later returns to Fairy Tail's guildhall to warn his friends about what has happened, including the location of their base, a floating, cubical island. Elfman then returns, but unknown to anyone else, he is possessed by Seilah and has brought an explosive lacrima to destroy the guild. As Crawford attempts to locate the final key to Face, Zero awakens and seemingly vaporizes Jellal. Meanwhile, the Fairy Tail wizards discover that Tartaros's headquarters are directly above Magnolia.

Before they can react, Elfman detonates Seilah's bomb, destroying their guildhall. As the demons of Tartaros revel in Fairy Tail's destruction, they see Happy, Carla, and Lily flying towards Cube with Cana's magic card deck, which has their guildmates sealed safely inside. Cana unseals the guild and they begin their assault on Tartaros.

The two fight, creating a hole in Tartaros's headquarters that allows the rest of Fairy Tail to enter. Natsu separates with Lisanna before time stops around him, and Zeref appears before him. Before disappearing, Zeref cryptically tells Natsu to choose whether to spare or kill E. As the rest of Fairy Tail infiltrates Tartaros's base, Mirajane reunites with Lisanna and is confronted by Seilah, who wants to exact revenge for her failure to destroy the guild.

Lucy, Wendy, Happy, and Carla reach Tartaros's control room to discover that Face has been set to detonate within 41 minutes. Natsu reunites with Lucy to battle Franmalth, who has the ability to absorb Lucy's spirits and mimic their powers. When Natsu overcomes his spirit forms, Franmalth assumes a powerful new form that shocks the wizards. Franmalth takes on the comically distorted form of Hades, Grimoire Heart's master, using the dark wizard's formidable magic against Natsu and Lucy. Natsu finds that his magic has no effect on Franmalth, who is able to absorb his attacks.

When Ezel brutally injures Wendy and prepares to eat Carla, Wendy consumes the Ether-nano in the air around Face, allowing her to activate Dragon Force. Using her newly attained Dragon Force, Wendy simultaneously defeats Ezel in his powered up form and dismantles Face. To her dismay, the bomb continues its countdown and its imminent detonation is sensed by Fairy Tail and Tartaros.

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Using her clairvoyance, Carla reconfigures Face to self-destruct and tells Wendy to save herself from the explosion, but she declines and they activate the mechanism together. The bomb explodes, but Doranbalt saves the two and commends them for their heroism. Sensing that Face has been deactivated, Franmalth begins absorbing Natsu, Lucy, and Happy's souls in a fury. When Lucy attempts to de-summon her celestial spirits absorbed by Franmalth in order to save them, the demon is nearly sent to the celestial world with them and releases the spirits.

Lucy tricks Franmalth into thinking Natsu is also one of her spirits, allowing Natsu to break free and defeat Franmalth by smashing him with giant rocks. Hades's soul is released form Franmalth, and he warns the wizards that detonating Face is not Tartaros's true objective. Meanwhile, Mirajane destroys Tartaros's laboratory in her fight with Seilah, preventing Ezel and Franmalth from being resurrected. Finding that her curse has no effect on Mirajane, Seilah unleashes her true power to overwhelm her.

Mirajane uses the last of her magic to absorb some of Seilah's abilities, which she uses to call Elfman to her rescue, defeating Seilah. As Warren telepathically contacts the rest of the guild, Happy relays Hades's message to Makarov, who determines he must activate Lumen Histoire. Mard Geer interrupts and casts the Alegria curse, which transforms the island cube into the flying monster Pluto's Grim. The wizards within its body are all absorbed into the creature's body except for Lucy, who miraculously escapes the curse. As Lucy looks for a way to release her friends from Pluto's Grim, she is pursued by the members of Tartaros, including the Demon Gates Torafuzar and a resurrected Jackal.

Lucy exhausts herself summoning Leo, Virgo, and Aquarius to help fight off the demons. When Jackal corners Lucy, Aquarius advises her to summon the Celestial Spirit King, which requires her to destroy one of her golden Zodiac keys, thus making it impossible to summon that spirit again. Lucy reluctantly sacrifices Aquarius's key at the spirit's urging and summons the king, who cuts down Pluto's Grim and confronts Mard Geer. Underworld King" " Tarutarosu-hen: During their battle, the king fits Lucy with clothes imbued with Aquarius's magic, giving her enough power to defeat Jackal.

As Lucy's depletion of magic causes the king's strength to wane, he uses his remaining power to break Mard Geer's curse on Fairy Tail and encase the Underworld King in stone before returning to the spirit world. Silver separates Gray from his friends as they fight against the remaining three demons, while Franmalth survives in the form of a mushroom attached to Happy's head. Elsewhere, Wendy and Carla awaken in Doranbalt's care to discover thousands of Face bombs have appeared in place of the one they have destroyed.

Meanwhile, Erza battles with Minerva, who has been converted into a demon. During their fight, Minerva's memories of her father's abuse surface and she suffers an emotional breakdown, asking Erza to kill her. Mard Geer escapes his petrification and attempts to kill Minerva for her weakness, but she is rescued by Sting, Rogue, and their Exceed.

Erza and Minerva learn that Keyes is using Crawford's reanimated corpse to manually activate the Face bombs. They soon discover Franmalth embedded in Happy's head and force him to take them to Tartaros's main control room. Meanwhile, Silver separates Gray from the others for a private confrontation. Gray recognizes Silver as his father, who is supposedly dead, and denies his identity. Silver states that he is actually Deliora, the demon responsible for killing Silver, whose corpse he is currently possessing, enraging Gray.

Gray furiously attacks Silver, whose ice demon slayer powers make him immune to Gray's ice magic. Gray tries channeling Silver's magic against him as previously done against Doriath, but it also has no effect. With no other options, Gray contemplates using the same Iced Shell technique used by Ur to permanently freeze Deliora, despite needing to sacrifice his own body in order to do so.

He reconsiders and ultimately grievously wounds Silver by hurling a cannonball through his chest. Gray refuses to kill Silver, however, reasoning that he is not Deliora as he claims to be. Silver reveals he is not Deliora, but rather the corpse of Gray's father, reanimated by Keyes's necromancy curse and driven by vengeance against Zeref's demons. He requests Gray to kill him, but Gray cannot bring himself to do so, despite the atrocities he has committed. As the two embrace, Silver telepathically contacts Juvia and instructs her to destroy Keyes and stop him from activating the Face bombs using Crawford's corpse.

Juvia hesitates to do so, however, realizing that she would be separating Gray from his father forever. As Keyes taunts Juvia, she enters his body in the form of water and reluctantly destroys him from within. Before fading away, Silver bestows his demon slayer magic onto Gray, who vows to destroy E.

As the wizards continue to navigate Tartaros's headquarters, Torafuzar and Tempester assume their true "Etherious" forms to kill Natsu and Gajeel. The two dragon slayers activate their lightning and shadow powers, respectively, but their teamwork is hindered when they begin bickering over whose form is stronger. Their argument allows Torafuzar to flood the area with toxic water to kill the wizards. Gajeel quickly loses oxygen while fighting Torafuzar underwater, but Levy saves him from drowning by giving him air with a kiss. Gajeel tells Levy to use her magic to make oxygen for their drowning guildmates while he continues to battle Torafuzar.

The demon hardens his body to neutralize Gajeel's attacks while Gajeel and Levy begin to succumb to Torafuzar's poison. However, Gajeel uses the carbon-rich water to furbish his iron body into steel, which cuts through Torafuzar's defenses and defeats him. Tempester attacks Gajeel after he is left weakened from the fight, but Laxus comes to Gajeel's rescue and faces Tempester in a rematch.

Despite his ailing condition from their previous encounter, Laxus fights and defeats Tempester. The demon's blood spills onto Laxus's coat, which he gives to Gajeel to deliver to Porlyusica and create an antidote for himself, the Raijin Tribe, and Yajima. Mortally wounded, Tempester once again turns into toxic mist to kill the wizards, but Gray arrives and freezes the mist with his new demon-slaying magic before his friends can be contaminated. To their dread, they all recognize it as Acnologia, who wreaks destruction as he descends on the two guilds. Natsu, Gajeel, Wendy, Sting, and Rogue are immobilized as they begin to pulsate violently.

Natsu suddenly hears Igneel's voice saying the time has come for him to stop Acnologia, and watches in awe as the missing fire dragon emerges from his body and battles Acnologia, revealed to have been inside him all along. Natsu intervenes between Igneel and Acnologia's battle, confused and angry over Igneel's unexplained return. Igneel tasks Natsu with stealing the book of E. Sting and Rogue arrive on the battlefield and join Natsu, who reluctantly accepts and pushes Mard Geer back with their assistance. Enraged, Mard Geer places E. Meanwhile, Makarov telepathically contacts his guild to reveal their ultimate weapon, Lumen Histoire, which is revealed to be Mavis's body preserved in a crystal.

Makarov instructs his guild to come to the ruins of their guildhall, privately requesting Doranbalt to erase their memories of Lumen Histoire after the battle. Meanwhile, Mard Geer reveals that the true purpose of the Etherious demons created by Zeref is to kill their creator, and that they aim to eradicate magic in Earth-land to lift the seal on E.

Gray arrives and uses his demon-slaying magic on Mard Geer, which proves effective. Mard Geer summons a flower containing Ziemma, who has been transformed into a demon mightier than the Nine Demon Gates. Sting and Rogue fight their former master, allowing Natsu and Gray to focus on battling Mard Geer in his Etherious form. Sting and Rogue are able to destroy Ziemma, professing that Saber Tooth has improved since his removal from the guild. Meanwhile, Natsu and Gray continue their fight with Mard Geer, who performs his ultimate curse, Memento Mori, to erase the two from existence.

With Natsu and Gray seemingly destroyed, Mard Geer declares that he will use the curse to kill Zeref. Natsu and Gray emerge from the rubble left by Mard Geer's curse, having survived due to Gray taking on a partial demonic form and taking the brunt of the attack for Natsu. After Gray collapses, Natsu enters a natural Dragon Force state and performs one final onslaught on Mard Geer, but he runs out magic power to continue fighting the demon.

However, Natsu reveals himself to be a decoy for Gray, who shoots Mard Geer down with an arrow of demon-slaying ice. Despite Igneel seemingly defeating Acnologia as well, Face's countdown reaches zero. With Fairy Tail's ally guilds unable to dismantle the bombs, the dragon guardians of Gajeel, Wendy, Sting, and Rogue emerge and destroy Face. After the dragons destroy the bombs across Ishgal, Face is deactivated, saving Earth-land from destruction. Acnologia gains a second wind and resumes his fight with Igneel, leaving Natsu and Gray to argue over whether to destroy E.

However, Zeref arrives to retrieve the book and kills Mard Geer before vanishing. Igneel reveals that he and the other dragons sealed themselves within the dragon slayers to immunize them from becoming dragons like Acnologia, and to have the opportunity of killing Acnologia themselves. Igneel bites off Acnologia's arm, but Acnologia mercilessly kills the fire dragon, to Natsu's horror. Following Igneel's death, the surviving dragons reveal that their souls have already been stolen by Acnologia, and so they pass on to the afterlife alongside Igneel.

A heartbroken Natsu vows to become strong enough to kill Acnologia and avenge his father. The Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University, he made his name by discovering that black holes are not necessarily black - some of them shine. Afflicted by a terrible illness, Professor Hawking relies on his young students to help him In his work - an ambitious programme to unify all the disparate theories of physics into one ultimate theory of everything.

If he succeeds, then his discipline, theoretical physics, may have only 20 years or so to go before it comes to an end. Each year in Britain four million animals, including rats, mice, rabbits, dogs and monkeys are used for animal experiments; their bodies are the testing ground for new products as well as for the advance of scientific knowledge. Scientists maintain that without these animal experiments our future health and safety would be dangerously at risk. Yet to many of us the very idea of animals being used in this way is repugnant. Are all these animal experiments essential or useful?

Could they be replaced by cell cultures, computer models and other sophisticated laboratory techniques which would relieve or remove that suffering and death? Does it have to be either our well-being or animal welfare? An investigation into the alternatives to that cruel choice. In Dr Norman Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for advances in agricultural technology which had produced new 'miracle' rice and wheat. The Green Revolution had arrived; it was hoped that world hunger would disappear. But in the years which followed the new technology only seemed to make the rich farmers richer and the poor farmers poorer.

How have agricultural scientists responded to this? Through the eyes of an economist, Keith Griffin President of Magdalen College, Oxford Horizon looks critically at the new 'Green Revolution' as scientists work in Mexico, Bangladesh and the Philippines to help the poor grow more food. Their new approach may offer some hope - but unless there are equal changes in economic and political structures are other kinds of revolution inevitable?

The Case of the Hillside Strangler". Report, using material of the time, of the moon landing , and discussion on the USA's space programme. Investigates the history of germ warfare and the threat of a new biological arms race. Chickens packed in battery cages, pigs in metal crates so small they can't turn round - that's what modern farming means to many people, and they're against it.

But what do the animals feel about it all? Scientists are now studying farm animals to find out more about their natural behaviour and about how farmers can change the way they treat them, in the hope of improving farm productivity and making life better for them. And they've come up with some surprising evidence from experiments that include lambs in balaclava helmets, hens laying multicoloured eggs, pigs building nests - and a group of chickens that roundly rejected an influential government report on welfare.

Report on the passage of the European Giotto spacecraft as it passes through the tail of Halley's Comet. The virus that causes AIDS has become one of the most intensively studied disease-causing organisms in the history of science. Its anatomy has been dissected, and the way it penetrates the body's defences understood. This year a vaccine has reached the crucial stage of testing in monkeys. And a powerful new drug may offer some hope to sufferers. But the more AIDS researchers learn, the more worried they become. The virus has now infected 20 million people across the globe; it is spreading sexually between males and females; and attacking not only the immune system, but also the brain.

Eventually, hundreds of thousands of young people with AIDS may require specialised mental health care. There are clocks in your body which, left to themselves, would have you live a hour day. Tampering with them, just by working the wrong shift pattern, may lead to illness, or may affect your ability to have a child. Understanding body-clocks helps to cure winter depression, warns of death rhythms in unborn babies, leads to pills for reducing jet-lag, gives longer lives to some cancer patients - and may even provide cheaper meat. How can science help in the investigation of political kidnappings and mass murder?

Argentina's military juntas were responsible for torturing and killing over 10, people. Today their bones are their only witnesses. By exhuming unmarked graves, forensic scientists are identifying individual victims and finding important evidence to bring those responsible to justice. Many of the 'Children of the Disappeared' have survived because they were illegally taken by military families who may have been involved in their parents' murder.

When grandparents eventually trace their grandchildren, the only way they can get them back is to prove their real identity by genetic testing. In Wells Cathedral there is a clue to the origin of rheumatoid arthritis. It is one tiny piece in the puzzle that has vexed doctors for years: Is it an infection by bacteria or viruses? Is it stress or diet?

Intense research this century has answered some of these questions, only to reveal more Will it suddenly disappear as rapidly as it appeared?

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The ultimate cause, and a cure, remain to be found, but recent discoveries offer some hope for the million Britons who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis. The information-hungry world of the 21st century will be fed not by electrical signals, but by pulses of invisible laser light flying along fibres of glass. What is the revolution in communications that has ousted electricity in favour of light? With crashing motorbikes, stretching trains and a semiconductor laser the size of a department store, Horizon investigates the mysterious world of light technology and, at the frontiers, finds plans for computers that will process information with light.

Janice Blenkharn faces the hardest choice of her life. Whether or not she wants to be told if she will develop an incurable genetic disease called Huntington's disease. Every child of an affected parent has a chance of inheriting it. Janice's mother died of Huntington's Chorea, so Janice is at risk.

If she develops it, then her children will be at risk. Until now, there has been no way of knowing who will be affected and who spared. But thanks to painstaking research in a remote South American fishing village, a test now exists. It offers Janice, and others at risk from this fatal disease, the chance to see into the future. For sufferers of Parkinson's Disease , hope lies in a new experimental operation - a brain transplant - and the first on a human being is just about to take place. This remarkable technique may one day also treat patients with Alzheimer's Disease , strokes and paralysing spinal cord injuries, yet promises to be surrounded by controversy because of the source of the transplanted tissue.

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Deep in a Japanese cave, a star's last moments are detected by signals from particles which have travelled through , light years of space, and then through the earth itself. It was the most important event in any living astronomer's lifetime, because dying stars are central to the life of our universe. So when the supernova appeared in the southern sky last February, the world's astronomers turned every available instrument on to it. This unique international collaboration has given fascinating insights into one of the universe's most violent events.

The programme follows the supernova's story, from its first sighting in Chile to Australia, America and Japan. Manic depression is a crippling emotional illness. It carries a high risk of suicide. It is now known that it has a strong genetic component. Those genes affect over one per cent of humanity: Is manic depression simply another genetic cross that mankind has to bear, or do these genes also convey some sort of advantage that helps to explain their survival? Many manic depressives are creative - is it in spite of their illness - or because of it? And what has madness to do with poetry, art, music, literature and leadership?

Could it be that mental illness is, in some sense, necessary? The Panama Canal , now a billion-dollar commercial crossroads, was in a snake-infested forest and swamp, harbouring yellow fever and malaria, with sawgrass that shredded skin like a razor. When the jungle beat Old World canal diggers from France, engineers from the brash young United States took over, fired by the success of their new transcontinental railroad. Of the half million workers, who toiled for decades to create this new wonder of the world, 28, died.

Today the canal carries 12, ships a year. But its future is threatened, because of damage to the rain forest on which Panama depends. If you are born into a working class family, from your first breath you are at greater risk of dying than the baby of professional parents. At all ages, death has a class bias. The NHS has made no difference to the health gap between the social classes. Is the gap because of the way people behave - eating chips, smoking - or is it the result of poverty and deprivation? Does stress matter, and if so, what kind? Horizon investigates the theories behind the shocking statistics and asks if the will is there to do anything about them.

The temperature is going up. Britain may become warmer, but even wetter. The grain belt of America may get too dry to produce grain. In India, the monsoons may fail. Humans around the globe would face greater challenges than ever. By burning coal, oil and gas, carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere.

List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction

It keeps more of the sun's heat in, which is making the world warm up. And, in a chain reaction, sea level, crop growth and rainfall will all change. Can the Greenhouse Effect be avoided, caused as it is by one of the most basic human activities - the generation of power? As one scientist says: This summer thousands of holiday-makers are spending their first day in the Costa del Gatwick , as foreign air traffic controllers struggle to find space for them.

Here, a new flight is crammed into the airspace every ten seconds. Horizon gained unprecedented access to investigate how air traffic control really works. One dimly lit operations room handles everything that flies over England and Wales. Yet controllers say equipment is out of date and keeps breaking down. Plans for the new London City Airport went wrong a few weeks after opening day. How much longer can controllers struggle with the tidal wave of aircraft? Thinking can't be produced just by running a computer programme.



So argues John Searle, a philosopher at the University of California. His controversial views annoy those scientists who work to create ' artificial intelligence '. They believe thinking can be done by computer. Using a play in Cantonese, a machine that looks like an old mangle and the ideas and images of recent news, Horizon explores the limitations of digital computers. For the past ten years doctors in America have been experimenting with a new drug to treat incurable cancers. Interleukin 2 has been both acclaimed as a miracle and criticised as cruel and unethical. Some patients with advanced tumours are completely cured, but most show no improvement and suffer agonising physical and psychological side effects.

A few die from the treatment. Horizon follows three patients who have been accepted on to the drug trial. Stakes are high for both sides. The researchers believe that this costly and controversial therapy could revolutionise cancer treatment. The patients are guinea pigs in a last-ditch experiment to save their lives. Exercise Purple Warrior involves 20, men and 39 ships. Their task is to evacuate UK nationals peacefully from 'Kaig' and, if possible, to avoid war. Meanwhile, in London at the Command Centre used for the Falklands War, staff are still catching up on the overnight signals and getting ready to brief Admiral Dingemans.

First Vaux must establish his headquarters ashore, but the weather is beginning to close in, making all amphibious movements unpredictable Winner of the Royal Society Award for best science, medical or technology programme of Their only hope of survival is a heart transplant. Horizon follows every stage of the fight to save each life: Finally, hours later, will the transplanted heart beat in its new body? Since its discovery on Easter morning in , Easter Island has remained a fascinating puzzle. It is the most isolated inhabited land on earth, and yet it was also home to a glorious stone culture.

Can the mystery of its giant statues ever be solved? Who built them, how and why - and what happened to the civilisation that once flourished there? From all over the world scientists are drawn to this lonely spot, in search of answers. In the first of a two-part investigation, Horizon pieces together the clues that can reveal the secrets of a vanished past.

The most isolated inhabited island in the world is haunted by huge brooding statues and a mysterious past. Science has unravelled some of its secrets, but now, in the second of a two-part investigation, Horizon looks for alternative information to solve the remaining pieces of the puzzle. The islanders believe that the statues literally walked, by magic, from their quarry to the ceremonial platforms. They believe that an old woman's spell on greedy stone-carvers brought the quarrying to a halt, but hazy myth and scraps of legend can be used to re-interpret scientific finds, and finally tell the story of the extraordinary statue-builders.

Part of the Doctors to Be series following the careers of medical students. Part of the Doctors to Be series. The medical students face their first exams. After two years of medical training, the medical students are put into the 'real world' of a surgical ward at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington. When Chinese and Japanese people move to California they change their lifestyles.

So did the Greeks and Italians who migrated to Australia. The result is a change in the cancers they develop. This programme explores how changes in the way we live can reduce the risk of cancer. When there is a series of linked murders, particularly of children, the killer is likely to strike again. These are the most serious of crimes. After failures in the case of the Yorkshire Ripper, the Home Secretary promised the harnessing for such investigations of the best detective and forensic skills in the country, and the use of computer technology.

New technology is now available on both sides of the Atlantic and may increase the chances of solving these disturbing crimes. Sir Peter Medawar , who died last November, was a great scientist who, with the help of an exceptional woman, triumphed over adversity and justified his hope of progress. He was shocked by the appalling burns of a Second World War airman who crashed near his home, and he set to work to find a treatment using skin grafts.

His fundamental discoveries about the immune system inspired the surgeons who pioneered transplantation. Sir Peter became a Nobel Laureate and figurehead of British science. After a severe stroke, his own courage and the support of his remarkable wife Jean, enabled him to return to writing, including his autobiography Memoir of a Thinking Radish. There has been an electronic revolution in television news. It has affected the way news is gathered, presented and edited.

Horizon follows BBC TV news teams at home and abroad for just one day, to see how the new technology works: How is the new technology changing the news you see on your screen? When Tuesday 22 March started, it looked like being an ordinary newsday. It didn't turn out that way.

Paul Mercer, a student, wants to be a naval officer. John Josling, a manager, hopes to become a director of his company. Naval psychologists use psychometric tests the modern IQ tests which involve two days of rigorous assessment to help select their potential high-fliers. But the officer chairing the Admiralty Interview Board believes that it's not until you can look into the man's eyes that you get a feel for his true character. Are the tests valid - and is the result fair to Paul Mercer?

John Josling agrees to submit himself to vigorous and potentially embarrassing personality testing. His company believes it will identify his strengths and weaknesses and assist his ambitions for promotion. But can you really change personality with paper tests? The flow of electricity with absolutely no loss due to resistance could mean far cheaper power, levitated trains and ever-faster computers.

But until , the technology was so complicated and expensive that almost its only use was for the powerful magnets of medical scanners. This is the story of a scientific breakthrough and the hectic race that followed - for superconductors that work at higher temperatures, for applications and lucrative manufacturing patents, for an explanation of how the new materials work To be told 'your illness is all in the mind' or 'pull yourself together' is no help to people like Mollie Champion - 14 years seeking a diagnosis and still not cured, or Michael Mayne.

Now, thousands of patients are struggling for recognition of this distressing condition, while fighting the fundamental attitudes of doctors to diagnosis and disease. But as some patients suffer, others try a fresh approach: Shortly before his death in February , the scientist Richard Feynman talked about his ten year fascination with Tannu Tuva , a Shangri-La on the edge of Mongolia , which very few westerners have ever seen.

Horizon follows the preparation of the five astronauts of the space shuttle Discovery , the first shuttle flight since the Challenger disaster of Horizon reports on the abnormally high occurrence of senile dementia and Parkinson's disease on the Pacific island of Guam that scientists believe is linked to a poison in the native cycad fruit. Horizon looks at evidence that seems to show that diving can cause long term damage to the brain and spinal cord, even in shallow waters.

Weapons are being developed that are controlled by computers to destroy specific targets. Horizon investigates the damage that pollution and tourism are inflicting on the Swiss Alps. Where can the elderly live who are unable to live at home, in a care home, or in sheltered accommodation? An interview with Professor Eric Laithwaite who believes that many modern inventions already exist in nature. Two-and-a-half years ago, broadcaster Glyn Worsnip was told he had an incurable brain disease. Like many thousands with obscure diseases he wanted to know: Who is paying for it?

Are patients getting the benefit? To get answers, he questions the Medical Research Council, a Nobel Prize winner, his own GP, a large drug company, small charity support groups and eminent doctors round the country. In Paris, Xavier Rodet has taught a computer to sing Mozart; in Greenwich Village, Wendy Carlos synthesises a classical concerto from electronic tones. Professor Nagyvary has made a new violin with waterlogged wood and powdered gems.

He claims it sounds like a Stradivarius. In Australia, Manfred Clynes reckons he has discovered a universal human language of emotion. To prove it he creates feelings on tape. What's left for human performers to contribute? British Afro-Caribbeans are ten times more likely to develop schizophrenia than the rest of the population, according to a psychiatric study in Nottingham. Black critics claim that white psychiatrists are misdiagnosing black people and that the report is a classic example of racism in medicine.

They also warn that the report may do untold harm to our race relations. The Nottingham researchers believe that their findings could provide a clue to the causes of this mysterious and terrible form of madness. Are their conclusions valid and should the research have been done?

The Tasaday , a remote Philippine tribe living 'in the Stone Age', are now seen as a famous scientific hoax. But when they were first discovered, in , they were hailed as the anthropological find of the century. How did these people dupe every scientist who went to see them? Horizon has investigated the extraordinary story and arrived at a quite different conclusion. Weigh up the evidence from their stone tools, their language, their knowledge of plants and Millions of visits are made each year to acupuncturists, homeopaths, food allergists, or people who diagnose disease by looking in your eyes or waving a pendulum.

Scientific evidence is still lacking that such therapies cure disease, but they often seem to make people 'better'. It turns out that whether you chose an NHS consultant or a fringe alternative practitioner, it may not make much difference to your chances of 'getting better'. Genius, aeronautical engineer, soldier, schoolmaster, gardener, hospital porter, architect, recluse, and Cambridge Professor of Philosophy, Ludwig Wittgenstein was one of the most original thinkers of this century.

Born years ago into one of the richest families in the Austro-Hungarian empire, he gave away all his money, and lived on the edge of madness and suicide until his death in And yet his last words were: Feeling ill at work? It could be your building that's to blame. When Sick Building Syndrome strikes, it brings a flurry of mild symptoms such as headache, tiredness, sore eyes and runny nose.

Horizon follows the investigation of one sick building where 94 per cent of the occupants report symptoms. Investigators know it's not a serious infection like Legionnaire's disease, but until now have been stumped to find a cause. Could it be dust or moulds in the ventilation ducts, too few negative ions in the air, even a build-up of chemicals? By piecing together different strands of new research, they can now discover the culprit. An examination of whether Horizon has had an effect on the scientific community. Horizon investigates how many deaths on the road could be prevented with further technical and legislative changes.

An investigation into recent biosensor technologies. A profile of the inventor Clive Sinclair. Horizon examines whether child abuse and depression can be prevented by working with the mothers of young children. An investigation on the effects of volcanic eruptions on the global climate. On the evening of 17 October there was an earthquake 60 miles south of San Francisco.

Sixty-seven people died, 2, were injured and 10, left homeless. A massive earthquake, many times as damaging and this time centred directly on San Francisco, is expected within a few years. A city fire chief predicts they are so unprepared that they could lose 20, buildings and 8, lives.

Will the city learn from the lessons of the quake of 89? Nasa is about to launch the Hubble space telescope, which promises the greatest advances in astronomy since Galileo. It will show ten times more details than is possible from the ground and see objects 30 times fainter or five times farther away than ever before. It will search for planets outside our solar system, and will tell us much more about the Universe. With long delays and huge cost-overruns, it is now approaching its point of greatest risk. If anything goes wrong on the launch, there is no back-up.

Looks at the manufacturing processes involved in the production of a new five pound note due to be launched in June Considers the design and production of currency , and the intricate techniques developed to prevent forgeries. First in a three-part Horizon Special series on the Soviet manned space programme , looking at the story of the projects, cosmonauts and engineers involved.

Second in a three-part Horizon Special series on the Soviet manned space programme, looking at the story of the projects, cosmonauts and engineers involved. Third in a three-part Horizon Special series on the Soviet manned space programme, this one concentrating on the story of the two Soviet cosmonauts who risked their lives earlier this year in a space walk to try and repair their stricken craft, as well as anecdotes from veteran cosmonauts.

Chernobyl Unit Four exploded six years ago this week. The intensely radioactive ruins of the reactor now lie buried in the 'sarcophagus'. Much of it will be radioactive for more than , years. Horizon were the first westerners to film inside the sarcophagus where an elite team of Soviet scientists are working in areas of radiation that would be considered lethal by the west.

They are driven by the urgent need to hunt down the tonnes of uranium and plutonium which melted in the explosion, and to discover whether a second accident could happen at Chernobyl. This film tells the story of the remarkable scientists dedicating their lives to working there. This story by Horizon looks at the expanding and controversial area of "smart drugs". An investigation into the discovery of Boxgrove Man.

The second of two programmes about the Red Planet. Traces the course of the planned manned mission to Mars , which could take place within the next twenty years. Focuses on the numerous complications involved in such a mission, from the potential physical damage caused to cosmonauts by their zero-gravity surroundings to the psychological pressures involved in the month-long trip. The story of how and why Dolly the sheep , the first cloned copy of an adult mammal, came to be created.

The first of Kate O'Sullivan's trilogy of films about Antarctica. Antarctica's polar ice sheet is the highest, coldest, windiest, driest and most unforgiving place on Earth. The average temperature near the South Pole is minus 49 degrees C, winds reach over km an hour and water in liquid form is scarce. Yet this hostile environment has now become the last frontier on Earth and, each year, a population of 3, human colonists tries to settle here. This film focuses on the risks and rigours of living in this inhospitable continent.

The second of Kate O'Sullivan's Antarctic trilogy. The mystery of what formed the vast continent of Antarctica has obsessed explorers since Shackleton and Scott. Piecing together evidence from the tiny amount of rock exposed above the ice, geologists have come up with a radical theory that may also predict how Antarctica will change in the future. Third of Kate O'Sullivan's Antarctica trilogy.

This final film is a detective story unravelled by scientists scattered on the ice sheet, trying to understand the mechanisms that control it. First of three documentaries taking a look at the issue of obesity. This programme attempts to establish why some people are destined to be big.

Ava's Demon - Episode 12 - Discovery and Doubt (Part 2) [pshattuckproductions]

The second in a trilogy of programmes studying obesity. As the search for drugs to reduce appetite by resetting control mechanisms in the brain continues, new research uncovers the powerful food ingredients that could win the slimming war. The programme examines the lengths to which some overweight people are prepared to go in attempting to reduce their size, from stomach stapling to the ingestion of dangerous drugs. Last of a trilogy of programmes studying obesity.

Examines some ground-breaking research into eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia , trying to establish if they are inherited. The discovery of a group of anorexics in a most unlikely place seems to put paid to the theory that the disease is the product of western's society's increased levels of stress.

This episode originally aired on 7 April under the title Designer Babies. Horizon investigates an extremely rare and destructive phenomenon that strikes every few thousand years: Separating conjoined twins is one of the most challenging operations a surgeon can face. Horizon examines the dilemmas which confront doctors and parents. Horizon investigates Lake Vostok , a vast and ancient lake deep beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. Horizon follows an expedition to the Andes where wreckage from missing passenger plane Star Dust mysteriously reappeared. In the summer of the Roman city of Zeugma all but disappeared under the flood waters of the Birecik Dam.

Horizon tells the story of a team of archaeologists' final visit, struggling to save what they could before the dam waters rose. An investigation of why circumcised children from the Lozi and Luvale Tribes of Africa appear to have much reduced HIV infection rates. Huge plant- and meat-eaters have been unearthed in Argentina along with evidence that the mega-carnivores hunted together in packs. Horizon investigates growing evidence that the ultimate force of cosmological destruction - a supermassive black hole - may in fact breathe life into every galaxy in the Universe.

The extraordinary story of Canadian Bruce Reimer who was surgically turned into a girl after birth, offering a fascinating insight into what makes us male and female. This episode is a re-edited version of Atlantis Reborn after Broadcasting Standards Commission ruled that the original special episode broadcast on 4 November was unfair to the author Graham Hancock. After demolishing a building in Miami in , workers discover a perfectly preserved circle of large holes, almost 13 metres across.

Horizon follows the investigations to determine the origin of the mysterious circle, concluding that it is the remains of a forgotten tribe called the Tequesta. Horizon investigates how a small jawbone could explain how, million years ago, a slimy fish-like creature grew legs and walked onto the land to become our ancestor. The story of caulerpa taxifolia , an algae that has caused devastating ecological changes in some marine habitats.

Horizon investigates whether the drug ecstasy could be used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Horizon investigates a theory that for millions of years the Earth was entirely smothered in ice, stretching from the poles to the tropics. Two disruptive children are followed through a controversial treatment regime.

Coming to a Beach near You". Horizon examines how the mariners' mythical wall of water could indeed be a quantum physics reality. Flint tools found on both sides of the Atlantic ocean suggest a whole new version of North American prehistory. Horizon conducts its own experiment to see if the alternative medicine has any scientific basis. The Amazon soil offers a prehistoric clue to the truth behind the 'cities of gold' and a possible answer to rainforest destruction.

Where did the inhabitants of Easter Island come from and how did they create its celebrated stone statues? People with narcolepsy fall asleep all the time. Could their condition offer us all a route to a future without tiredness? Horizon examines the effects of a major asteroid collision with the earth.

An investigation of the effects that a Dirty bomb would have on London if it were exploded in Trafalgar Square. The search for a female equivalent of the drug Viagra. A 77,year-old fragment of paint in Blombos Cave raises important questions about human evolution. An investigation into gene therapy in which diseases caused by genetic anomalies could be eradicated.

Jonathan Miller and the Milgram Experiment ". A new theory could help save thousands of lives by predicting impending earthquakes. Recent discoveries have shown that Mars has all the ingredients for life, including water, so could life be present there? Horizon investigates the discovery of extreme rock-eating microbes - a testimony from primordial Earth and a glimpse of life elsewhere in the Solar System. Investigations into temporal lobe epilepsy seem to suggest that our brains are naturally programmed to believe in religion.

Was the response to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome outbreak of appropriate? To mark the hundredth anniversary of the Wright brothers inaugural flight, Horizon tells the story of Percy Pilcher , an Englishman who could have been the first person to fly a powered aircraft. In , four years before the Wright brothers, he had constructed his own aeroplane. But on the day it was due to take off, technical problems led him to fly another aircraft - a decision that ended in a fatal crash.

Now, with a team of historians, aviation experts, and its own test pilot, Horizon painstakingly rebuilds Pilcher's flying machine to it to the test. This is the extraordinary story of how a small metal disc is rewriting the epic saga of how civilisation first came to Europe, years ago. Since Professor Manfred Korfmann has been excavating the site of Troy.

He has made various discoveries - how large the city was, how well it was defended and that there was once a great battle there at the time that experts believe the Trojan war occurred. But who had attacked the city and why? Horizon then follows the clues - the ancient tablets written by a lost civilisation, a sunken ship rich in treasure, and the golden masks and bronze swords of a warrior people.

The film reaches its conclusion in a tunnel deep beneath Troy, where Korfmann has made a discovery that may reveal the truth behind the myth. Examining the evidence of what omega 3 can do. The incredible story of Dr Temple Grandin who has a legendary ability to understand animal behaviour in a way that nobody else can. She is convinced she experiences the world much as an animal does and that it's all down to her autistic brain.

Though Grandin didn't learn to speak until she was five, at nearly 60 she's an Associate Professor of Animal Science and the most famous autistic woman on the planet. Horizon follows her remarkable journey to global acclaim. Every day across the world, more than 3 million people catch a plane.

Yet despite it being the safest form of travel, many of us are terrified of flying and what we fear most is crashing and dying. Most people believe that if they're in a plane crash their time is up, in fact the truth is surprisingly different. We have spoken to aviation safety experts, crash investigators as well as plane crash survivors - and put together the 'ultimate survivors guide to plane crashes'.

Visit the links below to find out more. Danny Wallace is on a mission to convince the world that chimps are people too. He believes the time has come to make our hairy relatives part of the family. Our primate brethren share This being so, should they be afforded the same rights as people? The reason for this scientific showdown is simple. If chimps can communicate, cook and reason, then how different are they to humans?

Armed with the latest scientific evidence, Danny travels the globe to quiz primatologists, philosophers and animal rights lawyers to investigate whether or not chimps should be classed as people. In November , year-old mother of two Isabelle Dinoire became the first person in the world to receive a new face. The decision made by French surgeons to perform the operation went against the findings of almost every other ethical committee in the world and has since sparked a fierce debate over the ethics of the operation.

With the long-term effects still unknown, do the risks outweigh the benefits? Are face transplants really in the best interest of the patient? Meet the scientific prophets who claim we are on the verge of creating a new type of human - a human v2. It's predicted that by computer intelligence will equal the power of the human brain. Some believe this will revolutionise humanity - we will be able to download our minds to computers extending our lives indefinitely.

Others fear this will lead to oblivion by giving rise to destructive ultra intelligent machines. One thing they all agree on is that the coming of this moment - and whatever it brings - is inevitable. We follow 20 robot cars on a remarkable race across the Nevada desert. These cars drive themselves. There are no drivers and no remote controls, they must navigate entirely on their own. The first time the race was run, the most successful entrant only made it seven miles into the mile course.

Will this year's robots do any better? And will any cross the finishing line and claim the two-million-dollar prize? It's a story of set-backs and crashes, as a variety of teams compete to solve one of the hardest problems in robotics. H5N1 Bird Flu jumps the species barrier and becomes a global pandemic. This drama documentary narrated by Sean Pertwee , based in Cambodia, USA and the UK, explores what is known so far about avian flu and looks at what might happen if a human pandemic occurs.

Clouds of alien life forms are sweeping through outer space and infecting planets with life — it may not be as far-fetched as it sounds. The idea that life on Earth came from another planet has been around as a modern scientific theory since the s when it was proposed by Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe. At the time they were ridiculed for their idea — known as panspermia. But now, with growing evidence, it's back in vogue and even being studied by NASA. We meet the scientists on a mission to get to the bottom of the beginnings of life on Earth - from the team in Texas who are lovingly building a robotic submarine called DEPTHX to explore a moon of Jupiter , to Southern India where they are investigating a mysterious red rain which fell for two months in Louis has come to the conclusion that the cells are extra-terrestrial in origin.

It's a palaeontologist's dream: It may sound far-fetched but dinosaurs were actually rather unlucky. The meteorite impact that doomed them to extinction was an event with a probability of millions to one. What if the meteorite had missed? Had dinosaurs survived, the world today would be very different. If humans managed to survive alongside them, we wouldn't have the company of most, if not all, of the mammals with which we are familiar today. Giraffes , elephants and other mammals wouldn't have had space to evolve.

Would we be hunting Hadrosaurs instead of elk? Or farming Protoceratops instead of pigs? Would dinosaurs be kept as pets? And could the brighter dinosaurs have evolved into something humanoid? Thomas Hildebrandt possesses one of the world's most extraordinary jobs - getting the planet's endangered animals in the mood for love.

The planet's creatures are facing the biggest mass extinction since the dinosaurs were wiped out. Species are currently disappearing at up to 10, times the natural rate. Coming to the rescue are men like Dr Hildebrandt and his team. They are world leaders in the art of animal manipulation. The billions of pounds spent benefiting human reproduction are now being applied to save endangered species. Techniques such as artificial insemination and IVF have been crucial to the successes in breeding giant pandas, big cats and other mammals in zoos across the world.

As Thomas Hildebrandt says "Man has created this annihilation of species. It's up to man to use his ingenuity to save them. Professor Lesley Regan , one of the UK's most respected medical experts, takes a scientific look at the world of makeup. Having just turned 50, Lesley happily inspects the wrinkles, age spots and broken veins on her own face in order to explore what exactly it is that makes us look old, and whether or not the ageing process can really be slowed down. Examining award-winning pianist Nick van Bloss 's life with Tourette's , and how the symptoms of his illness disappeared when he channelled his energy into playing the instrument.

But was his illness the real cause of his success? This programme speaks with scientists who believe that genius can be traced to a person's chemistry, and attempts to determine whether Nick's brain patterns dictate the unique way in which he views the world. Across the globe, scientists and entrepreneurs are gearing up for the second Moon race - colonisation. Plus an investigation into scientific claims that the helium-3 gas found in lunar soil could be used to create a new source of pollution-free energy on Earth.

The most popular way in which human intelligence is measured is the 10 test, but is this the most effective? A growing number of psychologists argue that the assessment only tells half the story because no-one can quite agree on what intelligence is. After an examination of the most recent theories, this programme conducts an experiment on seven highly-qualified people from different occupations, including a fighter pilot, a Wall Street trader, a chess grandmaster and a quantum physicist.

Each is put through a series of tests based on the latest research to determine who has the highest intelligence. But are the results conclusive? A fire in a skyscraper is one of the greatest challenges known to firefighters , and the decision to send crews into these towering infernos can result in tragic consequences.

However, after ten years of research, Edinburgh University 's Professor Jose Torero claims to have invented a revolutionary new method of protecting firefighters that has the potential to save thousands of lives. This programme takes an in-depth look at Torero's system in an attempt to see whether it could, as he believes, give man the upper hand against nature. With the help of forensic science most crimes can be solved.

But most criminals have not approached their crimes scientifically. Probiotic , superfood , organic: Professor Lesley Regan , who tested beauty products in a previous episode, tests a variety of supermarket products for their supposed health benefits. Doctors embarking on a scientific expedition to Mount Everest. From tented laboratories pitched in minus degree temperatures, the results of their experiments could lead to a greater understanding of the human body and revolutionise the treatment of patients in intensive care. This documentary in the Horizon strand follows Dr Mike Grocott and his team, whose greatest goal is to discover a genetic link that allows some to survive low oxygen while others die.

But to do this they must push themselves to the extreme. Standing 8,m in the sky, Everest is in the "death zone" and by climbing into this hostile environment they will be putting their own lives on the line. Former Conservative MP Michael Portillo pushes his body to the brink of death in an investigation into the science of execution.

As the American Supreme Court examines whether the lethal injection is causing prisoners to die in unnecessary pain, Michael sets out to find a solution which is fundamentally humane. Armed with startling new evidence, Michael considers a completely new approach. Will it be the answer? For the first time in 40 years Horizon re-creates a controversial sensory deprivation experiment. Six ordinary people are taken to a nuclear bunker and left alone for 48 hours. Three subjects are left alone in dark, sound-proofed rooms, while the other three are given goggles and foam cuffs, while white noise is piped into their ears.

The original experiments carried out in the s and 60s by leading psychologist Prof Donald Hebb , was thought by many in the North American political and scientific establishment to be too cruel and were discontinued. Prof Ian Robbins, head of trauma psychology at St George's Hospital , Tooting, has been treating some of the British Guantanamo detainees and the victims of torture who come to the UK from across the world. Now he evaluates the volunteers as their brains undergo strange alterations. Particle physicist and ex D: Ream keyboard player Dr Brian Cox wants to know why the Universe is built the way it is.

He believes the answers lie in the force of gravity. But Newton thought gravity was powered by God, and even Einstein failed to completely solve it. Heading out with his film crew on a road trip across the USA, Brian fires lasers at the moon in Texas, goes mad in the desert in Arizona, encounters the bending of space and time at a maximum security military base, tries to detect ripples in our reality in the swamps of Louisiana and searches for hidden dimensions just outside Chicago.

Recent research has analysed the link between the harmful effects of drugs relative to their current classification by law with some startling conclusions. Perhaps most startling of all is that alcohol, solvents and tobacco all unclassified drugs are rated more dangerous than ecstasy, 4-MTA and LSD all class A drugs.

The scientists involved, including members of the government's top advisory committee on drug classification, have produced a rigorous assessment of the social and individual harm caused by 20 of the UK's most dangerous drugs and believe this should form the basis of future ranking. They think the current ABC system is arbitrary and not based on any scientific evidence. The drug policies have remained unchanged over the last 40 years so should they be reformed in the light of new research?

We are bad at making decisions. According to science, our decisions are based on oversimplification, laziness and prejudice. And that's assuming that we haven't already been hijacked by our surroundings or led astray by our subconscious! Featuring exclusive footage of experiments that show how our choices can be confounded by temperature, warped by post-rationalisation and even manipulated by the future, Horizon presents a guide to better decision making, and introduces you to mathematician Garth Sundem, who is convinced that conclusions can best be reached using simple maths and a pencil!

The quest to live longer has been one of humanities oldest dreams, but while scientists have been searching, a few isolated communities have stumbled across the answer. On the remote Japanese island of Okinawa , In the Californian town of Loma Linda and in the mountains of Sardinia people live longer than anywhere else on earth. In these unique communities a group of scientists have dedicated their lives to trying to uncover their secrets. Horizon takes a trip around the globe to meet the people who can show us all how to live longer, healthier lives.

For fifty years, the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence has been scanning the galaxy for a message from an alien civilisation. So far to no avail, but a recent breakthrough suggests they may one day succeed. Horizon joins the planet hunters who've discovered a new world called Gliese c. It is the most Earth-like planet yet found around another star and may have habitats capable of supporting life. NASA too hopes to find fifty more Earth-like planets by the end of the decade, all of which dramatically increases the chance that alien life has begun elsewhere in the galaxy.

When veteran broadcaster Alistair Cooke died in few suspected that he was yet to uncover his greatest story. What happened to his body as it lay in a funeral home would reveal a story of modern day grave robbery and helped smash a body-snatching ring that had made millions of dollars by chopping up and selling-off over bodies. Dead bodies have become big business. Each year millions of people's lives are improved by the use of tissue from the dead.

Bodies are used to supply spare parts, and for surgeons to practice on. Horizon investigates the medical revolution that has created an almost insatiable demand for body parts and uncovers the growing industry and grisly black market that supplies human bodies for a price. You might think that your memory is there to help you remember facts, such as birthdays or shopping lists.

If so, you would be very wrong. The ability to travel back in time in your mind is, perhaps, your most remarkable ability, and develops over your lifespan. Horizon takes viewers on an extraordinary journey into the human memory. From the woman who is having her most traumatic memories wiped by a pill, to the man with no memory, this film reveals how these remarkable human stories are transforming our understanding of this unique human ability. The findings reveal the startling truth that everyone is little more than their own memory.

The theory that the universe began from nothing has not always been accepted with the same conviction it is today. Professor Jim Al-Khalili looks through 50 years of the BBC science archive to explain how scientists have pieced together the popular theory by using curious horn-shaped antennae, U-2 spy planes and particle accelerators. Jimmy Doherty , pig farmer, one-time scientist and poster-boy for sustainable food production is on a mission to find out if GM crops really can feed the world.

We need to double the amount of food we produce in the next fifty years to feed the world's growing population. Are GM crops the answer? Or are they a dangerous Frankenstein technology that could start an environmental catastrophe? To find the answers Jimmy is on a journey that will take him from the vast soya plantations of Argentina to the traditional Amish farms of Pennsylvania; and from the cutting-edge technology of the GM laboratories to the banana plantations of Uganda.

Particle physicist Professor Brian Cox asks, 'What time is it? But do we really know what it is that we're asking? Brian visits the ancient Mayan pyramids in Mexico where the Maya built temples to time. He finds out that a day is never 24 hours and meets Earth's very own Director of Time. He journeys to the beginning of time, and goes beyond within the realms of string theory , and explores the very limit of time. He discovers that we not only travel through time at the speed of light , but the experience we feel as the passing of time could be an illusion.

We are in the grip of an allergy epidemic. Why this should be is one of modern medicine's greatest puzzles. In search of answers, Horizon travels round the globe, from the remotest inhabited island to the polluted centres of California and the UK. We meet sufferers and the scientists who have dedicated their lives trying to answer the mystery of why we are becoming allergic to our world. Danny Wallace embarks on a quest to find his ideal android: During his journey to the more unlikely corners of the robotics world, Danny is introduced to a Japanese man who makes copies of himself and his daughter, and an Italian who believes he has found the key to human intelligence The world is affected by an obesity epidemic, but why is it that not everyone is succumbing?

Medical science has been obsessed with this subject and is coming up with some unexpected answers. As it turns out, it is not all about exercise and diet. At the center of this programme is a controversial overeating experiment that aims to identify exactly what it is about some people that makes it hard for them to bulk up. Cannabis is the world's favourite drug, but also one of the least understood. Can cannabis cause schizophrenia? Can it lead you on to harder drugs? Or is it simply a herb, an undervalued medicine? Addiction specialist Dr John Marsden host of Body Hits discovers that modern science is finally beginning to find answers to these questions.

John traces the cannabis plants' birthplace in Kazakhstan ; finds the origins of our sensitivity to cannabis in the simple sea squirt ; and shows just what it does to our brains. Horizon uncovers the secret world of our dreams. In a series of cutting-edge experiments and personal stories, we go in search of the science behind this most enduring mystery and ask: Do they have meaning? And ultimately, why do we dream? What the film reveals is that much of what we thought we knew no longer stands true. Dreams are not simply wild imaginings but play a significant part in all our lives as they affect our memories, the ability to learn, and our mental health.

Most surprisingly, we find nightmares, too, are beneficial and may even explain the survival of our species. Professor Brian Cox takes a global journey in search of the energy source of the future. Called nuclear fusion , it is the process that fuels the sun and every other star in the universe.

Yet despite over five decades of effort, scientists have been unable to get even a single watt of fusion electricity onto the grid. Brian returns to Horizon to find out why.